Sind sparrow: Difference between revisions
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==Description== |
==Description== |
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[[File:PasserPyrrhonotusKeulemans.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of a pair by [[John Gerrard Keulemans]]]] |
[[File:PasserPyrrhonotusKeulemans.jpg|thumb|left|Illustration of a pair by [[John Gerrard Keulemans]]]] |
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Both sexes of the Sind Sparrow is very similar to the [[House Sparrow]], but slightly smaller, with a number of distinguishing features. While the common South Asian [[subspecies]] of the House Sparrow, ''Passer domesticus indicus'' has a body about 15 cm (6 in) long, the Sind Sparrow is 13 cm (5⅛ in) long.<ref name=Summers194-195>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|pp=194–195}}</ref> |
Both sexes of the Sind Sparrow is very similar to the [[House Sparrow]], but slightly smaller, with a number of distinguishing features. While the common South Asian [[subspecies]] of the House Sparrow, ''Passer domesticus indicus'', has a body about 15 cm (6 in) long, the Sind Sparrow is 13 cm (5⅛ in) long.<ref name=Summers194-195>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|pp=194–195}}</ref> |
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The breeding male has a short and narrow black bib and a broad chestnut eye stripe that does not meet the mantle. The male has the crown and nape grey and the lower back and rump rufous. The female has a darker and greyer crown and cheek than the female House Sparrow and the shoulder is darker chestnut.<ref name=pcr/> The female [[Dead Sea Sparrow]] of the subspecies ''Passer moabiticus yattii'' is also similar to the female Sind Jungle Sparrow, but has yellow tinges on the underparts and sometimes on parts of the head.<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|Christensen|Schiermacker-Hansen|1996|p=410}}</ref> |
The breeding male has a short and narrow black bib and a broad chestnut eye stripe that does not meet the mantle. The male has the crown and nape grey and the lower back and rump rufous. The female has a darker and greyer crown and cheek than the female House Sparrow and the shoulder is darker chestnut.<ref name=pcr/> The female [[Dead Sea Sparrow]] of the subspecies ''Passer moabiticus yattii'' is also similar to the female Sind Jungle Sparrow, but has yellow tinges on the underparts and sometimes on parts of the head.<ref>{{harvnb|Porter|Christensen|Schiermacker-Hansen|1996|p=410}}</ref> |
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== Taxonomy == |
== Taxonomy == |
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The Sind Sparrow was first described by [[Edward Blyth]] in 1845, from a specimen collected at [[Bahawalpur]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blyth|first= E.|year=1845|title=Synopsis of Indian Fringillidae|journal= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=XIII |issue=156|pages= 944–963}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Dickinson|first=E. C. |first2=A. |last2=Pittie|url=http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/80/nr05/a05|title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 51. Dates of avian names introduced in early volumes of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|journal=Zoologische Mededelingen|location= Leiden |volume=80-5 |issue=3|date=21 December 2006|pages=113–124}}</ref> It was not recorded again for 36 years, despite the efforts of [[Allan Octavian Hume]] in Sindh and [[William Thomas Blanford]] in eastern Iran.<ref name=Summers194-195/><ref>{{harvnb|Blanford|1876|p=255}}</ref> Commenting on his unsuccessful search, Hume wrote that the hundreds of House Sparrows he killed in pursuit of the Sind Sparrow "ought to form a heavy load" on Blyth's conscience, and that if the Sind Sparrow existed "it would be only decent for it…to put on an appearance with as little delay as possible".<ref>{{harvnb|Hume|1873|p=209}}</ref> Hume doubted its distinction, as did other ornithologists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hume|first=A. O.|year=1880|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834567|title=Notes|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=9|issue=3}}</ref> The Sind Sparrow was rediscovered by |
The Sind Sparrow was first described by [[Edward Blyth]] in 1845, from a specimen collected at [[Bahawalpur]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Blyth|first= E.|year=1845|title=Synopsis of Indian Fringillidae|journal= Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|volume=XIII |issue=156|pages= 944–963}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Dickinson|first=E. C. |first2=A. |last2=Pittie|url=http://www.zoologischemededelingen.nl/80/nr05/a05|title=Systematic notes on Asian birds. 51. Dates of avian names introduced in early volumes of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal|journal=Zoologische Mededelingen|location= Leiden |volume=80-5 |issue=3|date=21 December 2006|pages=113–124}}</ref> It was not recorded again for 36 years, despite the efforts of [[Allan Octavian Hume]] in Sindh and [[William Thomas Blanford]] in eastern Iran, probably of its similarity with the House Sparrow.<ref name=Summers194-195/><ref>{{harvnb|Blanford|1876|p=255}}</ref> Commenting on his unsuccessful search, Hume wrote that the hundreds of House Sparrows he killed in pursuit of the Sind Sparrow "ought to form a heavy load" on Blyth's conscience, and that if the Sind Sparrow existed "it would be only decent for it…to put on an appearance with as little delay as possible".<ref>{{harvnb|Hume|1873|p=209}}</ref> Hume doubted its distinction, as did other ornithologists.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Hume|first=A. O.|year=1880|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834567|title=Notes|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=9|issue=3}}</ref> The Sind Sparrow was rediscovered by Scrope B. Doig in 1880, in Eastern Nara district.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Doig|first=S. B.|year=1880 |title=Birds Nesting on the Eastern Narra. Additions and Alterations.|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834612|pages=277–282|volume=9|issue=4 |journal=Stray Feathers}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Hume|first=A. O.|year=1881|title= ''Passer pyrrhonotus'', Blyth|journal=Stray Feathers|volume=9|issue=5&6|pages= 442–445|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29834781}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=James|first=H. E. M.|year=1893|pages=322–325|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=8|title=Sind as a Field for the Naturalist|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30402994}}</ref> [[Ernst Hartert]] considered it as a subspecies of the House Sparrow in his ''Die Vögel der paläarktishen Fauna'',<ref>{{harvnb|Hartert|1903|p=151}}</ref> but Doig and [[Claud Ticehurst]] both found the two species breeding side-by-side.<ref name=Summers194-195/><ref name=Ticehurst>{{harvnb|Ticehurst|1922|p=651–653}}</ref> |
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The name ''pyrrhonotus'' [[E. C. Stuart Baker]] suggested the English name ''Rufous-backed Sparrow'', but as this name might cause confusion with other species, Ticehurst suggested the name ''Sind Jungle Sparrow'', which became the accepted name for the species.<ref name=Summers194-195/><ref name=Ticehurst/> |
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The Sind Sparrow is a member of the genus ''[[Passer]]'', which contains the House Sparrow and around twenty other species.<ref>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1992| pp=3, 6}}</ref> In a 1936 review of the House Sparrow's relatives, German ornithologist [[Wilhelm Meise]] suggested that the Sind Sparrow evolved from an isolated population of House Sparrows, noting that the Indus valley is a center of small bird types.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Meise|first=Wilhelm|title=Zur Systematik und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Haus- und Weidensperlinge, ''Passer domesticus'' (L.) und ''hispaniolensis'' (T.)|year=1936|journal=Journal für Ornithologie|volume=84|issue=4|pages=631–672|doi=10.1007/BF01951015|language=German}}</ref> British ornithologist [[J. Denis Summers-Smith]] considered the Sind Sparrow to be part of the "[[Palaearctic]] black-bibbed sparrow" group including the House Sparrow, though not one with a particularly close relationship with the House Sparrow. Summer-Smith considered that these species probably separated 25,000 to 15,000 years ago, during the [[last glacial period]], when sparrows would have been isolated in ice-free [[refugium (population biology)|refugia]], such as the [[Indus River Delta]], where he thought the Sind Sparrow evolved.<ref>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|1988|pp=279–280, 288–289, 304–305}}</ref><ref name=HBW>{{harvnb|Summers-Smith|2009|p=795}}</ref> However, studies of [[mitochondrial DNA]] indicate an earlier origin of sparrow species, with speciation occurring as early as the [[Miocene]] and [[Pliocene]].<ref>{{cite journal| last= Allende | first= Luis M. | coauthors= Rubio, Isabel; Ruíz-del-Valle, Valentin; Guillén, Jesus; Martínez-Laso, Jorge; Lowy, Ernesto; Varela, Pilar; Zamora, Jorge; Arnaiz-Villena, Antonio | year= 2001 | title= The Old World sparrows (genus ''Passer'') phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtDNA pseudogenes | journal= Journal of Molecular Evolution|volume=53| issue= 2|pages=144–154|url=http://chopo.pntic.mec.es/~biolmol/publicaciones/Passer.pdf|format=PDF| pmid= 11479685}}</ref> |
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==Distribution and habitat== |
==Distribution and habitat== |
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[[File:Sind Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus)'s nest at Sultanpur I Picture 171.jpg|thumb|Nest at Sultanpur National Park in India]] |
[[File:Sind Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus)'s nest at Sultanpur I Picture 171.jpg|thumb|Nest at Sultanpur National Park in India]] |
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The species is found primarily within the Indus valley of Pakistan and adjoining regions of India east to [[Delhi]]. The species is patchily distributed and is most often found along rivers and wetlands with grass and |
The species is found primarily within the Indus valley of Pakistan and adjoining regions of India east to [[Delhi]]. The species is patchily distributed and is most often found along rivers and wetlands with grass and [[acacia]] scrub. They may disperse during the non-breeding season, often joining flocks of other sparrows and finches. During winter, they have been seen in northwestern Gujarat.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bapat|first=N. N.|year=1992|title=Sind Jungle Sparrow ''Passer pyrrhonotus'' Blyth in North-West Gujarat|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume=89|issue=3|page=378}}</ref> Old and unconfirmed reports of the species exist from south eastern Iran.<ref name=pcr>{{harvnb|Rasmussen|Anderton|2005|p=575}}</ref> It has been suggested that irrigation canals in the river systems of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan may have helped the species extend its range.<ref name=extension>{{cite journal|last=Harvey|first=B|last2=Sharma|first2=S. C.|year=2002|title=The initial colonisation of the Yamuna flood plain by the Sind Sparrow ''Passer pyrrhonotus''|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society|volume= 99|issue=1|pages=35–43}}</ref> |
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== Behaviour == |
== Behaviour == |
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;Works cited |
;Works cited |
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{{refbegin}} |
{{refbegin}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Blanford|first= |
*{{cite book|last=Blanford|first=W. T.|year=1876|title=Eastern Persia: An account of the journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission 1870-71-72. Volume 2. The Zoology and Geology|publisher=Macmillan and Co.|location=London|url=http://www.archive.org/stream/easternpersiaan01commgoog#page/n297/mode/1up|ref=harv}} |
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*{{cite book|last=Clement|first=Peter|last2=Harris|first2=Alan|last3=Davis|first3=John|title = Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1993|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=0-691-03424-9}} |
*{{cite book|last=Clement|first=Peter|last2=Harris|first2=Alan|last3=Davis|first3=John|title = Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=1993|location=Princeton, New Jersey|isbn=0-691-03424-9}} |
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*{{cite journal|last=Currie|first=A. J. |year=1909|title=The Rufous-backed Sparrow (''Passer pyrrhonotus'') nesting in the Punjab|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=19|issue=1|pages=259–260|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5449799}}<!-- (along the river Ravi) --> |
*{{cite journal|last=Currie|first=A. J. |year=1909|title=The Rufous-backed Sparrow (''Passer pyrrhonotus'') nesting in the Punjab|journal=Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society |volume=19|issue=1|pages=259–260|url=http://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/5449799}}<!-- (along the river Ravi) --> |
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Revision as of 00:39, 20 August 2010
| Sind Sparrow | |
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-_Male_at_Sultanpur_I_Picture_178.jpg)
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| Male at Sultanpur National Park, in India | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Order: | |
| Suborder: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | P. pyrrhonotus
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| Binomial name | |
| Passer pyrrhonotus Blyth, 1845
| |
The Sind Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus), also known as the Sind Jungle Sparrow, Jungle Sparrow, or Rufous-backed Sparrow, is a passerine bird of the sparrow family Passeridae. It is patchily distributed around the Indus valley region of Pakistan and adjoining parts of India, where its habitat is usually tall grass and thorn scrub, often over standing water and almost invariably near water.[2]
Description
Both sexes of the Sind Sparrow is very similar to the House Sparrow, but slightly smaller, with a number of distinguishing features. While the common South Asian subspecies of the House Sparrow, Passer domesticus indicus, has a body about 15 cm (6 in) long, the Sind Sparrow is 13 cm (5⅛ in) long.[3]
The breeding male has a short and narrow black bib and a broad chestnut eye stripe that does not meet the mantle. The male has the crown and nape grey and the lower back and rump rufous. The female has a darker and greyer crown and cheek than the female House Sparrow and the shoulder is darker chestnut.[4] The female Dead Sea Sparrow of the subspecies Passer moabiticus yattii is also similar to the female Sind Jungle Sparrow, but has yellow tinges on the underparts and sometimes on parts of the head.[5]
The bill is black and the breeding male and pale brown on the non-breeding male and female. With a culmen length of 1.1–1.25 centimetres (0.43–0.49 in), the Sind Sparrow is slightly smaller-billed than the House Sparrow.[3][4]
Taxonomy
The Sind Sparrow was first described by Edward Blyth in 1845, from a specimen collected at Bahawalpur.[6][7] It was not recorded again for 36 years, despite the efforts of Allan Octavian Hume in Sindh and William Thomas Blanford in eastern Iran, probably of its similarity with the House Sparrow.[3][8] Commenting on his unsuccessful search, Hume wrote that the hundreds of House Sparrows he killed in pursuit of the Sind Sparrow "ought to form a heavy load" on Blyth's conscience, and that if the Sind Sparrow existed "it would be only decent for it…to put on an appearance with as little delay as possible".[9] Hume doubted its distinction, as did other ornithologists.[10] The Sind Sparrow was rediscovered by Scrope B. Doig in 1880, in Eastern Nara district.[11][12][13] Ernst Hartert considered it as a subspecies of the House Sparrow in his Die Vögel der paläarktishen Fauna,[14] but Doig and Claud Ticehurst both found the two species breeding side-by-side.[3][15]
The name pyrrhonotus E. C. Stuart Baker suggested the English name Rufous-backed Sparrow, but as this name might cause confusion with other species, Ticehurst suggested the name Sind Jungle Sparrow, which became the accepted name for the species.[3][15]
The Sind Sparrow is a member of the genus Passer, which contains the House Sparrow and around twenty other species.[16] In a 1936 review of the House Sparrow's relatives, German ornithologist Wilhelm Meise suggested that the Sind Sparrow evolved from an isolated population of House Sparrows, noting that the Indus valley is a center of small bird types.[17] British ornithologist J. Denis Summers-Smith considered the Sind Sparrow to be part of the "Palaearctic black-bibbed sparrow" group including the House Sparrow, though not one with a particularly close relationship with the House Sparrow. Summer-Smith considered that these species probably separated 25,000 to 15,000 years ago, during the last glacial period, when sparrows would have been isolated in ice-free refugia, such as the Indus River Delta, where he thought the Sind Sparrow evolved.[18][19] However, studies of mitochondrial DNA indicate an earlier origin of sparrow species, with speciation occurring as early as the Miocene and Pliocene.[20]
Distribution and habitat
%27s_nest_at_Sultanpur_I_Picture_171.jpg)
The species is found primarily within the Indus valley of Pakistan and adjoining regions of India east to Delhi. The species is patchily distributed and is most often found along rivers and wetlands with grass and acacia scrub. They may disperse during the non-breeding season, often joining flocks of other sparrows and finches. During winter, they have been seen in northwestern Gujarat.[21] Old and unconfirmed reports of the species exist from south eastern Iran.[4] It has been suggested that irrigation canals in the river systems of Haryana, Punjab and Rajasthan may have helped the species extend its range.[22]
Behaviour
This sparrow is resident in most of its range but may make short distance movements. During winter, the non-breeding season, it joins flocks with other seed-eating birds. The nesting season is April to September and it builds its nests in thorny trees, usually over water.[4] The nest is an untidy dome of grass and it may sometimes build below the nests of egrets or extend the nest of a Baya Weaver or Asian Pied Starling.[22][23]
References
- ^ Template:IUCN
- ^ Whistler, H. (1922). "The Birds of Jhang District, S. W. Punjab. Part I. Passerine Birds". The Ibis. 11. 4: 259–309.
- ^ a b c d e Summers-Smith 1988, pp. 194–195
- ^ a b c d Rasmussen & Anderton 2005, p. 575
- ^ Porter, Christensen & Schiermacker-Hansen 1996, p. 410
- ^ Blyth, E. (1845). "Synopsis of Indian Fringillidae". Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal. XIII (156): 944–963.
- ^ Dickinson, E. C.; Pittie, A. (21 December 2006). "Systematic notes on Asian birds. 51. Dates of avian names introduced in early volumes of the Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal". Zoologische Mededelingen. 80–5 (3). Leiden: 113–124.
- ^ Blanford 1876, p. 255
- ^ Hume 1873, p. 209
- ^ Hume, A. O. (1880). "Notes". Stray Feathers. 9 (3).
- ^ Doig, S. B. (1880). "Birds Nesting on the Eastern Narra. Additions and Alterations". Stray Feathers. 9 (4): 277–282.
- ^ Hume, A. O. (1881). "Passer pyrrhonotus, Blyth". Stray Feathers. 9 (5&6): 442–445.
- ^ James, H. E. M. (1893). "Sind as a Field for the Naturalist". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 8: 322–325.
- ^ Hartert 1903, p. 151
- ^ a b Ticehurst 1922, p. 651–653
- ^ Summers-Smith 1992, pp. 3, 6
- ^ Meise, Wilhelm (1936). "Zur Systematik und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Haus- und Weidensperlinge, Passer domesticus (L.) und hispaniolensis (T.)". Journal für Ornithologie (in German). 84 (4): 631–672. doi:10.1007/BF01951015.
- ^ Summers-Smith 1988, pp. 279–280, 288–289, 304–305
- ^ Summers-Smith 2009, p. 795
- ^ Allende, Luis M. (2001). "The Old World sparrows (genus Passer) phylogeography and their relative abundance of nuclear mtDNA pseudogenes" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Evolution. 53 (2): 144–154. PMID 11479685.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Bapat, N. N. (1992). "Sind Jungle Sparrow Passer pyrrhonotus Blyth in North-West Gujarat". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 89 (3): 378.
- ^ a b Harvey, B; Sharma, S. C. (2002). "The initial colonisation of the Yamuna flood plain by the Sind Sparrow Passer pyrrhonotus". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 99 (1): 35–43.
- ^ Jones, A. E. (1912). "Notes on Birds from Lahore". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 21 (3): 1073–1074.
- Works cited
- Blanford, W. T. (1876). Eastern Persia: An account of the journeys of the Persian Boundary Commission 1870-71-72. Volume 2. The Zoology and Geology. London: Macmillan and Co.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Clement, Peter; Harris, Alan; Davis, John (1993). Finches and Sparrows: an Identification Guide. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-03424-9.
- Currie, A. J. (1909). "The Rufous-backed Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus) nesting in the Punjab". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 19 (1): 259–260.
- Currie, A. J. (1916). "The Birds of Lahore and the Vicinity". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 24 (3): 561–577.
- Grimmett, R. (1987). "Little-known Oriental bird: The Sind Sparrow". OBC Bulletin. 5: 23–24.
- Hartert, Ernst (1903). Die Vögel der paläarktischen Fauna. Systematische Übersicht der in Europa, Nord-Asien und der Mittelmeerregion vorkommenden Vögel (in German). Vol. I. Berlin: R. Friedlander und Sohn.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Hume, A. O. (1873). "Contributions to the Ornithology of India. Sindh, No. II". Stray Feathers. 1: 91–289.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Porter, R. F.; Christensen, F.; Schiermacker-Hansen, P. (1996). Field Guide to the Birds of the Middle East. T. & A. D. Poyser. ISBN 0856610763.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Rasmussen, P. C.; Anderton, J. C. (2005). Birds of South Asia: The Ripley Guide. Volume 2: Attributes and Status. Smithsonian Institution and Lynx Edicions. ISBN 84-87334-66-0.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Roberts, Tom J. (1992). The Birds of Pakistan. Volume 2: Passeriformes: Pittas to Buntings. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195774051.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Sharpe, R. Bowdler (1888). Catalogue of the Passeriformes, or Perching Birds, in the Collection of the British Museum. Fringilliformes: Part III. Containing the Family Fringillidæ. Vol. XII. London: Taylor and Francis. pp. 316–317.
- Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1988). The Sparrows: a study of the genus Passer. illustrated by Robert Gillmor. Calton, Staffs, England: T. & A. D. Poyser. ISBN 0-85661-048-8.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Summers-Smith, J. Denis (1992). In Search of Sparrows. illustrated by Euan Dunn. London: T. & A. D. Poyser. ISBN 0-85661-073-9.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Summers-Smith, J. Denis (2009). "Family Passeridae (Old World Sparrows)". Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 14: Bush-shrikes to Old World Sparrows. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. ISBN 978-84-96553-50-7.
{{cite book}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help); Unknown parameter|editors=ignored (|editor=suggested) (help) - Ticehurst, C. B. (1922). "The Birds of Sind (Part ii)". The Ibis. 11. 4 (4): 605–662.
{{cite journal}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Whistler, Hugh (1911). "The Rufous-backed Sparrow (Passer pyrrhonotus, Blyth)". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 20 (4): 1151.
- Whistler, Hugh (1913). "The Rufous-backed Sparrow, Passer domestica pyrrhonota, Blyth". Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. 22 (2): 2.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Passer pyrrhonotus.
Wikispecies has information related to Passer pyrrhonotus.
- Sind Sparrow at the Internet Bird Collection