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'''''Methanobacterium,''''' or methanogens, is a [[genus]] of the [[Methanobacteria]] class in the [[Archaea]] kingdom, which produce [[methane]] as a metabolic byproduct.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supplemental Information 3: Taxon list extracted from taxonomic sources, with corresponding NCBI taxonomy identifiers by which NCBI sequence accessions were filtered. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15163/supp-3 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=dx.doi.org}}</ref> Methane gas is a fuel source, but also a [[greenhouse gas]], and a significant contributor to [[Climate change|global warming]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Schaechter |first=Moselio |title=Encyclopedia of microbiology |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373944-5 |edition=3rd |location=Amsterdam Boston}}</ref> Despite the name, this genus belongs not to the [[bacteria]]l [[Domain (biology)|domain]] but the [[archaea]]l domain (for instance, they lack [[peptidoglycan]] in their cell walls).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118960608 |title=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria |date=2015-09-14 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-96060-8 |editor-last=Whitman |editor-first=William B. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00495}}</ref> Methanobacterium are [[Non-motile bacteria|nonmotile]] and live without [[oxygen]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118960608 |title=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria |date=2015-09-14 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-96060-8 |editor-last=Whitman |editor-first=William B. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00495}}</ref> They are incredibly sensitive to oxygen which means they strictly live in [[Anoxic event|anoxic]] environments.<ref name=":82" /> A shared trait by all [[methanogen]]s is their ability to cycle products.<ref name=":82" /> They can use the products of metabolic activities occurring during [[methanogenesis]] as substrates for the formation of methane.<ref name=":82" /> Methanobacterium species typically thrive in environments with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 28 to 40&nbsp;°C, and in versatile ecological ranges.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Lv |first=Zhenbo |last2=Ding |first2=Jiaxin |last3=Wang |first3=Heng |last4=Wan |first4=Jiaxin |last5=Chen |first5=Yifan |last6=Liang |first6=Lewen |last7=Yu |first7=Tiantian |last8=Wang |first8=Yinzhao |last9=Wang |first9=Fengping |date=October 2022 |title=Isolation of a Novel Thermophilic Methanogen and the Evolutionary History of the Class Methanobacteria |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/10/1514 |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1514 |doi=10.3390/biology11101514 |issn=2079-7737 |doi-access=free|pmc=9598358 }}</ref> They are a part of the scientific world that is still relatively unknown, but methanogens are thought to be some of earth’s earliest life forms, with origins dating back over 3.4 billion years.<ref name=":22"/>
'''''Methanobacterium,''''' or methanogens, is a [[genus]] of the [[Methanobacteria]] class in the [[Archaea]] kingdom, which produce [[methane]] as a metabolic byproduct.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Supplemental Information 3: Taxon list extracted from taxonomic sources, with corresponding NCBI taxonomy identifiers by which NCBI sequence accessions were filtered. |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.15163/supp-3 |access-date=2024-02-29 |website=dx.doi.org}}</ref> Methane gas is a fuel source, but also a [[greenhouse gas]], and a significant contributor to [[Climate change|global warming]].<ref name=":82">{{Cite book |last=Schaechter |first=Moselio |title=Encyclopedia of microbiology |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373944-5 |edition=3rd |location=Amsterdam Boston}}</ref> Despite the name, this genus belongs not to the [[bacteria]]l [[Domain (biology)|domain]] but the [[archaea]]l domain (for instance, they lack [[peptidoglycan]] in their cell walls).<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118960608 |title=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria |date=2015-09-14 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-96060-8 |editor-last=Whitman |editor-first=William B. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00495}}</ref> Methanobacterium are [[Non-motile bacteria|nonmotile]] and live without [[oxygen]].<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118960608 |title=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria |date=2015-09-14 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-96060-8 |editor-last=Whitman |editor-first=William B. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00495}}</ref> They are incredibly sensitive to oxygen which means they strictly live in [[Anoxic event|anoxic]] environments.<ref name=":82" /> A shared trait by all [[methanogen]]s is their ability to cycle products.<ref name=":82" /> They can use the products of metabolic activities occurring during [[methanogenesis]] as substrates for the formation of methane.<ref name=":82" /> Methanobacterium species typically thrive in environments with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 28 to 40&nbsp;°C, and in versatile ecological ranges.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal |last=Lv |first=Zhenbo |last2=Ding |first2=Jiaxin |last3=Wang |first3=Heng |last4=Wan |first4=Jiaxin |last5=Chen |first5=Yifan |last6=Liang |first6=Lewen |last7=Yu |first7=Tiantian |last8=Wang |first8=Yinzhao |last9=Wang |first9=Fengping |date=October 2022 |title=Isolation of a Novel Thermophilic Methanogen and the Evolutionary History of the Class Methanobacteria |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/10/1514 |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1514 |doi=10.3390/biology11101514 |issn=2079-7737 |doi-access=free|pmc=9598358 }}</ref> They are a part of the scientific world that is still relatively unknown, but methanogens are thought to be some of earth’s earliest life forms, with origins dating back over 3.4 billion years.<ref name=":22"/>


== History ==
⚫
Methanobacterium are a specific genus within the methanogen species.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Lv |first1=Zhenbo |last2=Ding |first2=Jiaxin |last3=Wang |first3=Heng |last4=Wan |first4=Jiaxin |last5=Chen |first5=Yifan |last6=Liang |first6=Lewen |last7=Yu |first7=Tiantian |last8=Wang |first8=Yinzhao |last9=Wang |first9=Fengping |date=2022-10-16 |title=Isolation of a Novel Thermophilic Methanogen and the Evolutionary History of the Class Methanobacteria |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1514 |doi=10.3390/biology11101514 |issn=2079-7737 |pmc=9598358 |pmid=36290418 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The evolutionary history of methanobacterium is still relatively unknown, but methanogens are thought to be some of earth’s earliest life forms, with origins dating back over 3.4 billion years.<ref name=":7" />

⚫
In 1776, [[Alessandro Volta|Alesandro Volta]] discovered that gas bubbles coming from a freshwater swamp were flammable.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Buan |first=Nicole R. |date=2018-12-14 |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=Nicholas P. |title=Methanogens: pushing the boundaries of biology |url=https://portlandpress.com/emergtoplifesci/article/2/4/629/77362/Methanogens-pushing-the-boundaries-of-biology |journal=Emerging Topics in Life Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=629–646 |doi=10.1042/ETLS20180031 |issn=2397-8554 |pmc=7289024}}</ref> This finding lead him to believe that methane gas could be produced by living organisms, however, he thought that this methane was coming from decomposing organic matter.<ref name=":8" /> In 1993, methanogens were first cultured, revealing that this methane was coming from living organisms.<ref name=":8" />
== Microbiology ==
== Microbiology ==


Line 30: Line 34:
This part of the carbon cycle is referred to as [[mutagenesis]] cycle. It is a process involving three different kinds of carbon dioxide reduction, which ultimately lead to the production of methane.<ref name=":32" /> However, within each separate pathway, there are intermediary products that are used as substrates in some other part of the cycle. The interconnectedness of products and substrates are defined by the term [[Syntrophy|syntropic]].<ref name=":32" /> The cycling substrates can be arranged into 3 groups based on the whether the [[Autotroph|autotrophic]] [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2)</sub> [[Reduction potential|reduction]] was with [[hydrogen gas]] (H<sub>2)</sub>, [[formate]] (CH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), or [[secondary alcohols]].<ref name=":83">{{Cite book |last=Schaechter |first=Moselio |title=Encyclopedia of microbiology |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373944-5 |edition=3rd ed |location=Amsterdam Boston}}</ref> Some members of this genus can use formate to reduce [[methane]]; others live exclusively through the reduction of [[carbon dioxide]] with [[hydrogen]].<ref name=":32" />
This part of the carbon cycle is referred to as [[mutagenesis]] cycle. It is a process involving three different kinds of carbon dioxide reduction, which ultimately lead to the production of methane.<ref name=":32" /> However, within each separate pathway, there are intermediary products that are used as substrates in some other part of the cycle. The interconnectedness of products and substrates are defined by the term [[Syntrophy|syntropic]].<ref name=":32" /> The cycling substrates can be arranged into 3 groups based on the whether the [[Autotroph|autotrophic]] [[carbon dioxide]] (CO<sub>2)</sub> [[Reduction potential|reduction]] was with [[hydrogen gas]] (H<sub>2)</sub>, [[formate]] (CH<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>), or [[secondary alcohols]].<ref name=":83">{{Cite book |last=Schaechter |first=Moselio |title=Encyclopedia of microbiology |date=2009 |publisher=Elsevier/Academic Press |isbn=978-0-12-373944-5 |edition=3rd ed |location=Amsterdam Boston}}</ref> Some members of this genus can use formate to reduce [[methane]]; others live exclusively through the reduction of [[carbon dioxide]] with [[hydrogen]].<ref name=":32" />


== History ==
=== Genome ===
Researchers have been able to sequence the genome of seven different ''Methanobacterium'' and ''[[Methanobrevibacter]]''.<ref name=":42">{{Cite journal |last=Chellapandi |first=P |date=6 December 2018 |title=Methanobacterium formicicum as a target rumen methanogen for the development of new methane mitigation interventions: A review |url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7386643/ |journal=Vet Animal Science |volume=6 |pages=86-94 |via=PubMed}}</ref> ''Methanobacterium'' has a strain that demonstrates a genome of approximately 1,350 sequences.<ref name=":11">{{Cite journal |last=Kelly |first=William J. |last2=Leahy |first2=Sinead C. |last3=Li |first3=Dong |last4=Perry |first4=Rechelle |last5=Lambie |first5=Suzanne C. |last6=Attwood |first6=Graeme T. |last7=Altermann |first7=Eric |date=2014-12-08 |title=The complete genome sequence of the rumen methanogen Methanobacterium formicicum BRM9 |url=https://doi.org/10.1186/1944-3277-9-15 |journal=Standards in Genomic Sciences |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=15 |doi=10.1186/1944-3277-9-15 |issn=1944-3277 |pmc=PMC4335013 |pmid=25780506}}</ref> About 190 of those strains are specific in BRM9 genes, which are correlated to proteins or prophage.<ref name=":11" /> It includes [[Mesophile|mesophilic]] methanogens from various [[Anaerobic condition|anaerobic conditions]].<ref name=":11" /> However, they carry a tiny amount of methanogen characteristic within the rumen.<ref name=":11" /> These genes, which are used for their central metabolism and their [[pseudomurein]] cell wall, propose that the species is capable of inhibition by the small molecule inhibitor and vaccine.<ref name=":11" /> This is determined by the methane alleviation devices that have the ability to grow the genes found in the rumen.<ref name=":11" />
⚫
Methanobacterium are a specific genus within the methanogen species.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal |last1=Lv |first1=Zhenbo |last2=Ding |first2=Jiaxin |last3=Wang |first3=Heng |last4=Wan |first4=Jiaxin |last5=Chen |first5=Yifan |last6=Liang |first6=Lewen |last7=Yu |first7=Tiantian |last8=Wang |first8=Yinzhao |last9=Wang |first9=Fengping |date=2022-10-16 |title=Isolation of a Novel Thermophilic Methanogen and the Evolutionary History of the Class Methanobacteria |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1514 |doi=10.3390/biology11101514 |doi-access=free |pmid=36290418 |issn=2079-7737|pmc=9598358 }}</ref> The evolutionary history of methanobacterium is still relatively unknown, but methanogens are thought to be some of earth’s earliest life forms, with origins dating back over 3.4 billion years.<ref name=":7" />

== Bacterial Essentials: Growth, Survival, and Structure ==

=== Optimal Growth Temperature ===
''Methanobacterium'' species typically thrive in environments with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 28 to 40 °C.<ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last=Lv |first=Zhenbo |last2=Ding |first2=Jiaxin |last3=Wang |first3=Heng |last4=Wan |first4=Jiaxin |last5=Chen |first5=Yifan |last6=Liang |first6=Lewen |last7=Yu |first7=Tiantian |last8=Wang |first8=Yinzhao |last9=Wang |first9=Fengping |date=2022-10 |title=Isolation of a Novel Thermophilic Methanogen and the Evolutionary History of the Class Methanobacteria |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/10/1514 |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1514 |doi=10.3390/biology11101514 |issn=2079-7737}}</ref> ''Methanobacteria'' are widely distributed in geothermal settings like hot springs and hydrothermal vents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lv |first=Zhenbo |last2=Ding |first2=Jiaxin |last3=Wang |first3=Heng |last4=Wan |first4=Jiaxin |last5=Chen |first5=Yifan |last6=Liang |first6=Lewen |last7=Yu |first7=Tiantian |last8=Wang |first8=Yinzhao |last9=Wang |first9=Fengping |date=2022-10 |title=Isolation of a Novel Thermophilic Methanogen and the Evolutionary History of the Class Methanobacteria |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/10/1514 |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1514 |doi=10.3390/biology11101514 |issn=2079-7737}}</ref> This [[Mesophile|mesophilic]] temperature range indicates that m''ethanobacterium'' organisms are adapted to moderate environmental conditions, neither extremely hot nor cold.<ref>{{Citation |last=Schiraldi |first=Chiara |title=Mesophilic Organisms |date=2016 |work=Encyclopedia of Membranes |pages=1–2 |editor-last=Drioli |editor-first=Enrico |url=https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1610-2 |access-date=2024-04-17 |place=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-40872-4_1610-2 |isbn=978-3-642-40872-4 |last2=De Rosa |first2=Mario |editor2-last=Giorno |editor2-first=Lidietta}}</ref> This temperature preference allows them to inhabit a variety of anaerobic environments, including soil, sediments, and animal digestive tracts, where conditions often fall within this mesophilic range.<ref name=":2" /> Within these habitats, ''Methanobacterium'' species contribute to methane production through their hydrogenotrophic metabolism, utilizing hydrogen and carbon dioxide as metabolic substrates.<ref name=":2" />


=== Habitat ===
⚫
In 1776, [[Alessandro Volta|Alesandro Volta]] discovered that gas bubbles coming from a freshwater swamp were flammable.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal |last=Buan |first=Nicole R. |date=2018-12-14 |editor-last=Robinson |editor-first=Nicholas P. |title=Methanogens: pushing the boundaries of biology |url=https://portlandpress.com/emergtoplifesci/article/2/4/629/77362/Methanogens-pushing-the-boundaries-of-biology |journal=Emerging Topics in Life Sciences |language=en |volume=2 |issue=4 |pages=629–646 |doi=10.1042/ETLS20180031 |issn=2397-8554|pmc=7289024 }}</ref> This finding lead him to believe that methane gas could be produced by living organisms, however, he thought that this methane was coming from decomposing organic matter.<ref name=":8" /> In 1993, methanogens were first cultured, revealing that this methane was coming from living organisms.<ref name=":8" />
''Methanobacterium'' species inhabit various anaerobic environments, showcasing a versatile ecological range.<ref name=":03">{{Cite book |url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118960608 |title=Bergey's Manual of Systematics of Archaea and Bacteria |date=2015-09-14 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-96060-8 |editor-last=Whitman |editor-first=William B. |edition=1 |language=en |doi=10.1002/9781118960608.gbm00495}}</ref> They can be found in diverse habitats such as soil, wetlands, sediment layers, sewage treatment plants, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals.<ref name=":2" /> Within these environments, ''Methanobacterium'' species play crucial roles in anaerobic microbial ecosystems, contributing to processes like organic matter decomposition via methane production through the ''methanogenesis'' pathway.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lv |first=Zhenbo |last2=Ding |first2=Jiaxin |last3=Wang |first3=Heng |last4=Wan |first4=Jiaxin |last5=Chen |first5=Yifan |last6=Liang |first6=Lewen |last7=Yu |first7=Tiantian |last8=Wang |first8=Yinzhao |last9=Wang |first9=Fengping |date=2022-10 |title=Isolation of a Novel Thermophilic Methanogen and the Evolutionary History of the Class Methanobacteria |url=https://www.mdpi.com/2079-7737/11/10/1514 |journal=Biology |language=en |volume=11 |issue=10 |pages=1514 |doi=10.3390/biology11101514 |issn=2079-7737}}</ref>


==Examples of ''Methanobacterium'' Species==
==Examples of ''Methanobacterium'' Species==

Revision as of 18:12, 17 April 2024

Methanobacterium
Methanobacterium formicicum
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Archaea
Kingdom: Euryarchaeota
Class: Methanobacteria
Order: Methanobacteriales
Family: Methanobacteriaceae
Genus: Methanobacterium
Kluyver and van Niel 1936
Type species
Methanobacterium formicicum
Schnellen 1947
Species

See text

Synonyms
  • "Bacterium" ("Methanobacterium") (Kluyver & van Niel 1936) Breed et al. 1948

Methanobacterium, or methanogens, is a genus of the Methanobacteria class in the Archaea kingdom, which produce methane as a metabolic byproduct.[1] Methane gas is a fuel source, but also a greenhouse gas, and a significant contributor to global warming.[2] Despite the name, this genus belongs not to the bacterial domain but the archaeal domain (for instance, they lack peptidoglycan in their cell walls).[3] Methanobacterium are nonmotile and live without oxygen.[4] They are incredibly sensitive to oxygen which means they strictly live in anoxic environments.[2] A shared trait by all methanogens is their ability to cycle products.[2] They can use the products of metabolic activities occurring during methanogenesis as substrates for the formation of methane.[2] Methanobacterium species typically thrive in environments with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 28 to 40 °C, and in versatile ecological ranges.[5] They are a part of the scientific world that is still relatively unknown, but methanogens are thought to be some of earth’s earliest life forms, with origins dating back over 3.4 billion years.[5]

History

Methanobacterium are a specific genus within the methanogen species.[6] The evolutionary history of methanobacterium is still relatively unknown, but methanogens are thought to be some of earth’s earliest life forms, with origins dating back over 3.4 billion years.[6]

In 1776, Alesandro Volta discovered that gas bubbles coming from a freshwater swamp were flammable.[7] This finding lead him to believe that methane gas could be produced by living organisms, however, he thought that this methane was coming from decomposing organic matter.[7] In 1993, methanogens were first cultured, revealing that this methane was coming from living organisms.[7]

Microbiology

Morphology

Methanobacterium are generally bacillus shaped microbes.[8] Because there are many different species in the Methanobacterium genus, there are a variety of shapes, sizes, and arrangements these microbes can possess.[9] These rod shaped microbes can be curved, straight, or crooked.[8] They can also range in size, can be short or long, and can be found individually, in pairs, or in chains.[9] Some Methanobacterium species can even be found in large clusters or aggregates which consist of long intertwined chains of individual microbes.[10]

There have been many strains of methanobacterium that have been isolated and studied profoundly. One in particular, Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum, revealed the presence of intracytoplasmic membranes, an internal membrane system consisting of 3 membranes stacked on top of each other without a cytoplasm separating them[11]. Methanobacterium palustre is another strain that further confirms a large characteristic of methanobacterium is a gram-positive cell wall, lacking a peptidoglycan layer outside of its cytoplasmic membrane.[12] The cell wall of the family methanobacteriaea consists of pseudomurein,[13] a carbohydrate backbone and a cross-linking peptide with amino acids that form the peptide bonds and serve the nature of the bonding and sugar type.[14]

Physiology

Methanobacterium are strict anaerobes, meaning they cannot survive in the presence of oxygen.[15] Most species belonging to this genus are also autotrophs which create organic compounds from inorganic materials such as carbon dioxide.[16] Methanobacterium can be classified as hydrogenotrophic methanogens.[16] Hydrogenotrophic methanogens use hydrogen, carbon dioxide, formate, and alcohols to synthesize methane.[16] These substrates are also important for the growth and maintenance of methanobacterium.[16] Mutagenesis is a vital part of the carbon cycle as it performs the conversion of organic carbon into methane gas. [17]

This part of the carbon cycle is referred to as mutagenesis cycle. It is a process involving three different kinds of carbon dioxide reduction, which ultimately lead to the production of methane.[17] However, within each separate pathway, there are intermediary products that are used as substrates in some other part of the cycle. The interconnectedness of products and substrates are defined by the term syntropic.[17] The cycling substrates can be arranged into 3 groups based on the whether the autotrophic carbon dioxide (CO2) reduction was with hydrogen gas (H2), formate (CH2O2), or secondary alcohols.[18] Some members of this genus can use formate to reduce methane; others live exclusively through the reduction of carbon dioxide with hydrogen.[17]

Genome

Researchers have been able to sequence the genome of seven different Methanobacterium and Methanobrevibacter.[19] Methanobacterium has a strain that demonstrates a genome of approximately 1,350 sequences.[20] About 190 of those strains are specific in BRM9 genes, which are correlated to proteins or prophage.[20] It includes mesophilic methanogens from various anaerobic conditions.[20] However, they carry a tiny amount of methanogen characteristic within the rumen.[20] These genes, which are used for their central metabolism and their pseudomurein cell wall, propose that the species is capable of inhibition by the small molecule inhibitor and vaccine.[20] This is determined by the methane alleviation devices that have the ability to grow the genes found in the rumen.[20]

Bacterial Essentials: Growth, Survival, and Structure

Optimal Growth Temperature

Methanobacterium species typically thrive in environments with optimal growth temperatures ranging from 28 to 40 °C.[21] Methanobacteria are widely distributed in geothermal settings like hot springs and hydrothermal vents.[22] This mesophilic temperature range indicates that methanobacterium organisms are adapted to moderate environmental conditions, neither extremely hot nor cold.[23] This temperature preference allows them to inhabit a variety of anaerobic environments, including soil, sediments, and animal digestive tracts, where conditions often fall within this mesophilic range.[21] Within these habitats, Methanobacterium species contribute to methane production through their hydrogenotrophic metabolism, utilizing hydrogen and carbon dioxide as metabolic substrates.[21]

Habitat

Methanobacterium species inhabit various anaerobic environments, showcasing a versatile ecological range.[24] They can be found in diverse habitats such as soil, wetlands, sediment layers, sewage treatment plants, and the gastrointestinal tracts of animals.[21] Within these environments, Methanobacterium species play crucial roles in anaerobic microbial ecosystems, contributing to processes like organic matter decomposition via methane production through the methanogenesis pathway.[25]

Examples of Methanobacterium Species

There are many different species of Methanobacterium with officially recognized names.[26] A few and listed and described below:

Methanobacterium formicicum is an archaeon found in the rumen of cattle, buffalo, sheep, goats and other animals.[27] Microbes in the gut, degrade nutrients from feed (polysaccharides, proteins, and fats) into organic molecules which later are turned into methane by methanobacterium such as Methanobacterium formicicum.[27] Methanobacterium formicicum can be found in the human gut as well as in animals and can cause gastrointestinal and metabolic disorders in both humans and animals.[27]

Methanobacterium oryzae was isolated from rice field soil in the Philippines.[28] Methanobacterium, such as Methanobacterium oryzae, that thrive in rice fields often use hydrogen and acetate as their main energy source.[28] This methanobacterium as well as other species of methanobacterium found in rice field soils from around the world are a major source of methane which is a dominant greenhouse gas.[28]

Methanobacterium palustre thrives in marshland areas and was first found in a peat bog.[29]

Methanobacterium arcticum was isolated from permafrost sediments in the Russian Arctic.[26] This species of methanobacterium uses only hydrogen, carbon dioxide, and formate as fuel.[26] Unlike some other methanobacteria, it does not use acetate to grow.[26]

Methanobacterium thermoautotrophicum Marburg can undergo natural genetic transformation, the transfer of DNA from one cell to another.[30] Genetic transformation in archaeal species, generally, appears to be an adaptation for repairing DNA damage in a cell by utilizing intact DNA information derived from another cell.[31]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN)[32] and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).[33]

16S rRNA based LTP_08_2023[34][35][36] 53 marker proteins based GTDB 08-RS214[37][38][39]
Methanobacterium

M. flexile Zhu, Liu & Dong 2011

M. alkalithermotolerans Mei et al. 2022

M. alcaliphilum Worakit et al. 1986

M. movens Zhu, Liu & Dong 2011

M. aarhusense Shlimon et al. 2004

M. beijingense Ma, Liu & Dong 2005

M. movilense corrig. Schirmack et al. 2014

M. oryzae Joulian et al. 2000

M. bryantii Balch & Wolfe 1981

M. ivanovii Jain et al. 1988

M. veterum Krivushin et al. 2010

M. arcticum Shcherbakova et al. 2011

M. espanolae Patel, Sprott & Fein 1990

species‑group 2
Methanobacterium

M. lacus Borrel et al. 2012

M. paludis Cadillo-Quiroz et al. 2014

M. aggregans Kern, Linge & Rother 2015

M. congolense Cuzin et al. 2001

M. formicicum Schnellen 1947

M. palustre Zellner et al. 1990

M. subterraneum Kotelnikova, Macario & Pedersen 1998

M. ferruginis Mori & Harayama 2011

M. kanagiense Kitamura et al. 2011

M. petrolearium Mori & Harayama 2011

Methanobacterium
species‑group 2
Methanobacterium

M. lacus

M. paludis

M. aggregans

M. congolense

Methanosphaera

Unassigned species:

  • "M. cahuitense" Dengler et al. 2023
  • "M. curvum" Sun, Zhou & Dong 2001
  • "M. propionicum" Stadtman & Barker 1951
  • "M. soehngenii" Barker 1936
  • "M. suboxydans" Stadtman & Barker 1951
  • M. thermaggregans
  • M. uliginosum König 1985

See also

References

  1. ^ "Supplemental Information 3: Taxon list extracted from taxonomic sources, with corresponding NCBI taxonomy identifiers by which NCBI sequence accessions were filtered". dx.doi.org. Retrieved 29 February 2024.
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External links

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methanobacterium&oldid=1219430047"