Lymphocystivirus: Difference between revisions
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'''Lymphocystivirus''' is one of five [[genus|genera]] of [[virus]]es within the viral family [[Iridoviridae]], and one of three genera within this family which infect [[teleostei|teleost]] [[fish]]es, along with [[Megalocytivirus]] and [[Ranavirus]].<ref name=Whittington>{{cite journal | last1 = Whittington | first1 = RJ | last2 = Becker | first2 = JA | last3 = Dennis | first3 = MM | title = Iridovirus infections in finfish - critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses | journal = Journal of fish diseases | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–122 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20050967 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01110.x}}</ref> Lymphocystiviruses infect more than 140 [[freshwater]] and [[seawater|marine]] species,<ref name=Essbauer>{{cite journal | last1 = Essbauer | first1 = S | last2 = Ahne | first2 = W | title = Viruses of Lower Vertebrates | journal = Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health| volume = 48 | Issue = 6 | pages = 403–475 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11550762 | doi = 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x}}</ref> spanning at least 42 host families worldwide,<ref name=Sheng>{{cite journal | last1 = Sheng | first1 = X | last2 = Xing | first2 = J | last3 = Zhan | first3 = W | last4 = Wang | first 4 = Y | title = Comparative studies on histopathological features of features of lymphocystis disease in four species of marine fish | journal = Journal of Fishery Sciences of China | issue = 5 | pages = | year = 2007 |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZSCK200705021.htm}}</ref> causing the chronic, self-limiting clinical disease, [[ |
'''Lymphocystivirus''' is one of five [[genus|genera]] of [[virus]]es within the viral family [[Iridoviridae]], and one of three genera within this family which infect [[teleostei|teleost]] [[fish]]es, along with [[Megalocytivirus]] and [[Ranavirus]].<ref name=Whittington>{{cite journal | last1 = Whittington | first1 = RJ | last2 = Becker | first2 = JA | last3 = Dennis | first3 = MM | title = Iridovirus infections in finfish - critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses | journal = Journal of fish diseases | volume = 33 | issue = 2 | pages = 95–122 | year = 2010 | pmid = 20050967 | doi = 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01110.x}}</ref> Lymphocystiviruses infect more than 140 [[freshwater]] and [[seawater|marine]] species,<ref name=Essbauer>{{cite journal | last1 = Essbauer | first1 = S | last2 = Ahne | first2 = W | title = Viruses of Lower Vertebrates | journal = Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health| volume = 48 | Issue = 6 | pages = 403–475 | year = 2001 | pmid = 11550762 | doi = 10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x}}</ref> spanning at least 42 host families worldwide,<ref name=Sheng>{{cite journal | last1 = Sheng | first1 = X | last2 = Xing | first2 = J | last3 = Zhan | first3 = W | last4 = Wang | first 4 = Y | title = Comparative studies on histopathological features of features of lymphocystis disease in four species of marine fish | journal = Journal of Fishery Sciences of China | issue = 5 | pages = | year = 2007 |url=http://en.cnki.com.cn/Article_en/CJFDTOTAL-ZSCK200705021.htm}}</ref> causing the chronic, self-limiting clinical disease, [[lymphocystis]]. |
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While lymphocystis does not cause mass mortality events like megalocytiviruses and ranaviruses, fish with lymphocystis exhibit grossly visible skin lesions which reduce their commercial value.<ref name=Hossain>{{cite journal | last1 = Hossain | first1 = M | last2 = Kim | first2 = SR | last3 = Oh | first3 = MJ | title = The lymphocystis diseases in the Olive flounder, ''Paralichthys olivaceous'' | journal = University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University | volume = 26 | pages = 59–62 | year = 2007}}</ref> |
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==Taxonomy== |
==Taxonomy== |
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==LCDV Genome== |
==LCDV Genome== |
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Lymphocystiviruses are Group I viruses with a dsDNA [[genome]]. The LCDV-1 genome is approximately 102.7 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length, with 195 potential [[open reading frames]] (ORF), and codes for two DNA-dependent [[RNA polymerase]] subunits, a [[DNA methyltransferase]], a [[DNA polymerase]], a guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase ([[GTPase]]), a [[helicase]], [[protein kinase]]s, a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, and [[zinc-finger protein]]s, among others. <ref name=Tidona>{{cite journal | last1 = Tidona | first1 = CA | last2 = Darai | first2 = G | title = The complete DNA sequence of LCDV | journal = Virology | volume = 230 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–216 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9143276 | doi = doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8456}}</ref> The LCDV-2 genome is similar to that of LCDV-1 but is slightly smaller, approximately 98 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length.<ref name=vanRegenmortel>{{cite book | last1 = vanRegenmortel | first1 = MHV | last2 = Fauquet | first2 = CM | last3 = Bishop | first3 = DHL | last4 = Carstens | first4 = EB | last5 = Estes | first5 = MK |last6 = Lemon | first6 = SM | last7 = Maniloff | first7 = J| last 8 = Mayo | first8 = MA | last9 = McGeoch | first9 = DJ | last10 = Pringle | first10 = CR | last11 = Wickner| first 11 = RB | title = ''Virus Taxonomy, Seventh Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses''| journal = Journal of fish diseases | publisher = Academic Press| location = New York, NY, USA|year = 2000 }}</ref> |
Lymphocystiviruses are Group I viruses with a dsDNA [[genome]]. The LCDV-1 genome is approximately 102.7 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length, with 195 potential [[open reading frames]] (ORF), and codes for two DNA-dependent [[RNA polymerase]] subunits, a [[DNA methyltransferase]], a [[DNA polymerase]], a guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase ([[GTPase]]), a [[helicase]], [[protein kinase]]s, a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, and [[zinc-finger protein]]s, among others. <ref name=Tidona>{{cite journal | last1 = Tidona | first1 = CA | last2 = Darai | first2 = G | title = The complete DNA sequence of LCDV | journal = Virology | volume = 230 | issue = 2 | pages = 207–216 | year = 1997 | pmid = 9143276 | doi = doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8456}}</ref> The LCDV-2 genome is similar to that of LCDV-1 but is slightly smaller, approximately 98 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length.<ref name=vanRegenmortel>{{cite book | last1 = vanRegenmortel | first1 = MHV | last2 = Fauquet | first2 = CM | last3 = Bishop | first3 = DHL | last4 = Carstens | first4 = EB | last5 = Estes | first5 = MK |last6 = Lemon | first6 = SM | last7 = Maniloff | first7 = J| last 8 = Mayo | first8 = MA | last9 = McGeoch | first9 = DJ | last10 = Pringle | first10 = CR | last11 = Wickner| first 11 = RB | title = ''Virus Taxonomy, Seventh Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses''| journal = Journal of fish diseases | publisher = Academic Press| location = New York, NY, USA|year = 2000 }}</ref> |
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==Structure and Replication== |
==Structure and Replication== |
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==Pathogenesis== |
==Pathogenesis== |
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Lymphocystis disease is a chronic disease that rarely causes mortality.<ref name=Essbauer/> Infection causes transformation and hypertrophy (approximately 1000x) of cells in the dermis, forming grossly visible lymphocystis nodules, as well as transformation and hypertrophy in cells of the connective tissues of various internal organs.<ref name=Essbauer/> [[Fibroblasts]] and [[osteoblasts]] are specifically targeted by the virus. Lymphocystis viruses are not easily grown in [[cell culture]],<ref name=Essbauer/> placing limitations on ''[[in vitro]]'' molecular pathogenesis experiments. |
Lymphocystis disease is a chronic disease that rarely causes mortality.<ref name=Essbauer/> Infection causes transformation and hypertrophy (approximately 1000x) of cells in the dermis, forming grossly visible lymphocystis nodules, as well as transformation and hypertrophy in cells of the connective tissues of various internal organs.<ref name=Essbauer/> [[Fibroblasts]] and [[osteoblasts]] are specifically targeted by the virus.<ref name=Essbauer2/> Lymphocystis viruses are not easily grown in [[cell culture]],<ref name=Essbauer/> placing limitations on ''[[in vitro]]'' molecular pathogenesis experiments. |
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==Diagnostic Pathology== |
==Diagnostic Pathology== |
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As Lymphocystis viruses are not easily grown in cell culture,<ref name=Essbauer/> diagnosis is based on [[clinical signs]], [[gross pathology]], [[histopathology]], and/or [[PCR]]-based molecular [[assay]]s. |
As Lymphocystis viruses are not easily grown in cell culture,<ref name=Essbauer/> diagnosis is based on [[clinical signs]], [[gross pathology]], [[histopathology]], and/or [[PCR]]-based molecular [[assay]]s. |
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===Gross pathology=== |
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The pathology of lymphocystis consists of greatly hypertrophied cells, sometimes called lymphocystis tumor cells, which are grossly evident as white spots on the skin and fins of infected fish. |
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===Histopathology=== |
===Histopathology=== |
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In a recent comparison of lymphocystis histopathology of four unrelated marine species, [[lesion]]s consistently associated with lymphocystis included [[hypertrophy|hypertrophied]] cells displaying irregular nuclei, [[basophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]ic [[inclusion bodies]] that stained positively via [[Feulgen and Mann's reaction]], and [[Periodic acid-Shiff]] (PAS)-positive [[hyaline capsules]].<ref name = Sheng/> In contrast, the inclusion body shape, distribution of viral particles within the cytoplasm, and overall appearance of lymphocystis nodules varied by species.<ref name = Sheng/> The species examined in this study included the [[Olive flounder|Olive or Japanese flounder]], ''Paralichthys olivaceus'', the "sting fish" or [[Sebastes|Schlegel's black rockfish]], ''Sebastes schegeli'', the [[suzuki|Japanese sea bass]], ''Lateolabrax japonicus'', and the [[white-spotted puffer]], ''Arothron hispidus''.<ref name = Sheng/> |
In a recent comparison of lymphocystis histopathology of four unrelated marine species, [[lesion]]s consistently associated with lymphocystis included [[hypertrophy|hypertrophied]] cells displaying irregular nuclei, [[basophilic]] [[cytoplasm]]ic [[inclusion bodies]] that stained positively via [[Feulgen and Mann's reaction]], and [[Periodic acid-Shiff]] (PAS)-positive [[hyaline capsules]].<ref name = Sheng/> Hyaline capsules arise from the extracellular matrix that is produced by the infected cells,<ref name=Essbauer2/> and are composed of sulphated and carboxylated glycoproteins (acid mucopolysaccharides).<ref name=Essbauer2/> In contrast, the inclusion body shape, distribution of viral particles within the cytoplasm, and overall appearance of lymphocystis nodules varied by species.<ref name = Sheng/> The species examined in this study included the [[Olive flounder|Olive or Japanese flounder]], ''Paralichthys olivaceus'', the "sting fish" or [[Sebastes|Schlegel's black rockfish]], ''Sebastes schegeli'', the [[suzuki|Japanese sea bass]], ''Lateolabrax japonicus'', and the [[white-spotted puffer]], ''Arothron hispidus''.<ref name = Sheng/> |
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===Electron Microscopy=== |
===Electron Microscopy=== |
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[[Transmission electron microscopy]] (TEM) of infected cells reveals cytoplasmic virus particles typically measuring from 198-227 nm in diameter<ref name=Essbauer/> (in some cases as large as 380 nm)<ref name=Essbauer/> and electron-dense substances in the [[perinuclear space]].<ref name = Sheng/> |
[[Transmission electron microscopy]] (TEM) of infected cells reveals cytoplasmic virus particles typically measuring from 198-227 nm in diameter<ref name=Essbauer/> (in some cases as large as 380 nm)<ref name=Essbauer/><ref name=Essbauer2>{{cite journal | last1 = Essbauer | first1 = S | last2 = Fischer | first2 = U | last3 = Bergmann | first3 = S | last4 = Ahne | first4 = W | title = Investigations on the ORF 167L of Lymphocystis Disease Virus (''Iridoviridae'')| journal = Virus Genes | volume = 28 | issue = 1 | pages = 19-39| year = 2004 | pmid = 14739649 | doi = 10.1023/B:VIRU.0000012261.96217.fe}}</ref> and electron-dense substances in the [[perinuclear space]].<ref name = Sheng/> |
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===Molecular Pathology=== |
===Molecular Pathology=== |
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Revision as of 19:35, 26 April 2011
| Lymphocystivirus | |
|---|---|
| Virus classification | |
| Group: | Group I (dsDNA)
|
| Family: | |
| Genus: | Lymphocystivirus
|
| Genera | |
|
Chloriridovirus | |
Lymphocystivirus is one of five genera of viruses within the viral family Iridoviridae, and one of three genera within this family which infect teleost fishes, along with Megalocytivirus and Ranavirus.[1] Lymphocystiviruses infect more than 140 freshwater and marine species,[2] spanning at least 42 host families worldwide,[3] causing the chronic, self-limiting clinical disease, lymphocystis. While lymphocystis does not cause mass mortality events like megalocytiviruses and ranaviruses, fish with lymphocystis exhibit grossly visible skin lesions which reduce their commercial value.[4]
Taxonomy
The family Iridoviridae is divided into five genera which include Chloriridovirus, Iridovirus, Lymphocystivirus, Megalocytivirus, and Ranavirus. The genus Lymphocystivirus is composed of at least two recognized viral species, Lymphocystis Disease Virus 1 (LCDV-1) and LCDV-2.[2] A third species, LCDV-C has also been proposed based on...
LCDV-1 infects European flounder,Platichthys flesus, and European plaice, Pleuronectes platessa, whereas LCDV-2 infects the common dab, Limanda limanda.[2]
LCDV Genome
Lymphocystiviruses are Group I viruses with a dsDNA genome. The LCDV-1 genome is approximately 102.7 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length, with 195 potential open reading frames (ORF), and codes for two DNA-dependent RNA polymerase subunits, a DNA methyltransferase, a DNA polymerase, a guanosine triphosphate phosphohydrolase (GTPase), a helicase, protein kinases, a ribonucleoside diphosphate reductase, and zinc-finger proteins, among others. [5] The LCDV-2 genome is similar to that of LCDV-1 but is slightly smaller, approximately 98 kilobase pairs (kbp) in length.[6]
Structure and Replication
Transmission and Epizoology
Pathogenesis
Lymphocystis disease is a chronic disease that rarely causes mortality.[2] Infection causes transformation and hypertrophy (approximately 1000x) of cells in the dermis, forming grossly visible lymphocystis nodules, as well as transformation and hypertrophy in cells of the connective tissues of various internal organs.[2] Fibroblasts and osteoblasts are specifically targeted by the virus.[7] Lymphocystis viruses are not easily grown in cell culture,[2] placing limitations on in vitro molecular pathogenesis experiments.
Diagnostic Pathology
As Lymphocystis viruses are not easily grown in cell culture,[2] diagnosis is based on clinical signs, gross pathology, histopathology, and/or PCR-based molecular assays.
Gross pathology
The pathology of lymphocystis consists of greatly hypertrophied cells, sometimes called lymphocystis tumor cells, which are grossly evident as white spots on the skin and fins of infected fish.
Histopathology
In a recent comparison of lymphocystis histopathology of four unrelated marine species, lesions consistently associated with lymphocystis included hypertrophied cells displaying irregular nuclei, basophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies that stained positively via Feulgen and Mann's reaction, and Periodic acid-Shiff (PAS)-positive hyaline capsules.[3] Hyaline capsules arise from the extracellular matrix that is produced by the infected cells,[7] and are composed of sulphated and carboxylated glycoproteins (acid mucopolysaccharides).[7] In contrast, the inclusion body shape, distribution of viral particles within the cytoplasm, and overall appearance of lymphocystis nodules varied by species.[3] The species examined in this study included the Olive or Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus, the "sting fish" or Schlegel's black rockfish, Sebastes schegeli, the Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus, and the white-spotted puffer, Arothron hispidus.[3]
Electron Microscopy
Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) of infected cells reveals cytoplasmic virus particles typically measuring from 198-227 nm in diameter[2] (in some cases as large as 380 nm)[2][7] and electron-dense substances in the perinuclear space.[3]
Molecular Pathology
References
- ^ Whittington, RJ; Becker, JA; Dennis, MM (2010). "Iridovirus infections in finfish - critical review with emphasis on ranaviruses". Journal of fish diseases. 33 (2): 95–122. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2761.2009.01110.x. PMID 20050967.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Essbauer, S; Ahne, W (2001). "Viruses of Lower Vertebrates". Journal of Veterinary Medicine B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health. 48: 403–475. doi:10.1046/j.1439-0450.2001.00473.x. PMID 11550762.
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|Issue=ignored (|issue=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d e Sheng, X; Xing, J; Zhan, W; Wang (2007). "Comparative studies on histopathological features of features of lymphocystis disease in four species of marine fish". Journal of Fishery Sciences of China (5).
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|first 4=ignored (|first4=suggested) (help) - ^ Hossain, M; Kim, SR; Oh, MJ (2007). "The lymphocystis diseases in the Olive flounder, Paralichthys olivaceous". University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University. 26: 59–62.
- ^ Tidona, CA; Darai, G (1997). "The complete DNA sequence of LCDV". Virology. 230 (2): 207–216. doi:doi:10.1006/viro.1997.8456. PMID 9143276.
{{cite journal}}: Check|doi=value (help) - ^ vanRegenmortel, MHV; Fauquet, CM; Bishop, DHL; Carstens, EB; Estes, MK; Lemon, SM; Maniloff, J; McGeoch, DJ; Pringle, CR; Wickner (2000). Virus Taxonomy, Seventh Report of the International Committee on the Taxonomy of Viruses. New York, NY, USA: Academic Press.
{{cite book}}:|first8=missing|last8=(help);|journal=ignored (help); Unknown parameter|first 11=ignored (|first11=suggested) (help); Unknown parameter|last 8=ignored (|last8=suggested) (help) - ^ a b c d Essbauer, S; Fischer, U; Bergmann, S; Ahne, W (2004). "Investigations on the ORF 167L of Lymphocystis Disease Virus (Iridoviridae)". Virus Genes. 28 (1): 19–39. doi:10.1023/B:VIRU.0000012261.96217.fe. PMID 14739649.