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Geobotanical prospecting refers to prospecting based on the composition and health of surrounding botanical life to identify potential resource deposits.^[1] Using a variety of techniques, including indicator plant identification,^[2] remote sensing^[3] and determining the physical and chemical condition of the botanical life in the area,^[4]^[5] geobotanical prospecting can be used to discover different minerals. This process has clear advantages and benefits, such as being relatively non-invasive and cost efficient.^[2]^[3] However, the efficacy of this method is not without question. There is evidence that this form of prospecting is a valid scientific method, especially when used in conjunction with other prospecting methods.^[6]^[2] But as identification of commercial mines are invariably guided by geological principles and confirmed by chemical assays, it is unclear as to whether this prospecting method is a valid standalone scientific method or an outdated method of the past.^[7]

Underlying Principle

There is a complex interaction between soil and plants.^[8] The nutrient and mineral composition of the soil heavily influences both the type and physical condition of botanical life it can support.^[8]^[9] Using this principle, in certain cases, it is theoretically possible to determine the mineral content of the underlying soils and rocks (i.e., mineral deposits) using the overlying botanical life.^[10]

History

In 2015, Stephen E. Haggerty identified Pandanus candelabrum as a botanical indicator for kimberlite pipes, a source of mined diamonds.^[11]

The technique has been used in China since in the 5th century BC. People in the region noticed a connection between vegetation and the minerals located underground. There were particular plants that throve on and indicated areas rich in copper, nickel, zinc, and allegedly gold though the latter has not been confirmed. The connection arose out of an agricultural interest concerning soil compositions. While the process had been known to the Chinese region since antiquity, it was not written about and studied in the west until the 18th century in Italy.^[12]

Methods

Geobotanical prospecting can be done through a variety of different methods. Any method that uses the overlying botanical life (in any way) as an indication of the underlying mineral composition can be considered geobotanical prospecting.^[13] These methods can include indicator plant identification,^[14] remote sensing,^[15] and determining the physical and chemical condition of the botanical life through laboratory techniques.^[16]^[17]

Indicator Plants

Indicator plant identification is determining the presence and distribution of certain indicator plants.^[18] Certain plants prefer certain concentrations of minerals in the soil and would thus be more plentiful in areas with higher concentrations of their preferred mineral.^[18]^[19] By mapping the distribution of indicator plants, it is possible to get an overview of the geology of the area.^[18]

For example, the Viscaria Mine in Sweden was named after the plant Silene suecica (syn. Viscaria alpina) that was used by prospectors to discover the ore deposits.^[20]

Remote sensing techniques

Aerial Photography

Aerial photography is simply taking photographs of the ground from a higher elevation.^[21] Using aerial photography it is possible to survey a large area of land relatively quickly at relatively low cost to get an overview of the plant diversity of an area.^[21] This can lead to the mapping of underlying mineral deposits.^[22]^[21]

For example, using aerial photography, it is possible to determine the existence of premature leaf senescence (premature aging of cells).^[21] In some cases, this can lead to the detection of increased copper concentrations in the soil, leading to the discovery of copper deposits.^[21]

Satellite Imagery

Satellite imagery can be used to capture large amounts of data in a large area.^[23] This data, when analyzed correctly, can be used to aid in the geobotanical prospecting process.^[23]^[24] Satellite imagery can be used to determine concentrations of certain minerals and elements in certain plants.^[25] For example, satellite imagery has been used to determine potassium concentrations in tea plants.^[25] Satellite imagery has also been used to monitor invasive plant movement.^[26] Using satellite imagery, it is possible to get a detailed image of the overlying botanical life.^[23]^[24] Using the overlying botanical life it is possible to get a overview of the underlying geological composition.^[27]^[23]

Biochemical Indicators

As plants uptake minerals from their surrounding soils, the minerals get deposited into their tissues.^[28] In a laboratory setting, plant tissues can be analyzed to determine the concentrations of these minerals.^[29] Once the concentrations of these minerals are known, it is possible to determine the concentrations of minerals in these plants soils and thus the underlying geology of the area.^[30] This method is particularly useful for nanoparticles i.e., particles that are too low in concentration to detect in soils but get fixed in plant tissue.^[31] This is the case when prospecting for gold.^[32]

Applications and examples

Using the botanical life in the area to determine the underlying geological composition has been used in a variety of ways and for a variety of minerals.^[33]

Copper (Cu)

Copper (Cu) is an essential micronutrient that plants absorb from the soil.^[34] Copper that is absorbed from the soil is used in various internal process such as photosynthesis, plant respiration and enzyme function.^[35] However, increased concentrations of copper can lead to copper toxicity or copper mineralization in the plant, causing specific physiological responses.^[36] This mineralization can then be detected through geobotanical surveys.^[36]

Geobotanical prospecting for copper generally takes the form of identifying indicator plants, i.e., metallophyte species.^[37] Metallophytes are plants that can tolerate high levels of heavy metals in the soils such as copper.^[38] These metallophyte species can show symptoms of copper toxicity that can be detected through geobotanical methods like remote sensing or field surveys.^[39] These symptoms of copper toxicity can include altered photosynthesis cycles, stunted growth, discoloration and inhibition of root growth.^[40]^[41]

Some popular examples of copper indicator plants include the Zambian copper flower Becium centraliafricanum,^[42] Huumaniastrum kutungense,^[43]^[44] and Ocimum centraliafricanum A "most faithful" indicator plant, the "copper plant" or "copper flower" formerly known as Becium homblei, found only on copper (and nickel) rich soils in central to southern Africa.^[45]^[46] Lichens (Lecanora cascadensis) have also been used to determine copper mineralization.^[47]

Geobotanical surveys for copper are most likely to consist of a variation of methods such as field observations and remote sensing (aerial photography and satellite imagery).^[48]^[49] After potential copper rich areas are discovered through the methods such as those listed above, further exploration techniques can be used to confirm the presence of mineral deposits.^[48] These exploration techniques can include soil sampling and geochemical analysis,^[50]^[51] geophysical surveys and drilling.^[52]^[53] Geobotanical prospecting is a useful first step in the prospecting process for copper deposits, and its full potential can be reached when used in conjunction with other prospecting methods.^[53]^[54]

Gold (Au)

Prospecting for gold using geobotanical methods usually involves determining the gold content that has been absorbed by botanical life.^[55] However, because the gold content in soils and in the corresponding vegetation is usually very low (practically undetectable), direct measuring of gold is unlikely to be effective.^[56]^[57] To overcome this obstacle, detecting a suitable pathfinder mineral is the method usually employed.^[55] Pathfinder minerals (a mineral that almost always occurs in conjunction with another mineral) most commonly associated with gold is Arsenic.^[58] As for which plants are most likely to contain elevated levels of gold, shrubs from the genus Artemisia (sagebrush or wormwood) are recommended.^[57]

Research has been ongoing for many years on the interaction between gold and vegetation.^[59]^[60] These new methods could increase the accuracy of gold detection in vegetation.^[60] However, presently because of the difficulties in identifying gold contained within vegetation, geobotanical prospecting for gold is most effective when combined with other prospecting methods like geophysical surveys.^[61]^[62]

Uranium (U)

*Marchantia Polymorpha*. A Species of bryophyte (liverwort). An example of the type of plant used for geobotanical prospecting of Uranium.

Uranium is not an essential nutrient to plants, but if uranium is present in the surrounding soils the element will be taken up into the plant system.^[63] Uranium is toxic to plants due to its radioactive nature.^[64] Plants that have accumulated a larger than normal amount of uranium, will show signs of uranium toxicity.^[65] Uranium toxicity results in various physiological processes of the plants being hindered.^[66]^[65]^[67] These hindered physiological processes include seed germination and photosynthesis.^[66] Because of these changes in physiology, uranium toxicity is relatively easy to detect in plants.^[64]

Plants that generally show increased uranium levels are bryophytes.^[68] Bryophytes include plants such as mosses and liverworts.^[69] Some other indicator plants include Aster venustns, and Astragalns albulus.^[70]

Geobotanical prospecting for uranium deposits usually consists of rigorous systematic sampling of vegetation as well as laboratory analysis to determine uranium content.^[68]^[69]

Other Resources

Geobotanical prospecting has also been used to discover a variety of other resources. One such resource is Kimberlite pipes, an igneous rock feature that often contains diamonds.^[71] The indicator plant, Pandanus candelabrum, was found to be biochemically distinct when growing on kimberlite pipes when compared to samples growing on country rock.^[72] This discovery makes it possible for future prospecting of kimberlite pipes and by association, diamonds, using geobotanical prospecting.^[71]^[72]

In some cases direct detection of the mineral of interest is not possible, and detection of pathfinder minerals is required.^[73] Such is the case with arsenic and gold,^[73] and in scandium and ultramafic regolith's (rich in cobalt and nickel).^[74] In cases such as these, the mineral concentration in the local flora is especially useful.^[74]

Other minerals have also been discovered using indicator plants. Iron and Zinc can be located with the indicator plant Pinus brutia.^[75] Chromite deposits can be located using the indicator plant Pteropyrum olivieri.^[76]

Advantages and Benefits

There are many advantages and benefits associated with geobotanical prospecting, making it a valuable addition to modern and traditional prospecting methods. It is a relatively cost effective method of prospecting when compared to traditional methods such as drilling.^[77] By taking advantage of the indications from local flora, it is possible to get an overview of the local geology.^[78] This overview can be accomplished with a significantly lower investment in manpower and expensive equipment that is needed for more traditional prospecting methods such as drilling.^[78]^[79] Geobotanical prospecting is a minimally invasive process, allowing for large scale initial prospecting with minimal environmental disruption.^[80] Making it a relatively environmentally sustainable prospecting method.^[81]

Along with its minimally invasive nature, geobotanical prospecting allows for time efficient large-scale prospecting.^[82] With continual advancements in remote sensing technologies such as aerial photography and satellite imaging, it is possible to get a detailed map of an area's botany in a relatively short amount of time.^[83] This large scale fast spatial coverage increases the likelihood of locating mineral deposits and resulting in successful prospecting efforts. ^[84]^[85]

Another benefit of geobotanical prospecting is an educational one.^[86] Mapping the vegetation of an area and determining its underlying geology, allows researchers to increase their understanding of the earths geochemical processes, i.e., the interaction between minerals and living botany.^[84]^[86] By analyzing the distribution and concentration of various elements and minerals in botanical life, researcher's understanding of the mineralization process will increase.^[83] This rise in understanding will allow for a broader understanding of the interactions between inorganic substances, such as minerals, and organic life, such as plants.^[86]

Geobotanical prospecting can be applied to many minerals, including copper and uranium.^[87]^[88] This versatility is an advantage of geobotanical prospecting.^[89]

Limitations And Efficacy

Geobotanical prospecting is not without limitations. The success of geobotanical prospecting methods depends on many factors including, local plant species diversity,^[90]^[91] soil composition^[92] and climate conditions.^[93]^[94] All these factors can obscure key results or cause a misinterpretation of findings.

One limitation is that this method relies on the presence of specific indicator plants, i.e., local plant species diversity.^[91]^[95] The specific indicator plants needed to determine mineral deposits may not be established in every area where those mineral deposits are located.^[94] These deposits would remain undetected if geobotanical prospecting was the only method of prospecting used.^[95] Additionally, even if the indicator plants were present but the mineral deposit had not released enough minerals into the surrounding soils, the soil composition of the area would not allow for indicator plants to intake sufficient concentrations of the desired minerals.^[92] These deposits would remain undetected. The remote sensing methods depend on climate conditions. Some indicator plants will not show all identifiable features in all seasons, i.e., some plants only bloom in summer and autumn.^[94] If climate is not conducive to accurate results, mineral deposits may remain undetected.^[93]

As anthropogenic influences increase, vegetation-based indicators may be heavily influenced.^[96] As land use changes and pollution could alter plant-soil interactions and element uptake patterns, results from geobotanical prospecting ventures may be incorrectly interpreted.^[92]^[96] The incorrect results could lead to misidentification of mineral deposits or missing mineral deposits altogether.^[95]

Another limitation of geobotanical prospecting is that these methods require specialized expertise in both geology and botany, two fields of expertise not commonly studied together.^[97] In order to confirm results, samples need to be analyzed in laboratories which could require specialized equipment and expertise.^[98]

Geobotanical prospecting will likely show the most efficacy when integrated with other prospecting methods, such as geological and geophysical data and surveys.^[97]^[99]^[100]

References

Citations

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^ ^a ^b ^c Amaral, Cibele Hummel do; Almeida, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de; Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto de; Roberts, Dar A.; Fraser, Stephen James; Alves, Marcos Nopper; Botelho, Moreno (2018-10-01). "Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping". Remote Sensing of Environment. 216: 385–400. Bibcode:2018RSEnv.216..385A. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009. ISSN 0034-4257.
^ ^a ^b Schwaller, Matthew R.; Tkach, Steven J. (1985-04-01). "Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting". Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 80 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985EcGeo..80..250S. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250.
^ Oyeyemi, Oyesiji Cornelius; Iyakwari, Shekwonyadu; Obrike, Stephen Ewoma; Jangfa, Nanlir Geoffrey (2023-07-24). "Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting Method of Complex Sulphide Ore of Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba in Abuni-Adudu areas of the Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria". African Scientific Reports: 107. doi:10.46481/asr.2023.2.2.107. ISSN 2955-1617.
^ Hu, Guai; Cao, Jianjin; Jiang, Tao; Wang, Zhengyang; Yi, Zebang (2017). "Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues". Resource Geology. 67 (3): 316–329. Bibcode:2017ReGeo..67..316H. doi:10.1111/rge.12130. ISSN 1344-1698.
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^ Schwaller, Matthew R.; Tkach, Steven J. (1985-04-01). "Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting". Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 80 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985EcGeo..80..250S. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250.
^ Oyeyemi, Oyesiji Cornelius; Iyakwari, Shekwonyadu; Obrike, Stephen Ewoma; Jangfa, Nanlir Geoffrey (2023-07-24). "Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting Method of Complex Sulphide Ore of Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba in Abuni-Adudu areas of the Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria". African Scientific Reports: 107. doi:10.46481/asr.2023.2.2.107. ISSN 2955-1617.
^ Hu, Guai; Cao, Jianjin; Jiang, Tao; Wang, Zhengyang; Yi, Zebang (2017). "Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues". Resource Geology. 67 (3): 316–329. Bibcode:2017ReGeo..67..316H. doi:10.1111/rge.12130. ISSN 1344-1698.
^ ^a ^b ^c Amaral, Cibele Hummel do; Almeida, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de; Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto de; Roberts, Dar A.; Fraser, Stephen James; Alves, Marcos Nopper; Botelho, Moreno (2018-10-01). "Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping". Remote Sensing of Environment. 216: 385–400. Bibcode:2018RSEnv.216..385A. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009. ISSN 0034-4257.
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^ Hede, Arie Naftali Hawu; Koike, Katsuaki; Kashiwaya, Koki; Sakurai, Shigeki; Yamada, Ryoichi; Singer, Donald A. (2017). "How can satellite imagery be used for mineral exploration in thick vegetation areas?". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 18 (2): 584–596. Bibcode:2017GGG....18..584H. doi:10.1002/2016GC006501. ISSN 1525-2027.
^ Wang, Quanying; Liu, Jingshuang; Liu, Qiang (2014-11-19). "Contamination of apple orchard soils and fruit trees with copper-based fungicides: sampling aspects". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment. 187 (1): 4121. doi:10.1007/s10661-014-4121-y. ISSN 1573-2959. PMID 25407992.
^ Entwistle, Jane A.; Abrahams, Peter W.; Dodgshon, Robert A. (1998-01-01). "Multi-Element Analysis of Soils from Scottish Historical Sites. Interpreting Land-Use History Through the Physical and Geochemical Analysis of Soil". Journal of Archaeological Science. 25 (1): 53–68. Bibcode:1998JArSc..25...53E. doi:10.1006/jasc.1997.0199. ISSN 0305-4403.
^ Bonetto, Sabrina Maria Rita; Caselle, Chiara; Comina, Cesare; Vagnon, Federico (2023). "Geophysical surveys for non-invasive characterization of sinkhole phenomena: A case study of Murisengo". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 48 (9): 1895–1905. Bibcode:2023ESPL...48.1895B. doi:10.1002/esp.5584. ISSN 0197-9337.
^ ^a ^b Abedi, Maysam; Norouzi, Gholam-Hossain (2012-08-01). "Integration of various geophysical data with geological and geochemical data to determine additional drilling for copper exploration". Journal of Applied Geophysics. 83: 35–45. Bibcode:2012JAG....83...35A. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.05.003. ISSN 0926-9851.
^ Taghipour, B; Hemmati, M (2013). "Geobotany and biogeochemistry of Sungun copper deposit, northern Iran; an implication to mineral exploration". Mineralogical Magazine. 77 (5): 2299. doi:10.1180/minmag.2013.077.5.20.
^ ^a ^b Brooks, R. R. (1982-11-01). "Biological methods of prospecting for gold". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 17 (2): 109–122. Bibcode:1982JCExp..17..109B. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(82)90028-0. ISSN 0375-6742.
^ Gagnon, Vanessa; Rodrigue-Morin, Michaël; Tardif, Antoine; Beaudin, Julie; Greer, Charles W.; Shipley, Bill; Bellenger, Jean-Philippe; Roy, Sébastien (2020). "Differences in elemental composition of tailings, soils, and plant tissues following five decades of native plant colonization on a gold mine site in Northwestern Québec". Chemosphere. 250: 126243. Bibcode:2020Chmsp.25026243G. doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126243. PMID 32109699.
^ ^a ^b Erdman, J. A.; Olson, J. C. (1985-12-01). "The use of plants in prospecting for gold: A brief overview with a selected bibliography and topic index". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 24 (3): 281–304. Bibcode:1985JCExp..24..281E. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(85)90039-1. ISSN 0375-6742.
^ Raju, P. V. Sunder (2008). "Role of pathfinder elements in gold exploration in Chitradurga Schist belt". Current Science (Bangalore). 95 (3): 323–325.
^ Schiller, P.; Cook, G. B.; Beswick, C. K. (1971-05-01). "Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting". Microchimica Acta. 59 (3): 420–428. doi:10.1007/BF01219048. ISSN 1436-5073.
^ ^a ^b Qiao, Juan; Qi, Li (2021). "Recent progress in plant-gold nanoparticles fabrication methods and bio-applications". Talanta. 223 (Pt 2): 121396. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121396. PMID 33298252.
^ Ferguson, Ian J.; Young, Jeffrey B.; Cook, Becky J.; Krakowka, Ashley B. C.; Tycholiz, Cassandra (2016-08-01). "Near-surface geophysical surveys at the Duport gold deposit, Ontario, Canada: Relating airborne responses to small-scale geologic features". Interpretation. 4 (3): SH39–SH60. Bibcode:2016Int.....4H..39F. doi:10.1190/INT-2015-0216.1. ISSN 2324-8858.
^ Bonetto, Sabrina Maria Rita; Caselle, Chiara; Comina, Cesare; Vagnon, Federico (2023). "Geophysical surveys for non-invasive characterization of sinkhole phenomena: A case study of Murisengo". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 48 (9): 1895–1905. Bibcode:2023ESPL...48.1895B. doi:10.1002/esp.5584. ISSN 0197-9337.
^ Faucon, Michel-Pierre (2021-06-24). Plant-Soil Interactions. MDPI. doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0. ISBN 978-3-0365-0407-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ ^a ^b Winde, Frank (2010). "Uranium pollution of the Wonderfonteinspruit, 1997-2008 Part 1: Uranium toxicity, regional background and mining-related sources of uranium pollution". Water SA. 36 (3): 239–256. ISSN 1816-7950.
^ ^a ^b Rajabi, Fatemeh; Jessat, Jenny; Garimella, Jawaharlal Nehru; Bok, Frank; Steudtner, Robin; Stumpf, Thorsten; Sachs, Susanne (2021-03-15). "Uranium(VI) toxicity in tobacco BY-2 cell suspension culture – A physiological study". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 211: 111883. Bibcode:2021EcoES.21111883R. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111883. ISSN 0147-6513. PMID 33454591.
^ ^a ^b Duhan, Sandeep Singh; Khyalia, Pradeep; Solanki, Pooja; Laura, Jitender Singh (2023-04-30). "Uranium Sources, Uptake, Translocation in the Soil-Plant System and its Toxicity in Plants and Humans: A Critical Review". Oriental Journal of Chemistry. 39 (2): 303–319. doi:10.13005/ojc/390210.
^ Bute, Saleh Ibrahim; Yang, Xiaoyong; Suh, Cheo Emmanuel; Girei, Musa Bala; Usman, Musa Bappah (2020-05-01). "Mineralogy, geochemistry and ore genesis of Kanawa uranium mineralization, Hawal Massif, eastern Nigeria terrane: Implications for uranium prospecting in Nigeria and Cameroon". Ore Geology Reviews. 120: 103381. Bibcode:2020OGRv..12003381B. doi:10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103381. ISSN 0169-1368.
^ ^a ^b Whitehead, Neil E.; Brooks, Robert R. (1969). "Aquatic Bryophytes as Indicators of Uranium Mineralization". The Bryologist. 72 (4): 501–507. doi:10.2307/3241389. ISSN 0007-2745. JSTOR 3241389.
^ ^a ^b Shacklette, H. T. (1984-07-01). "The use of aquatic bryophytes in prospecting". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 10th International Exploration Symposium - 3rd Symposium on Methods of Geochemical Prospecting. 21 (1): 89–93. Bibcode:1984JCExp..21...89S. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(84)90036-0. ISSN 0375-6742.
^ Brooks, R. R. (1979-01-01). "Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 12: 67–78. Bibcode:1979JCExp..12...67B. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5. ISSN 0375-6742.
^ ^a ^b Haggerty, Stephen E. (15 April 2015). "Discovery of a kimberlite pipe and recognition of a diagnostic botanical indicator in NW Liberia". Economic Geology. 110 (4): 851–856. Bibcode:2015EcGeo.110..851H. doi:10.2113/econgeo.110.4.851. Retrieved 16 July 2017.
^ ^a ^b Cooper, Stephen F.; Haggerty, Stephen E.; Bolarinwa, Anthony Temidayo; Shannon, Eugene H.; Youssef, Roger H. (2023). "A Biogeochemical study of Pandanus candelabrum in Liberia: A potential geobotanical indicator for kimberlite pipes in tropical terranes". Journal of African Earth Sciences. 202: 104943. Bibcode:2023JAfES.20204943C. doi:10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2023.104943.
^ ^a ^b Raju, P. V. Sunder (2008). "Role of pathfinder elements in gold exploration in Chitradurga Schist belt". Current Science (Bangalore). 95 (3): 323–325.
^ ^a ^b Paul, Adrian L.D.; van der Ent, Antony; Erskine, Peter D. (2019). "Scandium biogeochemistry at the ultramafic Lucknow deposit, Queensland, Australia". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 204: 74–82. Bibcode:2019JCExp.204...74P. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.05.005.
^ Özdemir, Zeynep (2005-02-21). "Pinus brutia as a biogeochemical medium to detect iron and zinc in soil analysis, chromite deposits of the area Mersin, Turkey". Geochemistry. 65 (1): 79–88. doi:10.1016/j.chemer.2003.09.001. ISSN 0009-2819.
^ Naseem, Shahid; Bashir, Erum; Shireen, Khaula; Shafiq, Sheraz (2009-09-05). "Soil-plant relationship of Pteropyrum olivieri, a serpentine flora of Wadh, Balochistan, Pakistan and its use in mineral prospecting". Studia UBB Geologia. 54 (2): 33–39. doi:10.5038/1937-8602.54.2.7. ISSN 1221-0803.
^ Gopalakrishnan, Gayathri (2008). "Nature's sensors; using plants as an alternative monitoring approach for subsurface contamination". ProQuest. ProQuest 304605736.
^ ^a ^b Zharnikova, M A; Alymbaeva, Zh B; Sodnomov, B V; Ayurzhanaev, A A (2019-08-01). "The experience of developing large-scale geobotanical maps based on field and remote sensing data". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 320 (1): 012027. Bibcode:2019E&ES..320a2027Z. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027. ISSN 1755-1307.
^ Cea-Barcia, Glenda; Buitrón, Germán; Moreno, Gloria; Kumar, Gopalakrishnan (2014). "A cost-effective strategy for the bio-prospecting of mixed microalgae with high carbohydrate content: Diversity fluctuations in different growth media". Bioresource Technology. 163: 370–373. Bibcode:2014BiTec.163..370C. doi:10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.079. PMID 24857418.
^ Schwaller, Matthew R.; Tkach, Steven J. (1985-04-01). "Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting". Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 80 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985EcGeo..80..250S. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250.
^ Prasad, M.N.V. (2015-12-31). "Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting". Journal of Palaeosciences. 64 ((1-2)): 113–116. doi:10.54991/jop.2015.106. ISSN 2583-4266.
^ Schwaller, Matthew R.; Tkach, Steven J. (1985-04-01). "Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting". Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 80 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985EcGeo..80..250S. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250.
^ ^a ^b Amaral, Cibele Hummel do; Almeida, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de; Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto de; Roberts, Dar A.; Fraser, Stephen James; Alves, Marcos Nopper; Botelho, Moreno (2018-10-01). "Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping". Remote Sensing of Environment. 216: 385–400. Bibcode:2018RSEnv.216..385A. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009. ISSN 0034-4257.
^ ^a ^b Zharnikova, M A; Alymbaeva, Zh B; Sodnomov, B V; Ayurzhanaev, A A (2019-08-01). "The experience of developing large-scale geobotanical maps based on field and remote sensing data". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 320 (1): 012027. Bibcode:2019E&ES..320a2027Z. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027. ISSN 1755-1307.
^ Hede, Arie Naftali Hawu; Koike, Katsuaki; Kashiwaya, Koki; Sakurai, Shigeki; Yamada, Ryoichi; Singer, Donald A. (2017). "How can satellite imagery be used for mineral exploration in thick vegetation areas?". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 18 (2): 584–596. Bibcode:2017GGG....18..584H. doi:10.1002/2016GC006501. ISSN 1525-2027.
^ ^a ^b ^c McCarter, C. P. R.; Rezanezhad, F.; Quinton, W. L.; Gharedaghloo, B.; Lennartz, B.; Price, J.; Connon, R.; Van Cappellen, P. (2020-08-01). "Pore-scale controls on hydrological and geochemical processes in peat: Implications on interacting processes". Earth-Science Reviews. 207: 103227. Bibcode:2020ESRv..20703227M. doi:10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103227. ISSN 0012-8252.
^ Pal, A. B.; Sindhupe, G. L. (2004-08-01). "A Preliminary Study of Indicator Plants for Copper Mineralization in Malanjkhand Granitoid, Madhya Pradesh". Geological Society of India. 64 (2): 146–152. ISSN 0974-6889.
^ Whitehead, Neil E.; Brooks, Robert R. (1969). "Aquatic Bryophytes as Indicators of Uranium Mineralization". The Bryologist. 72 (4): 501–507. doi:10.2307/3241389. ISSN 0007-2745. JSTOR 3241389.
^ Brooks, R. R. (1979-01-01). "Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 12: 67–78. Bibcode:1979JCExp..12...67B. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5. ISSN 0375-6742.
^ Amaral, Cibele Hummel do; Almeida, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de; Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto de; Roberts, Dar A.; Fraser, Stephen James; Alves, Marcos Nopper; Botelho, Moreno (2018-10-01). "Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping". Remote Sensing of Environment. 216: 385–400. Bibcode:2018RSEnv.216..385A. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009. ISSN 0034-4257.
^ ^a ^b Prasad, M.N.V. (2015-12-31). "Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting". Journal of Palaeosciences. 64 ((1-2)): 113–116. doi:10.54991/jop.2015.106. ISSN 2583-4266.
^ ^a ^b ^c Faucon, Michel-Pierre (2021-06-24). Plant-Soil Interactions. MDPI. doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0. ISBN 978-3-0365-0407-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
^ ^a ^b Schwaller, Matthew R.; Tkach, Steven J. (1985-04-01). "Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting". Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 80 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985EcGeo..80..250S. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250.
^ ^a ^b ^c Ghaderian, S.M.; Baker, A.J.M. (2007). "Geobotanical and biogeochemical reconnaissance of the ultramafics of Central Iran". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 92 (1): 34–42. Bibcode:2007JCExp..92...34G. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2006.06.002.
^ ^a ^b ^c Brooks, R. R. (1979-01-01). "Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 12: 67–78. Bibcode:1979JCExp..12...67B. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5. ISSN 0375-6742.
^ ^a ^b Wang, Li; Lu, Peina; Feng, Shoujiang; Hamel, Chantal; Sun, Dandi; Siddique, Kadambot H.M.; Gan, Gary Y. (2024). "Strategies to improve soil health by optimizing the plant–soil–microbe–anthropogenic activity nexus". Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment. 359: 108750. Bibcode:2024AgEE..35908750W. doi:10.1016/j.agee.2023.108750.
^ ^a ^b Hu, Guai; Cao, Jianjin; Jiang, Tao; Wang, Zhengyang; Yi, Zebang (2017). "Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues". Resource Geology. 67 (3): 316–329. Bibcode:2017ReGeo..67..316H. doi:10.1111/rge.12130. ISSN 1344-1698.
^ Qiao, Juan; Qi, Li (2021). "Recent progress in plant-gold nanoparticles fabrication methods and bio-applications". Talanta. 223: 121396. doi:10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121396.
^ Bonetto, Sabrina Maria Rita; Caselle, Chiara; Comina, Cesare; Vagnon, Federico (2023). "Geophysical surveys for non-invasive characterization of sinkhole phenomena: A case study of Murisengo". Earth Surface Processes and Landforms. 48 (9): 1895–1905. Bibcode:2023ESPL...48.1895B. doi:10.1002/esp.5584. ISSN 0197-9337.
^ Abedi, Maysam; Norouzi, Gholam-Hossain (2012-08-01). "Integration of various geophysical data with geological and geochemical data to determine additional drilling for copper exploration". Journal of Applied Geophysics. 83: 35–45. Bibcode:2012JAG....83...35A. doi:10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.05.003. ISSN 0926-9851.

Books

Craddock, Paul T. Early Metal Mining and Production. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press 1995.

[:1123-1] Prasad, M.N.V. (2015-12-31). "Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting". Journal of Palaeosciences. 64 ((1-2)): 113–116. doi:10.54991/jop.2015.106. ISSN 2583-4266.

[:110-2] Amaral, Cibele Hummel do; Almeida, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de; Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto de; Roberts, Dar A.; Fraser, Stephen James; Alves, Marcos Nopper; Botelho, Moreno (2018-10-01). "Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping". Remote Sensing of Environment. 216: 385–400. Bibcode:2018RSEnv.216..385A. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009. ISSN 0034-4257.

[:422-3] Schwaller, Matthew R.; Tkach, Steven J. (1985-04-01). "Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting". Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 80 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985EcGeo..80..250S. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250.

[:26-4] Oyeyemi, Oyesiji Cornelius; Iyakwari, Shekwonyadu; Obrike, Stephen Ewoma; Jangfa, Nanlir Geoffrey (2023-07-24). "Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting Method of Complex Sulphide Ore of Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba in Abuni-Adudu areas of the Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria". African Scientific Reports: 107. doi:10.46481/asr.2023.2.2.107. ISSN 2955-1617.

[:322-5] Hu, Guai; Cao, Jianjin; Jiang, Tao; Wang, Zhengyang; Yi, Zebang (2017). "Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues". Resource Geology. 67 (3): 316–329. Bibcode:2017ReGeo..67..316H. doi:10.1111/rge.12130. ISSN 1344-1698.

[:7-6] Haggerty, Stephen E. (15 April 2015). "Discovery of a kimberlite pipe and recognition of a diagnostic botanical indicator in NW Liberia". Economic Geology. 110 (4): 851–856. Bibcode:2015EcGeo.110..851H. doi:10.2113/econgeo.110.4.851. Retrieved 16 July 2017.

[:522-7] Brooks, R. R. (1979-01-01). "Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique". Journal of Geochemical Exploration. 12: 67–78. Bibcode:1979JCExp..12...67B. doi:10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5. ISSN 0375-6742.

[:27-8] Faucon, Michel-Pierre (2021-06-24). Plant-Soil Interactions. MDPI. doi:10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0. ISBN 978-3-0365-0407-0.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[9] Pott, R. (2011). "Phytosociology: A modern geobotanical method". Plant Biosystems - an International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology. 145 (sup1): 9–18. Bibcode:2011PBios.145S...9P. doi:10.1080/11263504.2011.602740. ISSN 1126-3504.

[:0-10] Schiller, P.; Cook, G. B.; Beswick, C. K. (1971-05-01). "Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting". Microchimica Acta. 59 (3): 420–428. doi:10.1007/BF01219048. ISSN 1436-5073.

[11] Haggerty, Stephen E. (15 April 2015). "Discovery of a kimberlite pipe and recognition of a diagnostic botanical indicator in NW Liberia". Economic Geology. 110 (4): 851–856. Bibcode:2015EcGeo.110..851H. doi:10.2113/econgeo.110.4.851. Retrieved 16 July 2017.

[12] * Temple, Robert. The Genius of China. London: Prion Books Limited 1999 159 pages

[13] Usik, Lily (1969). Review of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting methods in Peatland. Geological Survey of Canada. doi:10.4095/104007.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)

[:12-14] Amaral, Cibele Hummel do; Almeida, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de; Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto de; Roberts, Dar A.; Fraser, Stephen James; Alves, Marcos Nopper; Botelho, Moreno (2018-10-01). "Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping". Remote Sensing of Environment. 216: 385–400. Bibcode:2018RSEnv.216..385A. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009. ISSN 0034-4257.

[:42-15] Schwaller, Matthew R.; Tkach, Steven J. (1985-04-01). "Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting". Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 80 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985EcGeo..80..250S. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250.

[:22-16] Oyeyemi, Oyesiji Cornelius; Iyakwari, Shekwonyadu; Obrike, Stephen Ewoma; Jangfa, Nanlir Geoffrey (2023-07-24). "Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting Method of Complex Sulphide Ore of Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba in Abuni-Adudu areas of the Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria". African Scientific Reports: 107. doi:10.46481/asr.2023.2.2.107. ISSN 2955-1617.

[:32-17] Hu, Guai; Cao, Jianjin; Jiang, Tao; Wang, Zhengyang; Yi, Zebang (2017). "Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues". Resource Geology. 67 (3): 316–329. Bibcode:2017ReGeo..67..316H. doi:10.1111/rge.12130. ISSN 1344-1698.

[:13-18] Amaral, Cibele Hummel do; Almeida, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de; Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto de; Roberts, Dar A.; Fraser, Stephen James; Alves, Marcos Nopper; Botelho, Moreno (2018-10-01). "Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping". Remote Sensing of Environment. 216: 385–400. Bibcode:2018RSEnv.216..385A. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009. ISSN 0034-4257.

[:112-19] Prasad, M.N.V. (2015-12-31). "Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting". Journal of Palaeosciences. 64 ((1-2)): 113–116. doi:10.54991/jop.2015.106. ISSN 2583-4266.

[20] "Viscaria Mine, Kiruna, Lappland, Sweden". MinDat.org. Hudson Institute of Mineralogy. Retrieved 16 July 2017.

[:4-21] Schwaller, Matthew R.; Tkach, Steven J. (1985-04-01). "Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting". Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists. 80 (2): 250–255. Bibcode:1985EcGeo..80..250S. doi:10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250.

[:1-22] Amaral, Cibele Hummel do; Almeida, Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de; Souza Filho, Carlos Roberto de; Roberts, Dar A.; Fraser, Stephen James; Alves, Marcos Nopper; Botelho, Moreno (2018-10-01). "Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping". Remote Sensing of Environment. 216: 385–400. Bibcode:2018RSEnv.216..385A. doi:10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009. ISSN 0034-4257.

[:192-23] Hede, Arie Naftali Hawu; Koike, Katsuaki; Kashiwaya, Koki; Sakurai, Shigeki; Yamada, Ryoichi; Singer, Donald A. (2017). "How can satellite imagery be used for mineral exploration in thick vegetation areas?". Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems. 18 (2): 584–596. Bibcode:2017GGG....18..584H. doi:10.1002/2016GC006501. ISSN 1525-2027.

[:40-24] Yavari, S. M.; Qaderi, F. (2020-03-01). "Determination of thermal pollution of water resources caused by Neka power plant through processing satellite imagery". Environment, Development and Sustainability. 22 (3): 1953–1975. Bibcode:2020EDSus..22.1953Y. doi:10.1007/s10668-018-0272-2. ISSN 1573-2975.

[:41-25] Dwiputra, A; Seminar, K B; Sudradjat (2022-06-01). "Estimation of Potassium Nutrient Content in Tea Plants Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery". IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science. 1038 (1): 012047. Bibcode:2022E&ES.1038a2047D. doi:10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012047. ISSN 1755-1307.

[26] Müllerová, Jana; Brůna, Josef; Bartaloš, Tomáš; Dvořák, Petr; Vítková, Michaela; Pyšek, Petr (2017). "Timing Is Important: Unmanned Aircraft vs. Satellite Imagery in Plant Invasion Monitoring". Frontiers in Plant Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fpls.2017.00887. ISSN 1664-462X. PMID 28620399.

[:03-27] Schiller, P.; Cook, G. B.; Beswick, C. K. (1971-05-01). "Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting". Microchimica Acta. 59 (3): 420–428. doi:10.1007/BF01219048. ISSN 1436-5073.

[:3-28] Hu, Guai; Cao, Jianjin; Jiang, Tao; Wang, Zhengyang; Yi, Zebang (2017). "Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues". Resource Geology. 67 (3): 316–329. Bibcode:2017ReGeo..67..316H. doi:10.1111/rge.12130. ISSN 1344-1698.

[:35-29] Gopalakrishnan, Gayathri (2008). "Nature's sensors; using plants as an alternative monitoring approach for subsurface contamination". ProQuest. ProQuest 304605736.

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-Geobotanical [[prospecting]] refers to [[prospecting]] based on the composition and health of surrounding [[Botany|botanical]] life to identify potential resource deposits.<ref name=":1123">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=M.N.V. |date=2015-12-31 |title=Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting |url=https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/106 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |volume=64 |issue=(1-2) |pages=113–116 |doi=10.54991/jop.2015.106 |issn=2583-4266}}</ref> Using a variety of techniques, including [[Bioindicator|indicator plant]] identification,<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last=Amaral |first=Cibele Hummel do |last2=Almeida |first2=Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de |last3=Souza Filho |first3=Carlos Roberto de |last4=Roberts |first4=Dar A. |last5=Fraser |first5=Stephen James |last6=Alves |first6=Marcos Nopper |last7=Botelho |first7=Moreno |date=2018-10-01 |title=Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425718303365 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=216 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009 |issn=0034-4257}}</ref> [[remote sensing]]<ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last=Schwaller |first=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection?casa_token=XyfNzq2GL-YAAAAA:AGePIOuz7fyc_mY5hlV6vP-20rYBNKTcs6vjlg88Z8ZycfDG2g6xOKi6ewTh8MWgudFEJpo |journal=Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250-255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250}}</ref> and determining the physical and chemical condition of the botanical life in the area,<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last=Oyeyemi |first=Oyesiji Cornelius |last2=Iyakwari |first2=Shekwonyadu |last3=Obrike |first3=Stephen Ewoma |last4=Jangfa |first4=Nanlir Geoffrey |date=2023-07-24 |title=Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting Method of Complex Sulphide Ore of Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba in Abuni-Adudu areas of the Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria |url=https://asr.nsps.org.ng/index.php/asr/article/view/107 |journal=African Scientific Reports |language=en |pages=107–107 |doi=10.46481/asr.2023.2.2.107 |issn=2955-1617}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Guai |last2=Cao |first2=Jianjin |last3=Jiang |first3=Tao |last4=Wang |first4=Zhengyang |last5=Yi |first5=Zebang |date=2017 |title=Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rge.12130 |journal=Resource Geology |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1111/rge.12130 |issn=1344-1698}}</ref> geobotanical prospecting can be used to discover different minerals. This process has clear advantages and benefits, such as being relatively non-invasive and cost efficient.<ref name=":110" /><ref name=":422" /> However, the efficacy of this method is not without question. There is evidence that this form of [[prospecting]] is a valid scientific method, especially when used in conjunction with other [[prospecting]] methods.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Haggerty |first1=Stephen E. |date=15 April 2015 |title=Discovery of a kimberlite pipe and recognition of a diagnostic botanical indicator in NW Liberia |url=http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/content/110/4/851 |journal=Economic Geology |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=851–856 |bibcode=2015EcGeo.110..851H |doi=10.2113/econgeo.110.4.851 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=":110" /> But as identification of commercial mines are invariably guided by [[Geology|geological principles]] and confirmed by [[Assay|chemical assays]], it is unclear as to whether this prospecting method is a valid standalone scientific method or an outdated method of the past.<ref name=":522">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1979-01-01 |title=Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375674279900645 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=12 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5 |issn=0375-6742}}</ref>
+Geobotanical [[prospecting]] refers to [[prospecting]] based on the composition and health of surrounding [[Botany|botanical]] life to identify potential resource deposits.<ref name=":1123">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=M.N.V. |date=2015-12-31 |title=Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting |url=https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/106 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |volume=64 |issue=(1-2) |pages=113–116 |doi=10.54991/jop.2015.106 |issn=2583-4266}}</ref> Using a variety of techniques, including [[Bioindicator|indicator plant]] identification,<ref name=":110">{{Cite journal |last1=Amaral |first1=Cibele Hummel do |last2=Almeida |first2=Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de |last3=Souza Filho |first3=Carlos Roberto de |last4=Roberts |first4=Dar A. |last5=Fraser |first5=Stephen James |last6=Alves |first6=Marcos Nopper |last7=Botelho |first7=Moreno |date=2018-10-01 |title=Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425718303365 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=216 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009 |bibcode=2018RSEnv.216..385A |issn=0034-4257}}</ref> [[remote sensing]]<ref name=":422">{{Cite journal |last1=Schwaller |first1=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection |journal=Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250–255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250|bibcode=1985EcGeo..80..250S }}</ref> and determining the physical and chemical condition of the botanical life in the area,<ref name=":26">{{Cite journal |last1=Oyeyemi |first1=Oyesiji Cornelius |last2=Iyakwari |first2=Shekwonyadu |last3=Obrike |first3=Stephen Ewoma |last4=Jangfa |first4=Nanlir Geoffrey |date=2023-07-24 |title=Geobotanical and Biogeochemical Prospecting Method of Complex Sulphide Ore of Pb-Zn-Cu-Ba in Abuni-Adudu areas of the Middle Benue Trough, Nigeria |url=https://asr.nsps.org.ng/index.php/asr/article/view/107 |journal=African Scientific Reports |language=en |pages=107 |doi=10.46481/asr.2023.2.2.107 |issn=2955-1617}}</ref><ref name=":322">{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Guai |last2=Cao |first2=Jianjin |last3=Jiang |first3=Tao |last4=Wang |first4=Zhengyang |last5=Yi |first5=Zebang |date=2017 |title=Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rge.12130 |journal=Resource Geology |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1111/rge.12130 |bibcode=2017ReGeo..67..316H |issn=1344-1698}}</ref> geobotanical prospecting can be used to discover different minerals. This process has clear advantages and benefits, such as being relatively non-invasive and cost efficient.<ref name=":110" /><ref name=":422" /> However, the efficacy of this method is not without question. There is evidence that this form of [[prospecting]] is a valid scientific method, especially when used in conjunction with other [[prospecting]] methods.<ref name=":7">{{cite journal |last1=Haggerty |first1=Stephen E. |date=15 April 2015 |title=Discovery of a kimberlite pipe and recognition of a diagnostic botanical indicator in NW Liberia |url=http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/content/110/4/851 |journal=Economic Geology |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=851–856 |bibcode=2015EcGeo.110..851H |doi=10.2113/econgeo.110.4.851 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref><ref name=":110" /> But as identification of commercial mines are invariably guided by [[Geology|geological principles]] and confirmed by [[Assay|chemical assays]], it is unclear as to whether this prospecting method is a valid standalone scientific method or an outdated method of the past.<ref name=":522">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1979-01-01 |title=Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742%2879%2990064-5 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=12 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5 |bibcode=1979JCExp..12...67B |issn=0375-6742}}</ref>
 == Underlying Principle ==
-There is a complex interaction between soil and plants.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book |last=Faucon |first=Michel-Pierre |url=http://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3908 |title=Plant-Soil Interactions |date=2021-06-24 |publisher=MDPI |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-0365-0407-0 |language=en |doi=10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0}}</ref> The [[nutrient]] and [[mineral]] composition of the soil heavily influences both the type and physical condition of [[Botany|botanical]] life it can support.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pott |first=R. |date=2011 |title=Phytosociology: A modern geobotanical method |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11263504.2011.602740 |journal=Plant Biosystems - An International Journal Dealing with all Aspects of Plant Biology |language=en |volume=145 |issue=sup1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1080/11263504.2011.602740 |issn=1126-3504}}</ref> Using this principle, in certain cases, it is theoretically possible to determine the mineral content of the underlying soils and rocks (i.e., mineral deposits) using the overlying botanical life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schiller |first1=P. |last2=Cook |first2=G. B. |last3=Beswick |first3=C. K. |date=1971-05-01 |title=Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01219048 |journal=Microchimica Acta |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=420–428 |doi=10.1007/BF01219048 |issn=1436-5073}}</ref>
+There is a complex interaction between soil and plants.<ref name=":27">{{Cite book |last=Faucon |first=Michel-Pierre |url=http://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3908 |title=Plant-Soil Interactions |date=2021-06-24 |publisher=MDPI |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-0365-0407-0 |language=en |doi=10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0|doi-access=free }}</ref> The [[nutrient]] and [[mineral]] composition of the soil heavily influences both the type and physical condition of [[Botany|botanical]] life it can support.<ref name=":27" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Pott |first=R. |date=2011 |title=Phytosociology: A modern geobotanical method |url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/11263504.2011.602740 |journal=Plant Biosystems - an International Journal Dealing with All Aspects of Plant Biology |language=en |volume=145 |issue=sup1 |pages=9–18 |doi=10.1080/11263504.2011.602740 |bibcode=2011PBios.145S...9P |issn=1126-3504}}</ref> Using this principle, in certain cases, it is theoretically possible to determine the mineral content of the underlying soils and rocks (i.e., mineral deposits) using the overlying botanical life.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Schiller |first1=P. |last2=Cook |first2=G. B. |last3=Beswick |first3=C. K. |date=1971-05-01 |title=Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01219048 |journal=Microchimica Acta |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=420–428 |doi=10.1007/BF01219048 |issn=1436-5073}}</ref>
 == History ==
@@ Line 21: / Line 21: @@
 ==== Aerial Photography ====
-[[Aerial photography]] is simply taking photographs of the ground from a [[Elevation|higher elevation]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last=Schwaller |first=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection?casa_token=XyfNzq2GL-YAAAAA:AGePIOuz7fyc_mY5hlV6vP-20rYBNKTcs6vjlg88Z8ZycfDG2g6xOKi6ewTh8MWgudFEJpo |journal=Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250-255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250}}</ref> Using aerial photography it is possible to survey a large area of land relatively quickly at relatively low cost to get an overview of the [[Plant|plant diversity]] of an area.<ref name=":4" /> This can lead to the mapping of underlying mineral deposits.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Amaral |first=Cibele Hummel do |last2=Almeida |first2=Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de |last3=Souza Filho |first3=Carlos Roberto de |last4=Roberts |first4=Dar A. |last5=Fraser |first5=Stephen James |last6=Alves |first6=Marcos Nopper |last7=Botelho |first7=Moreno |date=2018-10-01 |title=Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425718303365 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=216 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009 |issn=0034-4257}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
+[[Aerial photography]] is simply taking photographs of the ground from a [[Elevation|higher elevation]].<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal |last1=Schwaller |first1=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection |journal=Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250–255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250|bibcode=1985EcGeo..80..250S }}</ref> Using aerial photography it is possible to survey a large area of land relatively quickly at relatively low cost to get an overview of the [[Plant|plant diversity]] of an area.<ref name=":4" /> This can lead to the mapping of underlying mineral deposits.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last1=Amaral |first1=Cibele Hummel do |last2=Almeida |first2=Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de |last3=Souza Filho |first3=Carlos Roberto de |last4=Roberts |first4=Dar A. |last5=Fraser |first5=Stephen James |last6=Alves |first6=Marcos Nopper |last7=Botelho |first7=Moreno |date=2018-10-01 |title=Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425718303365 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=216 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009 |bibcode=2018RSEnv.216..385A |issn=0034-4257}}</ref><ref name=":4" />
 For example, using [[aerial photography]], it is possible to determine the existence of premature [[Senescence|leaf senescence]] (premature aging of cells).<ref name=":4" /> In some cases, this can lead to the detection of increased copper concentrations in the soil, leading to the discovery of copper deposits.<ref name=":4" />
 ==== Satellite Imagery ====
-[[Satellite imagery]] can be used to capture large amounts of data in a large area.<ref name=":192">{{Cite journal |last=Hede |first=Arie Naftali Hawu |last2=Koike |first2=Katsuaki |last3=Kashiwaya |first3=Koki |last4=Sakurai |first4=Shigeki |last5=Yamada |first5=Ryoichi |last6=Singer |first6=Donald A. |date=2017 |title=How can satellite imagery be used for mineral exploration in thick vegetation areas? |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GC006501 |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=584–596 |doi=10.1002/2016GC006501 |issn=1525-2027}}</ref> This data, when analyzed correctly, can be used to aid in the geobotanical prospecting process.<ref name=":192" /><ref name=":40">{{Cite journal |last=Yavari |first=S. M. |last2=Qaderi |first2=F. |date=2020-03-01 |title=Determination of thermal pollution of water resources caused by Neka power plant through processing satellite imagery |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0272-2 |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=1953–1975 |doi=10.1007/s10668-018-0272-2 |issn=1573-2975}}</ref> Satellite imagery can be used to determine concentrations of certain minerals and elements in certain plants.<ref name=":41">{{Cite journal |last=Dwiputra |first=A |last2=Seminar |first2=K B |last3=Sudradjat |date=2022-06-01 |title=Estimation of Potassium Nutrient Content in Tea Plants Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012047 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=1038 |issue=1 |pages=012047 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012047 |issn=1755-1307}}</ref> For example, satellite imagery has been used to determine [[potassium]] concentrations in [[Tea|tea plants]].<ref name=":41" /> Satellite imagery has also been used to monitor [[Invasive species|invasive plant]] movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Müllerová |first=Jana |last2=Brůna |first2=Josef |last3=Bartaloš |first3=Tomáš |last4=Dvořák |first4=Petr |last5=Vítková |first5=Michaela |last6=Pyšek |first6=Petr |date=2017 |title=Timing Is Important: Unmanned Aircraft vs. Satellite Imagery in Plant Invasion Monitoring |url=https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2017.00887 |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00887/full |issn=1664-462X}}</ref> Using satellite imagery, it is possible to get a detailed image of the overlying botanical life.<ref name=":192" /><ref name=":40" /> Using the overlying botanical life it is possible to get a overview of the underlying geological composition.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last=Schiller |first=P. |last2=Cook |first2=G. B. |last3=Beswick |first3=C. K. |date=1971-05-01 |title=Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01219048 |journal=Microchimica Acta |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=420–428 |doi=10.1007/BF01219048 |issn=1436-5073}}</ref><ref name=":192" />
+[[Satellite imagery]] can be used to capture large amounts of data in a large area.<ref name=":192">{{Cite journal |last1=Hede |first1=Arie Naftali Hawu |last2=Koike |first2=Katsuaki |last3=Kashiwaya |first3=Koki |last4=Sakurai |first4=Shigeki |last5=Yamada |first5=Ryoichi |last6=Singer |first6=Donald A. |date=2017 |title=How can satellite imagery be used for mineral exploration in thick vegetation areas? |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GC006501 |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=584–596 |doi=10.1002/2016GC006501 |bibcode=2017GGG....18..584H |issn=1525-2027}}</ref> This data, when analyzed correctly, can be used to aid in the geobotanical prospecting process.<ref name=":192" /><ref name=":40">{{Cite journal |last1=Yavari |first1=S. M. |last2=Qaderi |first2=F. |date=2020-03-01 |title=Determination of thermal pollution of water resources caused by Neka power plant through processing satellite imagery |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/s10668-018-0272-2 |journal=Environment, Development and Sustainability |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=1953–1975 |doi=10.1007/s10668-018-0272-2 |bibcode=2020EDSus..22.1953Y |issn=1573-2975}}</ref> Satellite imagery can be used to determine concentrations of certain minerals and elements in certain plants.<ref name=":41">{{Cite journal |last1=Dwiputra |first1=A |last2=Seminar |first2=K B |last3=Sudradjat |date=2022-06-01 |title=Estimation of Potassium Nutrient Content in Tea Plants Using Sentinel-2 Satellite Imagery |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012047 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=1038 |issue=1 |pages=012047 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/1038/1/012047 |bibcode=2022E&ES.1038a2047D |issn=1755-1307}}</ref> For example, satellite imagery has been used to determine [[potassium]] concentrations in [[Tea|tea plants]].<ref name=":41" /> Satellite imagery has also been used to monitor [[Invasive species|invasive plant]] movement.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Müllerová |first1=Jana |last2=Brůna |first2=Josef |last3=Bartaloš |first3=Tomáš |last4=Dvořák |first4=Petr |last5=Vítková |first5=Michaela |last6=Pyšek |first6=Petr |date=2017 |title=Timing Is Important: Unmanned Aircraft vs. Satellite Imagery in Plant Invasion Monitoring |journal=Frontiers in Plant Science |volume=8 |doi=10.3389/fpls.2017.00887 |doi-access=free |pmid=28620399 |issn=1664-462X}}</ref> Using satellite imagery, it is possible to get a detailed image of the overlying botanical life.<ref name=":192" /><ref name=":40" /> Using the overlying botanical life it is possible to get a overview of the underlying geological composition.<ref name=":03">{{Cite journal |last1=Schiller |first1=P. |last2=Cook |first2=G. B. |last3=Beswick |first3=C. K. |date=1971-05-01 |title=Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01219048 |journal=Microchimica Acta |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=420–428 |doi=10.1007/BF01219048 |issn=1436-5073}}</ref><ref name=":192" />
 === Biochemical Indicators ===
-As plants uptake minerals from their surrounding soils, the minerals get deposited into their tissues.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Guai |last2=Cao |first2=Jianjin |last3=Jiang |first3=Tao |last4=Wang |first4=Zhengyang |last5=Yi |first5=Zebang |date=2017 |title=Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rge.12130 |journal=Resource Geology |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1111/rge.12130 |issn=1344-1698}}</ref> In a [[laboratory]] setting, plant tissues can be analyzed to determine the concentrations of these minerals.<ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Gayathri |date=2008 |title=Nature's sensors; using plants as an alternative monitoring approach for subsurface contamination |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304605736?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses |journal=ProQuest}}</ref> Once the concentrations of these minerals are known, it is possible to determine the concentrations of minerals in these plants soils and thus the underlying geology of the area.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last=Schiller |first=P. |last2=Cook |first2=G. B. |last3=Beswick |first3=C. K. |date=1971-05-01 |title=Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01219048 |journal=Microchimica Acta |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=420–428 |doi=10.1007/BF01219048 |issn=1436-5073}}</ref> This method is particularly useful for [[Nanoparticle|nanoparticles]] i.e., particles that are too low in concentration to detect in soils but get fixed in plant tissue.<ref name=":102">{{Cite journal |last=Qiao |first=Juan |last2=Qi |first2=Li |date=2021 |title=Recent progress in plant-gold nanoparticles fabrication methods and bio-applications |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039914020306871 |journal=Talanta |language=en |volume=223 |pages=121396 |doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121396}}</ref> This is the case when prospecting for gold.<ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1982-11-01 |title=Biological methods of prospecting for gold |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375674282900280 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–122 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(82)90028-0 |issn=0375-6742}}</ref>
+As plants uptake minerals from their surrounding soils, the minerals get deposited into their tissues.<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Guai |last2=Cao |first2=Jianjin |last3=Jiang |first3=Tao |last4=Wang |first4=Zhengyang |last5=Yi |first5=Zebang |date=2017 |title=Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rge.12130 |journal=Resource Geology |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1111/rge.12130 |bibcode=2017ReGeo..67..316H |issn=1344-1698}}</ref> In a [[laboratory]] setting, plant tissues can be analyzed to determine the concentrations of these minerals.<ref name=":35">{{Cite journal |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Gayathri |date=2008 |title=Nature's sensors; using plants as an alternative monitoring approach for subsurface contamination |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304605736 |journal=ProQuest|id={{ProQuest|304605736}} }}</ref> Once the concentrations of these minerals are known, it is possible to determine the concentrations of minerals in these plants soils and thus the underlying geology of the area.<ref name=":04">{{Cite journal |last1=Schiller |first1=P. |last2=Cook |first2=G. B. |last3=Beswick |first3=C. K. |date=1971-05-01 |title=Determination of gold by non-destructive activation analysis for purposes of geochemical and geobotanical prospecting |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01219048 |journal=Microchimica Acta |language=en |volume=59 |issue=3 |pages=420–428 |doi=10.1007/BF01219048 |issn=1436-5073}}</ref> This method is particularly useful for [[Nanoparticle|nanoparticles]] i.e., particles that are too low in concentration to detect in soils but get fixed in plant tissue.<ref name=":102">{{Cite journal |last1=Qiao |first1=Juan |last2=Qi |first2=Li |date=2021 |title=Recent progress in plant-gold nanoparticles fabrication methods and bio-applications |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039914020306871 |journal=Talanta |language=en |volume=223 |pages=121396 |doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121396}}</ref> This is the case when prospecting for gold.<ref name=":92">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1982-11-01 |title=Biological methods of prospecting for gold |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742%2882%2990028-0 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=17 |issue=2 |pages=109–122 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(82)90028-0 |bibcode=1982JCExp..17..109B |issn=0375-6742}}</ref>
 == Applications and examples ==
@@ Line 51: / Line 51: @@
 === Uranium (U) ===
 [[File:MarchantiaPolymorpha.jpg|thumb|[[Marchantia polymorpha|''Marchantia Polymorpha'']]. A Species of bryophyte (liverwort). An example of the type of plant used for geobotanical prospecting of Uranium.]]
-[[Uranium]] is not an essential nutrient to plants, but if uranium is present in the surrounding soils the element will be taken up into the plant system.<ref name=":272">{{Cite book |last=Faucon |first=Michel-Pierre |url=http://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3908 |title=Plant-Soil Interactions |date=2021-06-24 |publisher=MDPI |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-0365-0407-0 |language=en |doi=10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0}}</ref> Uranium is toxic to plants due to its [[Radionuclide|radioactive]] nature.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Winde |first=Frank |date=2010 |title=Uranium pollution of the Wonderfonteinspruit, 1997-2008 Part 1: Uranium toxicity, regional background and mining-related sources of uranium pollution |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/210847 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=239–256 |issn=1816-7950}}</ref> Plants that have accumulated a larger than normal amount of uranium, will show signs of uranium toxicity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last=Rajabi |first=Fatemeh |last2=Jessat |first2=Jenny |last3=Garimella |first3=Jawaharlal Nehru |last4=Bok |first4=Frank |last5=Steudtner |first5=Robin |last6=Stumpf |first6=Thorsten |last7=Sachs |first7=Susanne |date=2021-03-15 |title=Uranium(VI) toxicity in tobacco BY-2 cell suspension culture – A physiological study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765132031719X |journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |volume=211 |pages=111883 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111883 |issn=0147-6513}}</ref> Uranium toxicity results in various physiological processes of the plants being hindered.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |last=Duhan |first=Sandeep Singh |last2=Khyalia |first2=Pradeep |last3=Solanki |first3=Pooja |last4=Laura |first4=Jitender Singh |date=2023-04-30 |title=Uranium Sources, Uptake, Translocation in the Soil-Plant System and its Toxicity in Plants and Humans: A Critical Review |url=https://www.orientjchem.org/vol39no2/uranium-sources-uptake-translocation-in-soil-plant-system-and-its-toxicity-in-plants-and-human-a-critical-review/ |journal=Oriental Journal of Chemistry |language=en-US |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=303–319}}</ref><ref name=":33" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bute |first=Saleh Ibrahim |last2=Yang |first2=Xiaoyong |last3=Suh |first3=Cheo Emmanuel |last4=Girei |first4=Musa Bala |last5=Usman |first5=Musa Bappah |date=2020-05-01 |title=Mineralogy, geochemistry and ore genesis of Kanawa uranium mineralization, Hawal Massif, eastern Nigeria terrane: Implications for uranium prospecting in Nigeria and Cameroon |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169136819302665 |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |volume=120 |pages=103381 |doi=10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103381 |issn=0169-1368}}</ref> These hindered physiological processes include [[Germination|seed germination]] and [[photosynthesis]].<ref name=":28" /> Because of these changes in physiology, uranium toxicity is relatively easy to detect in plants.<ref name=":29" />
+[[Uranium]] is not an essential nutrient to plants, but if uranium is present in the surrounding soils the element will be taken up into the plant system.<ref name=":272">{{Cite book |last=Faucon |first=Michel-Pierre |url=http://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3908 |title=Plant-Soil Interactions |date=2021-06-24 |publisher=MDPI |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-0365-0407-0 |language=en |doi=10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0|doi-access=free }}</ref> Uranium is toxic to plants due to its [[Radionuclide|radioactive]] nature.<ref name=":29">{{Cite journal |last=Winde |first=Frank |date=2010 |title=Uranium pollution of the Wonderfonteinspruit, 1997-2008 Part 1: Uranium toxicity, regional background and mining-related sources of uranium pollution |url=https://www.ajol.info/index.php/wsa/article/view/210847 |journal=Water SA |language=en |volume=36 |issue=3 |pages=239–256 |issn=1816-7950}}</ref> Plants that have accumulated a larger than normal amount of uranium, will show signs of uranium toxicity.<ref name=":33">{{Cite journal |last1=Rajabi |first1=Fatemeh |last2=Jessat |first2=Jenny |last3=Garimella |first3=Jawaharlal Nehru |last4=Bok |first4=Frank |last5=Steudtner |first5=Robin |last6=Stumpf |first6=Thorsten |last7=Sachs |first7=Susanne |date=2021-03-15 |title=Uranium(VI) toxicity in tobacco BY-2 cell suspension culture – A physiological study |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S014765132031719X |journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |volume=211 |pages=111883 |doi=10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111883 |pmid=33454591 |bibcode=2021EcoES.21111883R |issn=0147-6513}}</ref> Uranium toxicity results in various physiological processes of the plants being hindered.<ref name=":28">{{Cite journal |last1=Duhan |first1=Sandeep Singh |last2=Khyalia |first2=Pradeep |last3=Solanki |first3=Pooja |last4=Laura |first4=Jitender Singh |date=2023-04-30 |title=Uranium Sources, Uptake, Translocation in the Soil-Plant System and its Toxicity in Plants and Humans: A Critical Review |url=https://www.orientjchem.org/vol39no2/uranium-sources-uptake-translocation-in-soil-plant-system-and-its-toxicity-in-plants-and-human-a-critical-review/ |journal=Oriental Journal of Chemistry |language=en-US |volume=39 |issue=2 |pages=303–319|doi=10.13005/ojc/390210 }}</ref><ref name=":33" /><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Bute |first1=Saleh Ibrahim |last2=Yang |first2=Xiaoyong |last3=Suh |first3=Cheo Emmanuel |last4=Girei |first4=Musa Bala |last5=Usman |first5=Musa Bappah |date=2020-05-01 |title=Mineralogy, geochemistry and ore genesis of Kanawa uranium mineralization, Hawal Massif, eastern Nigeria terrane: Implications for uranium prospecting in Nigeria and Cameroon |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169136819302665 |journal=Ore Geology Reviews |volume=120 |pages=103381 |doi=10.1016/j.oregeorev.2020.103381 |bibcode=2020OGRv..12003381B |issn=0169-1368}}</ref> These hindered physiological processes include [[Germination|seed germination]] and [[photosynthesis]].<ref name=":28" /> Because of these changes in physiology, uranium toxicity is relatively easy to detect in plants.<ref name=":29" />
-Plants that generally show increased uranium levels are [[Bryophyte|bryophytes]].<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last=Whitehead |first=Neil E. |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert R. |date=1969 |title=Aquatic Bryophytes as Indicators of Uranium Mineralization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3241389 |journal=The Bryologist |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=501–507 |doi=10.2307/3241389 |issn=0007-2745}}</ref> Bryophytes include plants such as [[Moss|mosses]] and [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]].<ref name=":31">{{Cite journal |last=Shacklette |first=H. T. |date=1984-07-01 |title=The use of aquatic bryophytes in prospecting |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375674284900360 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |series=10th International Exploration Symposium - 3rd Symposium on Methods of Geochemical Prospecting |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(84)90036-0 |issn=0375-6742}}</ref> Some other indicator plants include ''Aster venustns,'' and ''Astragalns albulus.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1979-01-01 |title=Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375674279900645 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=12 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5 |issn=0375-6742}}</ref>
+Plants that generally show increased uranium levels are [[Bryophyte|bryophytes]].<ref name=":30">{{Cite journal |last1=Whitehead |first1=Neil E. |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert R. |date=1969 |title=Aquatic Bryophytes as Indicators of Uranium Mineralization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3241389 |journal=The Bryologist |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=501–507 |doi=10.2307/3241389 |jstor=3241389 |issn=0007-2745}}</ref> Bryophytes include plants such as [[Moss|mosses]] and [[Marchantiophyta|liverworts]].<ref name=":31">{{Cite journal |last=Shacklette |first=H. T. |date=1984-07-01 |title=The use of aquatic bryophytes in prospecting |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742%2884%2990036-0 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |series=10th International Exploration Symposium - 3rd Symposium on Methods of Geochemical Prospecting |volume=21 |issue=1 |pages=89–93 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(84)90036-0 |bibcode=1984JCExp..21...89S |issn=0375-6742}}</ref> Some other indicator plants include ''Aster venustns,'' and ''Astragalns albulus.''<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1979-01-01 |title=Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742%2879%2990064-5 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=12 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5 |bibcode=1979JCExp..12...67B |issn=0375-6742}}</ref>
 Geobotanical prospecting for uranium deposits usually consists of rigorous systematic sampling of vegetation as well as laboratory analysis to determine uranium content.<ref name=":30" /><ref name=":31" />
@@ Line 59: / Line 59: @@
 === Other Resources ===
 [[File:Pandanus_senegalensis_MS4080.jpg|thumb|'''''[[Pandanus candelabrum]].''''' Indicator plant used to locate [[Kimberlite]] pipes, an igneous rock formation often containing [[Diamond|diamonds]].]]
-Geobotanical prospecting has also been used to discover a variety of other resources. One such resource is [[Kimberlite]] pipes, an igneous rock feature that often contains [[Diamond|diamonds]].<ref name=":72">{{cite journal |last1=Haggerty |first1=Stephen E. |date=15 April 2015 |title=Discovery of a kimberlite pipe and recognition of a diagnostic botanical indicator in NW Liberia |url=http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/content/110/4/851 |journal=Economic Geology |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=851–856 |bibcode=2015EcGeo.110..851H |doi=10.2113/econgeo.110.4.851 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> The indicator plant, ''[[Pandanus candelabrum]],'' was found to be biochemically distinct when growing on kimberlite pipes when compared to samples growing on [[Country rock (geology)|country rock]].<ref name=":432">{{Cite journal |last=Cooper |first=Stephen F. |last2=Haggerty |first2=Stephen E. |last3=Bolarinwa |first3=Anthony Temidayo |last4=Shannon |first4=Eugene H. |last5=Youssef |first5=Roger H. |date=2023 |title=A Biogeochemical study of Pandanus candelabrum in Liberia: A potential geobotanical indicator for kimberlite pipes in tropical terranes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1464343X23001164 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=202 |pages=104943 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2023.104943}}</ref> This discovery makes it possible for future prospecting of kimberlite pipes and by association, diamonds, using geobotanical prospecting.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":432" />
+Geobotanical prospecting has also been used to discover a variety of other resources. One such resource is [[Kimberlite]] pipes, an igneous rock feature that often contains [[Diamond|diamonds]].<ref name=":72">{{cite journal |last1=Haggerty |first1=Stephen E. |date=15 April 2015 |title=Discovery of a kimberlite pipe and recognition of a diagnostic botanical indicator in NW Liberia |url=http://econgeol.geoscienceworld.org/content/110/4/851 |journal=Economic Geology |volume=110 |issue=4 |pages=851–856 |bibcode=2015EcGeo.110..851H |doi=10.2113/econgeo.110.4.851 |access-date=16 July 2017}}</ref> The indicator plant, ''[[Pandanus candelabrum]],'' was found to be biochemically distinct when growing on kimberlite pipes when compared to samples growing on [[Country rock (geology)|country rock]].<ref name=":432">{{Cite journal |last1=Cooper |first1=Stephen F. |last2=Haggerty |first2=Stephen E. |last3=Bolarinwa |first3=Anthony Temidayo |last4=Shannon |first4=Eugene H. |last5=Youssef |first5=Roger H. |date=2023 |title=A Biogeochemical study of Pandanus candelabrum in Liberia: A potential geobotanical indicator for kimberlite pipes in tropical terranes |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S1464343X23001164 |journal=Journal of African Earth Sciences |language=en |volume=202 |pages=104943 |doi=10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2023.104943|bibcode=2023JAfES.20204943C }}</ref> This discovery makes it possible for future prospecting of kimberlite pipes and by association, diamonds, using geobotanical prospecting.<ref name=":72" /><ref name=":432" />
-In some cases direct detection of the mineral of interest is not possible, and detection of pathfinder minerals is required.<ref name=":133">{{Cite journal |last=Raju |first=P. V. Sunder |date=2008 |title=Role of pathfinder elements in gold exploration in Chitradurga Schist belt |journal=Current science (Bangalore) |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=323–325.}}</ref> Such is the case with [[arsenic]] and [[gold]],<ref name=":133" /> and in [[scandium]] and ultramafic [[Regolith-hosted rare earth element deposits|regolith's]] (rich in [[cobalt]] and [[nickel]]).<ref name=":442">{{Cite journal |last=Paul |first=Adrian L.D. |last2=van der Ent |first2=Antony |last3=Erskine |first3=Peter D. |date=2019 |title=Scandium biogeochemistry at the ultramafic Lucknow deposit, Queensland, Australia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0375674218302565 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |language=en |volume=204 |pages=74–82 |doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.05.005}}</ref> In cases such as these, the mineral concentration in the local flora is especially useful.<ref name=":442" />
+In some cases direct detection of the mineral of interest is not possible, and detection of pathfinder minerals is required.<ref name=":133">{{Cite journal |last=Raju |first=P. V. Sunder |date=2008 |title=Role of pathfinder elements in gold exploration in Chitradurga Schist belt |journal=Current Science (Bangalore) |volume=95 |issue=3 |pages=323–325}}</ref> Such is the case with [[arsenic]] and [[gold]],<ref name=":133" /> and in [[scandium]] and ultramafic [[Regolith-hosted rare earth element deposits|regolith's]] (rich in [[cobalt]] and [[nickel]]).<ref name=":442">{{Cite journal |last1=Paul |first1=Adrian L.D. |last2=van der Ent |first2=Antony |last3=Erskine |first3=Peter D. |date=2019 |title=Scandium biogeochemistry at the ultramafic Lucknow deposit, Queensland, Australia |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0375674218302565 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |language=en |volume=204 |pages=74–82 |doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2019.05.005|bibcode=2019JCExp.204...74P }}</ref> In cases such as these, the mineral concentration in the local flora is especially useful.<ref name=":442" />
 [[File:Pinus_brutia(03).jpg|thumb|''[[Pinus brutia]].'' An indicator plant for Iron and Zinc.]]
-Other minerals have also been discovered using indicator plants. [[Iron]] and [[Zinc]] can be located with the indicator plant ''[[Pinus brutia]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Özdemir |first=Zeynep |date=2005-02-21 |title=Pinus brutia as a biogeochemical medium to detect iron and zinc in soil analysis, chromite deposits of the area Mersin, Turkey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009281904000194 |journal=Geochemistry |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=79–88 |doi=10.1016/j.chemer.2003.09.001 |issn=0009-2819}}</ref> [[Chromite]] deposits can be located using the indicator plant ''Pteropyrum olivieri.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Naseem |first=Shahid |last2=Bashir |first2=Erum |last3=Shireen |first3=Khaula |last4=Shafiq |first4=Sheraz |date=2009-09-05 |title=Soil-plant relationship of Pteropyrum olivieri, a serpentine flora of Wadh, Balochistan, Pakistan and its use in mineral prospecting |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/geologia/vol54/iss2/art7 |journal=Studia UBB Geologia |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=33–39 |doi=10.5038/1937-8602.54.2.7 |issn=1221-0803}}</ref>
+Other minerals have also been discovered using indicator plants. [[Iron]] and [[Zinc]] can be located with the indicator plant ''[[Pinus brutia]].''<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Özdemir |first=Zeynep |date=2005-02-21 |title=Pinus brutia as a biogeochemical medium to detect iron and zinc in soil analysis, chromite deposits of the area Mersin, Turkey |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0009281904000194 |journal=Geochemistry |volume=65 |issue=1 |pages=79–88 |doi=10.1016/j.chemer.2003.09.001 |issn=0009-2819}}</ref> [[Chromite]] deposits can be located using the indicator plant ''Pteropyrum olivieri.''<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Naseem |first1=Shahid |last2=Bashir |first2=Erum |last3=Shireen |first3=Khaula |last4=Shafiq |first4=Sheraz |date=2009-09-05 |title=Soil-plant relationship of Pteropyrum olivieri, a serpentine flora of Wadh, Balochistan, Pakistan and its use in mineral prospecting |url=https://digitalcommons.usf.edu/geologia/vol54/iss2/art7 |journal=Studia UBB Geologia |volume=54 |issue=2 |pages=33–39 |doi=10.5038/1937-8602.54.2.7 |issn=1221-0803}}</ref>
 == Advantages and Benefits ==
-There are many advantages and benefits associated with geobotanical prospecting, making it a valuable addition to modern and [[Prospecting|traditional prospecting methods]]. It is a relatively cost effective method of prospecting when compared to traditional methods such as [[drilling]].<ref name=":352">{{Cite journal |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Gayathri |date=2008 |title=Nature's sensors; using plants as an alternative monitoring approach for subsurface contamination |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304605736?pq-origsite=gscholar&fromopenview=true&sourcetype=Dissertations%20&%20Theses |journal=ProQuest}}</ref> By taking advantage of the indications from local flora, it is possible to get an overview of the local geology.<ref name=":34">{{Cite journal |last=Zharnikova |first=M A |last2=Alymbaeva |first2=Zh B |last3=Sodnomov |first3=B V |last4=Ayurzhanaev |first4=A A |date=2019-08-01 |title=The experience of developing large-scale geobotanical maps based on field and remote sensing data |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=320 |issue=1 |pages=012027 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027 |issn=1755-1307}}</ref> This overview can be accomplished with a significantly lower investment in manpower and expensive equipment that is needed for more traditional prospecting methods such as drilling.<ref name=":34" /><ref name=":36">{{Cite journal |last=Cea-Barcia |first=Glenda |last2=Buitrón |first2=Germán |last3=Moreno |first3=Gloria |last4=Kumar |first4=Gopalakrishnan |date=2014 |title=A cost-effective strategy for the bio-prospecting of mixed microalgae with high carbohydrate content: Diversity fluctuations in different growth media |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960852414006191 |journal=Bioresource Technology |language=en |volume=163 |pages=370–373 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.079}}</ref> Geobotanical prospecting is a minimally invasive process, allowing for large scale initial prospecting with minimal environmental disruption.<ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last=Schwaller |first=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection?casa_token=XyfNzq2GL-YAAAAA:AGePIOuz7fyc_mY5hlV6vP-20rYBNKTcs6vjlg88Z8ZycfDG2g6xOKi6ewTh8MWgudFEJpo |journal=Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250-255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250}}</ref> Making it a relatively [[Sustainability|environmentally sustainable]] prospecting method.<ref name=":1124">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=M.N.V. |date=2015-12-31 |title=Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting |url=https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/106 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |volume=64 |issue=(1-2) |pages=113–116 |doi=10.54991/jop.2015.106 |issn=2583-4266}}</ref>
+There are many advantages and benefits associated with geobotanical prospecting, making it a valuable addition to modern and [[Prospecting|traditional prospecting methods]]. It is a relatively cost effective method of prospecting when compared to traditional methods such as [[drilling]].<ref name=":352">{{Cite journal |last=Gopalakrishnan |first=Gayathri |date=2008 |title=Nature's sensors; using plants as an alternative monitoring approach for subsurface contamination |url=https://www.proquest.com/docview/304605736 |journal=ProQuest|id={{ProQuest|304605736}} }}</ref> By taking advantage of the indications from local flora, it is possible to get an overview of the local geology.<ref name=":34">{{Cite journal |last1=Zharnikova |first1=M A |last2=Alymbaeva |first2=Zh B |last3=Sodnomov |first3=B V |last4=Ayurzhanaev |first4=A A |date=2019-08-01 |title=The experience of developing large-scale geobotanical maps based on field and remote sensing data |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=320 |issue=1 |pages=012027 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027 |bibcode=2019E&ES..320a2027Z |issn=1755-1307}}</ref> This overview can be accomplished with a significantly lower investment in manpower and expensive equipment that is needed for more traditional prospecting methods such as drilling.<ref name=":34" /><ref name=":36">{{Cite journal |last1=Cea-Barcia |first1=Glenda |last2=Buitrón |first2=Germán |last3=Moreno |first3=Gloria |last4=Kumar |first4=Gopalakrishnan |date=2014 |title=A cost-effective strategy for the bio-prospecting of mixed microalgae with high carbohydrate content: Diversity fluctuations in different growth media |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0960852414006191 |journal=Bioresource Technology |language=en |volume=163 |pages=370–373 |doi=10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.079|pmid=24857418 |bibcode=2014BiTec.163..370C }}</ref> Geobotanical prospecting is a minimally invasive process, allowing for large scale initial prospecting with minimal environmental disruption.<ref name=":45">{{Cite journal |last1=Schwaller |first1=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection |journal=Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250–255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250|bibcode=1985EcGeo..80..250S }}</ref> Making it a relatively [[Sustainability|environmentally sustainable]] prospecting method.<ref name=":1124">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=M.N.V. |date=2015-12-31 |title=Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting |url=https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/106 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |volume=64 |issue=(1-2) |pages=113–116 |doi=10.54991/jop.2015.106 |issn=2583-4266}}</ref>
-Along with its minimally invasive nature, geobotanical prospecting allows for time efficient large-scale prospecting.<ref name=":46">{{Cite journal |last=Schwaller |first=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection?casa_token=XyfNzq2GL-YAAAAA:AGePIOuz7fyc_mY5hlV6vP-20rYBNKTcs6vjlg88Z8ZycfDG2g6xOKi6ewTh8MWgudFEJpo |journal=Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250-255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250}}</ref> With continual advancements in [[remote sensing]] technologies such as [[aerial photography]] and [[Satellite imagery|satellite imaging]], it is possible to get a detailed map of an area's botany in a relatively short amount of time.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last=Amaral |first=Cibele Hummel do |last2=Almeida |first2=Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de |last3=Souza Filho |first3=Carlos Roberto de |last4=Roberts |first4=Dar A. |last5=Fraser |first5=Stephen James |last6=Alves |first6=Marcos Nopper |last7=Botelho |first7=Moreno |date=2018-10-01 |title=Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425718303365 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=216 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009 |issn=0034-4257}}</ref> This large scale fast spatial coverage increases the likelihood of locating mineral deposits and resulting in successful [[prospecting]] efforts. <ref name=":342">{{Cite journal |last=Zharnikova |first=M A |last2=Alymbaeva |first2=Zh B |last3=Sodnomov |first3=B V |last4=Ayurzhanaev |first4=A A |date=2019-08-01 |title=The experience of developing large-scale geobotanical maps based on field and remote sensing data |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=320 |issue=1 |pages=012027 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027 |issn=1755-1307}}</ref><ref name=":193">{{Cite journal |last=Hede |first=Arie Naftali Hawu |last2=Koike |first2=Katsuaki |last3=Kashiwaya |first3=Koki |last4=Sakurai |first4=Shigeki |last5=Yamada |first5=Ryoichi |last6=Singer |first6=Donald A. |date=2017 |title=How can satellite imagery be used for mineral exploration in thick vegetation areas? |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GC006501 |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=584–596 |doi=10.1002/2016GC006501 |issn=1525-2027}}</ref>
+Along with its minimally invasive nature, geobotanical prospecting allows for time efficient large-scale prospecting.<ref name=":46">{{Cite journal |last1=Schwaller |first1=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection |journal=Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250–255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250|bibcode=1985EcGeo..80..250S }}</ref> With continual advancements in [[remote sensing]] technologies such as [[aerial photography]] and [[Satellite imagery|satellite imaging]], it is possible to get a detailed map of an area's botany in a relatively short amount of time.<ref name=":18">{{Cite journal |last1=Amaral |first1=Cibele Hummel do |last2=Almeida |first2=Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de |last3=Souza Filho |first3=Carlos Roberto de |last4=Roberts |first4=Dar A. |last5=Fraser |first5=Stephen James |last6=Alves |first6=Marcos Nopper |last7=Botelho |first7=Moreno |date=2018-10-01 |title=Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425718303365 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=216 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009 |bibcode=2018RSEnv.216..385A |issn=0034-4257}}</ref> This large scale fast spatial coverage increases the likelihood of locating mineral deposits and resulting in successful [[prospecting]] efforts. <ref name=":342">{{Cite journal |last1=Zharnikova |first1=M A |last2=Alymbaeva |first2=Zh B |last3=Sodnomov |first3=B V |last4=Ayurzhanaev |first4=A A |date=2019-08-01 |title=The experience of developing large-scale geobotanical maps based on field and remote sensing data |url=https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027 |journal=IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science |volume=320 |issue=1 |pages=012027 |doi=10.1088/1755-1315/320/1/012027 |bibcode=2019E&ES..320a2027Z |issn=1755-1307}}</ref><ref name=":193">{{Cite journal |last1=Hede |first1=Arie Naftali Hawu |last2=Koike |first2=Katsuaki |last3=Kashiwaya |first3=Koki |last4=Sakurai |first4=Shigeki |last5=Yamada |first5=Ryoichi |last6=Singer |first6=Donald A. |date=2017 |title=How can satellite imagery be used for mineral exploration in thick vegetation areas? |url=https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016GC006501 |journal=Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems |language=en |volume=18 |issue=2 |pages=584–596 |doi=10.1002/2016GC006501 |bibcode=2017GGG....18..584H |issn=1525-2027}}</ref>
-Another benefit of geobotanical prospecting is an educational one.<ref name=":37">{{Cite journal |last=McCarter |first=C. P. R. |last2=Rezanezhad |first2=F. |last3=Quinton |first3=W. L. |last4=Gharedaghloo |first4=B. |last5=Lennartz |first5=B. |last6=Price |first6=J. |last7=Connon |first7=R. |last8=Van Cappellen |first8=P. |date=2020-08-01 |title=Pore-scale controls on hydrological and geochemical processes in peat: Implications on interacting processes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825220302737 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=207 |pages=103227 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103227 |issn=0012-8252}}</ref> Mapping the vegetation of an area and determining its underlying geology, allows researchers to increase their understanding of the earths [[Geochemistry|geochemical processes]], i.e., the interaction between [[Mineral|minerals]] and living [[botany]].<ref name=":342" /><ref name=":37" /> By analyzing the distribution and concentration of various elements and minerals in botanical life, researcher's understanding of the [[Biomineralization|mineralization]] process will increase.<ref name=":18" /> This rise in understanding will allow for a broader understanding of the interactions between inorganic substances, such as minerals, and organic life, such as plants.<ref name=":37" />
+Another benefit of geobotanical prospecting is an educational one.<ref name=":37">{{Cite journal |last1=McCarter |first1=C. P. R. |last2=Rezanezhad |first2=F. |last3=Quinton |first3=W. L. |last4=Gharedaghloo |first4=B. |last5=Lennartz |first5=B. |last6=Price |first6=J. |last7=Connon |first7=R. |last8=Van Cappellen |first8=P. |date=2020-08-01 |title=Pore-scale controls on hydrological and geochemical processes in peat: Implications on interacting processes |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012825220302737 |journal=Earth-Science Reviews |volume=207 |pages=103227 |doi=10.1016/j.earscirev.2020.103227 |bibcode=2020ESRv..20703227M |issn=0012-8252}}</ref> Mapping the vegetation of an area and determining its underlying geology, allows researchers to increase their understanding of the earths [[Geochemistry|geochemical processes]], i.e., the interaction between [[Mineral|minerals]] and living [[botany]].<ref name=":342" /><ref name=":37" /> By analyzing the distribution and concentration of various elements and minerals in botanical life, researcher's understanding of the [[Biomineralization|mineralization]] process will increase.<ref name=":18" /> This rise in understanding will allow for a broader understanding of the interactions between inorganic substances, such as minerals, and organic life, such as plants.<ref name=":37" />
-Geobotanical prospecting can be applied to many minerals, including copper and uranium.<ref name=":172">{{Cite journal |last=Pal |first=A. B. |last2=Sindhupe |first2=G. L. |date=2004-08-01 |title=A Preliminary Study of Indicator Plants for Copper Mineralization in Malanjkhand Granitoid, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://indianjournalofcapitalmarkets.com/index.php/jgsi/article/view/82874 |journal=Geological Society of India |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=146–152 |issn=0974-6889}}</ref><ref name=":302">{{Cite journal |last=Whitehead |first=Neil E. |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert R. |date=1969 |title=Aquatic Bryophytes as Indicators of Uranium Mineralization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3241389 |journal=The Bryologist |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=501–507 |doi=10.2307/3241389 |issn=0007-2745}}</ref> This versatility is an advantage of geobotanical prospecting.<ref name=":53">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1979-01-01 |title=Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375674279900645 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=12 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5 |issn=0375-6742}}</ref>
+Geobotanical prospecting can be applied to many minerals, including copper and uranium.<ref name=":172">{{Cite journal |last1=Pal |first1=A. B. |last2=Sindhupe |first2=G. L. |date=2004-08-01 |title=A Preliminary Study of Indicator Plants for Copper Mineralization in Malanjkhand Granitoid, Madhya Pradesh |url=https://indianjournalofcapitalmarkets.com/index.php/jgsi/article/view/82874 |journal=Geological Society of India |language=en |volume=64 |issue=2 |pages=146–152 |issn=0974-6889}}</ref><ref name=":302">{{Cite journal |last1=Whitehead |first1=Neil E. |last2=Brooks |first2=Robert R. |date=1969 |title=Aquatic Bryophytes as Indicators of Uranium Mineralization |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/3241389 |journal=The Bryologist |volume=72 |issue=4 |pages=501–507 |doi=10.2307/3241389 |jstor=3241389 |issn=0007-2745}}</ref> This versatility is an advantage of geobotanical prospecting.<ref name=":53">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1979-01-01 |title=Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742%2879%2990064-5 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=12 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5 |bibcode=1979JCExp..12...67B |issn=0375-6742}}</ref>
 == Limitations And Efficacy ==
-Geobotanical prospecting is not without limitations. The success of geobotanical prospecting methods depends on many factors including, local [[Biodiversity|plant species diversity]],<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last=Amaral |first=Cibele Hummel do |last2=Almeida |first2=Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de |last3=Souza Filho |first3=Carlos Roberto de |last4=Roberts |first4=Dar A. |last5=Fraser |first5=Stephen James |last6=Alves |first6=Marcos Nopper |last7=Botelho |first7=Moreno |date=2018-10-01 |title=Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425718303365 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=216 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009 |issn=0034-4257}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=M.N.V. |date=2015-12-31 |title=Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting |url=https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/106 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |volume=64 |issue=(1-2) |pages=113–116 |doi=10.54991/jop.2015.106 |issn=2583-4266}}</ref> [[Soil|soil composition]]<ref name=":273">{{Cite book |last=Faucon |first=Michel-Pierre |url=http://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3908 |title=Plant-Soil Interactions |date=2021-06-24 |publisher=MDPI |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-0365-0407-0 |language=en |doi=10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0}}</ref> and [[climate]] conditions.<ref name=":47">{{Cite journal |last=Schwaller |first=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection?casa_token=XyfNzq2GL-YAAAAA:AGePIOuz7fyc_mY5hlV6vP-20rYBNKTcs6vjlg88Z8ZycfDG2g6xOKi6ewTh8MWgudFEJpo |journal=Economic geology and the bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250-255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250}}</ref><ref name=":452">{{Cite journal |last=Ghaderian |first=S.M. |last2=Baker |first2=A.J.M. |date=2007 |title=Geobotanical and biogeochemical reconnaissance of the ultramafics of Central Iran |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0375674206001816 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |language=en |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2006.06.002}}</ref> All these factors can obscure key results or cause a misinterpretation of findings.
+Geobotanical prospecting is not without limitations. The success of geobotanical prospecting methods depends on many factors including, local [[Biodiversity|plant species diversity]],<ref name=":111">{{Cite journal |last1=Amaral |first1=Cibele Hummel do |last2=Almeida |first2=Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro de |last3=Souza Filho |first3=Carlos Roberto de |last4=Roberts |first4=Dar A. |last5=Fraser |first5=Stephen James |last6=Alves |first6=Marcos Nopper |last7=Botelho |first7=Moreno |date=2018-10-01 |title=Characterization of indicator tree species in neotropical environments and implications for geological mapping |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0034425718303365 |journal=Remote Sensing of Environment |volume=216 |pages=385–400 |doi=10.1016/j.rse.2018.07.009 |bibcode=2018RSEnv.216..385A |issn=0034-4257}}</ref><ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Prasad |first=M.N.V. |date=2015-12-31 |title=Geobotany-biogeochemical prospecting |url=https://jpsonline.co.in/index.php/jop/article/view/106 |journal=Journal of Palaeosciences |volume=64 |issue=(1-2) |pages=113–116 |doi=10.54991/jop.2015.106 |issn=2583-4266}}</ref> [[Soil|soil composition]]<ref name=":273">{{Cite book |last=Faucon |first=Michel-Pierre |url=http://www.mdpi.com/books/pdfview/book/3908 |title=Plant-Soil Interactions |date=2021-06-24 |publisher=MDPI |year=2021 |isbn=978-3-0365-0407-0 |language=en |doi=10.3390/books978-3-0365-0407-0|doi-access=free }}</ref> and [[climate]] conditions.<ref name=":47">{{Cite journal |last1=Schwaller |first1=Matthew R. |last2=Tkach |first2=Steven J. |date=1985-04-01 |title=Premature leaf senescence; remote-sensing detection and utility for geobotanical prospecting |url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/segweb/economicgeology/article/80/2/250/20003/Premature-leaf-senescence-remote-sensing-detection |journal=Economic Geology and the Bulletin of the Society of Economic Geologists |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=250–255 |doi=10.2113/gsecongeo.80.2.250|bibcode=1985EcGeo..80..250S }}</ref><ref name=":452">{{Cite journal |last1=Ghaderian |first1=S.M. |last2=Baker |first2=A.J.M. |date=2007 |title=Geobotanical and biogeochemical reconnaissance of the ultramafics of Central Iran |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0375674206001816 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |language=en |volume=92 |issue=1 |pages=34–42 |doi=10.1016/j.gexplo.2006.06.002|bibcode=2007JCExp..92...34G }}</ref> All these factors can obscure key results or cause a misinterpretation of findings.
 [[File:Akiyamago_2005_005.jpg|thumb|Plants have different appearance in different seasons. Any geobotanical prospecting methods relying on appearance will be season dependent.]]
-One limitation is that this method relies on the presence of specific indicator plants, i.e., local [[Biodiversity|plant species diversity]].<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":54">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1979-01-01 |title=Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0375674279900645 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=12 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5 |issn=0375-6742}}</ref> The specific indicator plants needed to determine mineral deposits may not be established in every area where those mineral deposits are located.<ref name=":452" /> These deposits would remain undetected if geobotanical prospecting was the only method of prospecting used.<ref name=":54" /> Additionally, even if the indicator plants were present but the mineral deposit had not released enough minerals into the surrounding soils, the [[Soil|soil composition]] of the area would not allow for indicator plants to intake sufficient concentrations of the desired minerals.<ref name=":273" /> These deposits would remain undetected. The [[remote sensing]] methods depend on climate conditions. Some indicator plants will not show all identifiable features in all seasons, i.e., some plants only bloom in [[summer]] and [[autumn]].<ref name=":452" /> If climate is not conducive to accurate results, mineral deposits may remain undetected.<ref name=":47" />
+One limitation is that this method relies on the presence of specific indicator plants, i.e., local [[Biodiversity|plant species diversity]].<ref name=":11" /><ref name=":54">{{Cite journal |last=Brooks |first=R. R. |date=1979-01-01 |title=Indicator plants for mineral prospecting — a critique |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0375-6742%2879%2990064-5 |journal=Journal of Geochemical Exploration |volume=12 |pages=67–78 |doi=10.1016/0375-6742(79)90064-5 |bibcode=1979JCExp..12...67B |issn=0375-6742}}</ref> The specific indicator plants needed to determine mineral deposits may not be established in every area where those mineral deposits are located.<ref name=":452" /> These deposits would remain undetected if geobotanical prospecting was the only method of prospecting used.<ref name=":54" /> Additionally, even if the indicator plants were present but the mineral deposit had not released enough minerals into the surrounding soils, the [[Soil|soil composition]] of the area would not allow for indicator plants to intake sufficient concentrations of the desired minerals.<ref name=":273" /> These deposits would remain undetected. The [[remote sensing]] methods depend on climate conditions. Some indicator plants will not show all identifiable features in all seasons, i.e., some plants only bloom in [[summer]] and [[autumn]].<ref name=":452" /> If climate is not conducive to accurate results, mineral deposits may remain undetected.<ref name=":47" />
 [[File:Soil_pollution_imugbiebdi.jpg|thumb|Pollutants will affect chemical composition of the soil. If the chemical composition is drastically affected, plant-soil interactions will change. This could cause changed in geobotanical prospecting methodology.]]
-As [[Anthropogenic biome|anthropogenic]] influences increase, vegetation-based indicators may be heavily influenced.<ref name=":39">{{Cite journal |last=Wang |first=Li |last2=Lu |first2=Peina |last3=Feng |first3=Shoujiang |last4=Hamel |first4=Chantal |last5=Sun |first5=Dandi |last6=Siddique |first6=Kadambot H.M. |last7=Gan |first7=Gary Y. |date=2024 |title=Strategies to improve soil health by optimizing the plant–soil–microbe–anthropogenic activity nexus |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880923004097 |journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment |language=en |volume=359 |pages=108750 |doi=10.1016/j.agee.2023.108750}}</ref> As [[land use]] changes and [[pollution]] could alter [[Plant–soil feedback|plant-soil interactions]] and element uptake patterns, results from geobotanical prospecting ventures may be incorrectly interpreted.<ref name=":273" /><ref name=":39" /> The incorrect results could lead to misidentification of mineral deposits or missing mineral deposits altogether.<ref name=":54" />
+As [[Anthropogenic biome|anthropogenic]] influences increase, vegetation-based indicators may be heavily influenced.<ref name=":39">{{Cite journal |last1=Wang |first1=Li |last2=Lu |first2=Peina |last3=Feng |first3=Shoujiang |last4=Hamel |first4=Chantal |last5=Sun |first5=Dandi |last6=Siddique |first6=Kadambot H.M. |last7=Gan |first7=Gary Y. |date=2024 |title=Strategies to improve soil health by optimizing the plant–soil–microbe–anthropogenic activity nexus |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0167880923004097 |journal=Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment |language=en |volume=359 |pages=108750 |doi=10.1016/j.agee.2023.108750|bibcode=2024AgEE..35908750W }}</ref> As [[land use]] changes and [[pollution]] could alter [[Plant–soil feedback|plant-soil interactions]] and element uptake patterns, results from geobotanical prospecting ventures may be incorrectly interpreted.<ref name=":273" /><ref name=":39" /> The incorrect results could lead to misidentification of mineral deposits or missing mineral deposits altogether.<ref name=":54" />
-Another limitation of geobotanical prospecting is that these methods require [[specialized]] expertise in both [[geology]] and [[botany]], two fields of expertise not commonly studied together.<ref name=":38">{{Cite journal |last=Hu |first=Guai |last2=Cao |first2=Jianjin |last3=Jiang |first3=Tao |last4=Wang |first4=Zhengyang |last5=Yi |first5=Zebang |date=2017 |title=Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rge.12130 |journal=Resource Geology |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1111/rge.12130 |issn=1344-1698}}</ref> In order to confirm results, samples need to be analyzed in laboratories which could require specialized equipment and expertise.<ref name=":103">{{Cite journal |last=Qiao |first=Juan |last2=Qi |first2=Li |date=2021 |title=Recent progress in plant-gold nanoparticles fabrication methods and bio-applications |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039914020306871 |journal=Talanta |language=en |volume=223 |pages=121396 |doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121396}}</ref>
+Another limitation of geobotanical prospecting is that these methods require [[specialized]] expertise in both [[geology]] and [[botany]], two fields of expertise not commonly studied together.<ref name=":38">{{Cite journal |last1=Hu |first1=Guai |last2=Cao |first2=Jianjin |last3=Jiang |first3=Tao |last4=Wang |first4=Zhengyang |last5=Yi |first5=Zebang |date=2017 |title=Prospecting Application of Nanoparticles and Nearly Nanoscale Particles Within Plant Tissues |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/rge.12130 |journal=Resource Geology |language=en |volume=67 |issue=3 |pages=316–329 |doi=10.1111/rge.12130 |bibcode=2017ReGeo..67..316H |issn=1344-1698}}</ref> In order to confirm results, samples need to be analyzed in laboratories which could require specialized equipment and expertise.<ref name=":103">{{Cite journal |last1=Qiao |first1=Juan |last2=Qi |first2=Li |date=2021 |title=Recent progress in plant-gold nanoparticles fabrication methods and bio-applications |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039914020306871 |journal=Talanta |language=en |volume=223 |pages=121396 |doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121396}}</ref>
-Geobotanical prospecting will likely show the most [[efficacy]] when integrated with other prospecting methods, such as geological and [[Geophysics|geophysical data]] and surveys.<ref name=":38" /><ref name=":253">{{Cite journal |last=Bonetto |first=Sabrina Maria Rita |last2=Caselle |first2=Chiara |last3=Comina |first3=Cesare |last4=Vagnon |first4=Federico |date=2023 |title=Geophysical surveys for non‐invasive characterization of sinkhole phenomena: A case study of Murisengo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.5584 |journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms |language=en |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=1895–1905 |doi=10.1002/esp.5584 |issn=0197-9337}}</ref><ref name=":242">{{Cite journal |last=Abedi |first=Maysam |last2=Norouzi |first2=Gholam-Hossain |date=2012-08-01 |title=Integration of various geophysical data with geological and geochemical data to determine additional drilling for copper exploration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926985112000808 |journal=Journal of Applied Geophysics |volume=83 |pages=35–45 |doi=10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.05.003 |issn=0926-9851}}</ref>
+Geobotanical prospecting will likely show the most [[efficacy]] when integrated with other prospecting methods, such as geological and [[Geophysics|geophysical data]] and surveys.<ref name=":38" /><ref name=":253">{{Cite journal |last1=Bonetto |first1=Sabrina Maria Rita |last2=Caselle |first2=Chiara |last3=Comina |first3=Cesare |last4=Vagnon |first4=Federico |date=2023 |title=Geophysical surveys for non-invasive characterization of sinkhole phenomena: A case study of Murisengo |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.5584 |journal=Earth Surface Processes and Landforms |language=en |volume=48 |issue=9 |pages=1895–1905 |doi=10.1002/esp.5584 |bibcode=2023ESPL...48.1895B |issn=0197-9337}}</ref><ref name=":242">{{Cite journal |last1=Abedi |first1=Maysam |last2=Norouzi |first2=Gholam-Hossain |date=2012-08-01 |title=Integration of various geophysical data with geological and geochemical data to determine additional drilling for copper exploration |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926985112000808 |journal=Journal of Applied Geophysics |volume=83 |pages=35–45 |doi=10.1016/j.jappgeo.2012.05.003 |bibcode=2012JAG....83...35A |issn=0926-9851}}</ref>
 == References ==