Neurohormone: Difference between revisions
Content deleted Content added
m Bot: Migrating 9 interwiki links, now provided by Wikidata on d:q1189071 (Report Errors) |
Feral mage (talk | contribs) No edit summary |
||
| Line 13: | Line 13: | ||
| doi = |
| doi = |
||
| id = |
| id = |
||
| isbn = 0-7167-3873-2 }}</ref><ref>Nelson. 2005 An Introduction To Behavioral Endocrinology, Third Edition</ref> By definition of being hormones, they are secreted into the circulation for systemic effect, but they can also have a role of [[neurotransmitter]] or other roles as [[autocrine]] (self) or [[paracrine]] (local) messenger.<ref>Purves ''et. al''. p. 714.</ref> |
|||
| isbn = 0-7167-3873-2 }}</ref> After being synthesized, a neurohormone is generally transported along an [[axon]] in a neurosecretory granule then stored in groups at the nerve ending, awaiting release. |
|||
The [[hypothalamus]] produces the hypophysiotropic and neurohypophysial hormones in specialized hypothalamic [[neuron]]s which extend to the [[median eminence]] and [[posterior pituitary]]. The adrenal medulla produces adrenomedullary hormones in [[chromaffin cell]]s, cells which are very similar in structure to post-synaptic [[sympathetic neuron]]s, even though they are not neurons they are derivatives of the [[neural crest]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Unsicker|first=K|coauthors=Huber, K; Schütz, G; Kalcheim, C|title=The chromaffin cell and its development.|journal=Neurochemical research|date=2005 Jun-Jul|volume=30|issue=6-7|pages=921-5|pmid=16187226}}</ref> |
|||
The principal neurohormones can be regrouped into the following three groups by location of their secretion: |
|||
[[Enterochromaffin cell|Enterochromaffin]] and [[enterochromaffin-like cell|enterochromaffin-like]] cells, both being [[enteroendocrine cell]]s, are also considered neuroendocrine cells due to their structural and functional similarity to chromaffin cells, although they are not derivatives of the neural crest.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Andrew|first=A|title=Further evidence that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest.|journal=Journal of embryology and experimental morphology|date=1974 Jun|volume=31|issue=3|pages=589-98|pmid=4448939}}</ref> Other neuroendocrine cells are scattered throughout the body. |
|||
==Hypophysiotropic hormones== |
|||
[[Hypophysiotropic hormone]]s are synthesized by different kinds of specialized neurons in the hypothalamus. They are then transported along neuronal [[axon]]s to their [[axon terminal]]s forming the bulk of the [[median eminence]], where they are stored and released into the [[hypophyseal portal system]]. They then rapidly reach the [[anterior pituitary]] where they exert their hormonal action. The residual hormones pass into the systemic circulation where they are diluted, degraded and have comparatively little effects. The synthesis, control, and release of those hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and synaptic signals (neurotransmitters).<ref>{{cite journal|title=Hypothalamic Hypophysiotropic Hormones and Neurotransmitter Regulation: Current Views|journal=Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology|author=J Meites, W E Sonntag|volume=Vol. 21: 295-322|date= April 1981|doi=10.1146/annurev.pa.21.040181.001455}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Nillni|first=EA|title=Regulation of the hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neuron by neuronal and peripheral inputs.|journal=Frontiers in neuroendocrinology|date=2010 Apr|volume=31|issue=2|pages=134-56|pmid=20074584}}</ref> Hypophysiotropic hormones include: |
|||
;Hypophysiotropic hormones<ref>Purves ''et. al''. p. 721.</ref> |
|||
*[[Thyrotropin-releasing hormone]] |
*[[Thyrotropin-releasing hormone]] |
||
*[[Corticotropin-releasing hormone]] |
*[[Corticotropin-releasing hormone]] |
||
| Line 25: | Line 29: | ||
*[[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] |
*[[Gonadotropin-releasing hormone]] |
||
*[[Dopamine]] |
*[[Dopamine]] |
||
[[Hypophysiotropic hormone]]s are released from the [[median eminence]] by terminals of different types of projected neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus into the [[hypophyseal portal system]]. They rapidly reach the [[anterior pituitary]] where they exert their full hormonal action, they then pass into the systemic circulation (and partly back into the hypophyseal portal system) where they are diluted and have comparatively little effects, before being degraded. |
|||
;Neurohypophysial hormones<ref>Purves ''et. al''. p. 717.</ref> |
|||
*[[Oxytocin]] |
*[[Oxytocin]] |
||
*[[Neurotensin]]. |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
==Neurohypophysial hormones== |
|||
[[Neurohypophysial hormone]]s are released from the [[posterior pituitary]] by terminals of projected [[magnocellular neurosecretory cell]]s of the [[hypothalamus]] in the systemic circulation. |
|||
[[Neurohypophysial hormone]]s are synthesized in the [[magnocellular neurosecretory cell|magnocellular secretory neurons]] of the hypothalamus. They are then transported along neuronal axons within the [[infundibular stalk]] to their axon terminals forming the pars nervosa of the [[posterior pituitary]], where they are stored and released into the the systemic circulation. The synthesis, control, and release of those hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and synaptic signals.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Burbach|first=JP|coauthors=Luckman, SM; Murphy, D; Gainer, H|title=Gene regulation in the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system.|journal=Physiological reviews|date=2001 Jul|volume=81|issue=3|pages=1197-267|pmid=11427695|url=http://physrev.physiology.org/content/81/3/1197.full}}</ref> Neurohypophysial hormones include: |
|||
*Oxytocin |
|||
| ⚫ | |||
This is through this pathway that the vast majority of oxytocin and vasopressin hormones reach the systemic circulation. |
|||
==Adrenomedullary hormones== |
|||
Adrenomedullary hormones are [[catecholamine]]s secreted from the [[adrenal medulla]] by [[chromaffin cell]]s, neurosecretory cells connected to the central nervous system.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Chung|first=KF|coauthors=Sicard, F; Vukicevic, V; Hermann, A; Storch, A; Huttner, WB; Bornstein, SR; Ehrhart-Bornstein, M|title=Isolation of neural crest derived chromaffin progenitors from adult adrenal medulla.|journal=Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio)|date=2009 Oct|volume=27|issue=10|pages=2602-13|pmid=19609938}}</ref> The synthesis, storage (in [[chromaffin granule]]s) and release of catecholamines is co-regulated by synaptic input from their respective pre-synaptic sympathetic neurons, as well as hormonal and local inputs.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Gasman|first=S|coauthors=Chasserot-Golaz, S; Bader, MF; Vitale, N|title=Regulation of exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells: focus on ARF and Rho GTPases.|journal=Cellular signalling|date=2003 Oct|volume=15|issue=10|pages=893-9|pmid=12873702}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Bornstein|first=SR|coauthors=Ehrhart-Bornstein, M|title=Ultrastructural evidence for a paracrine regulation of the rat adrenal cortex mediated by the local release of catecholamines from chromaffin cells.|journal=Endocrinology|date=1992 Dec|volume=131|issue=6|pages=3126-8|pmid=1446648}}</ref> The adrenomedullary hormones are: |
|||
;Adrenal medullary hormones<ref>Nelson. 2005 An Introduction To Behavioral Endocrinology, Third Edition</ref> |
|||
*[[Epinephrine]] |
*[[Epinephrine]] |
||
*[[Norepinephrine]] |
*[[Norepinephrine]] |
||
*Dopamine |
*Dopamine. |
||
These [[catecholamine]]s are released from the [[adrenal medulla]] by [[chromaffin cell]]s, neurosecretory sells connected to the central nervous system into the systemic circulation. |
|||
==Enteric neurohormones== |
|||
Neurohormones can also have a role of [[neurotransmitter]], in this respect they can be considered paracrine hormones as they travel short distances to target cells.<ref>Purves ''et. al''. p. 714.</ref> |
|||
Enterochromaffin cells in the epithelia lining the [[lumen]] of the digestive tract secrete [[serotonin]], while enterochromaffin-like cells at the [[stomach#glands|stomach glands]] secrete [[histamine]]. Their synthesis, storage, and release of hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and nervous inputs.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Prinz|first=C|coauthors=Zanner, R; Gerhard, M; Mahr, S; Neumayer, N; Höhne-Zell, B; Gratzl, M|title=The mechanism of histamine secretion from gastric enterochromaffin-like cells.|journal=The American journal of physiology|date=1999 Nov|volume=277|issue=5 Pt 1|pages=C845-55|pmid=10564076}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Rhee|first=SH|coauthors=Pothoulakis, C; Mayer, EA|title=Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis.|journal=Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology|date=2009 May|volume=6|issue=5|pages=306-14|pmid=19404271}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Haas|first=HL|coauthors=Sergeeva, OA; Selbach, O|title=Histamine in the nervous system.|journal=Physiological reviews|date=2008 Jul|volume=88|issue=3|pages=1183-241|pmid=18626069|url=http://physrev.physiology.org/content/88/3/1183.full}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Rodriguez-Diaz|first=R|coauthors=Dando, R; Jacques-Silva, MC; Fachado, A; Molina, J; Abdulreda, MH; Ricordi, C; Roper, SD; Berggren, PO; Caicedo, A|title=Alpha cells secrete acetylcholine as a non-neuronal paracrine signal priming beta cell function in humans.|journal=Nature medicine|date=2011 Jun 19|volume=17|issue=7|pages=888-92|pmid=21685896}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Sandor|first=A|coauthors=Kidd, M; Lawton, GP; Miu, K; Tang, LH; Modlin, IM|title=Neurohormonal modulation of rat enterochromaffin-like cell histamine secretion.|journal=Gastroenterology|date=1996 Apr|volume=110|issue=4|pages=1084-92|pmid=8612997}}</ref> |
|||
==References== |
==References== |
||
Revision as of 00:21, 28 February 2013
A neurohormone is any hormone produced and released by neuroendocrine cells (also called neurosecretory cells) into the blood.[1][2] By definition of being hormones, they are secreted into the circulation for systemic effect, but they can also have a role of neurotransmitter or other roles as autocrine (self) or paracrine (local) messenger.[3]
The hypothalamus produces the hypophysiotropic and neurohypophysial hormones in specialized hypothalamic neurons which extend to the median eminence and posterior pituitary. The adrenal medulla produces adrenomedullary hormones in chromaffin cells, cells which are very similar in structure to post-synaptic sympathetic neurons, even though they are not neurons they are derivatives of the neural crest.[4]
Enterochromaffin and enterochromaffin-like cells, both being enteroendocrine cells, are also considered neuroendocrine cells due to their structural and functional similarity to chromaffin cells, although they are not derivatives of the neural crest.[5] Other neuroendocrine cells are scattered throughout the body.
Hypophysiotropic hormones
Hypophysiotropic hormones are synthesized by different kinds of specialized neurons in the hypothalamus. They are then transported along neuronal axons to their axon terminals forming the bulk of the median eminence, where they are stored and released into the hypophyseal portal system. They then rapidly reach the anterior pituitary where they exert their hormonal action. The residual hormones pass into the systemic circulation where they are diluted, degraded and have comparatively little effects. The synthesis, control, and release of those hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and synaptic signals (neurotransmitters).[6][7] Hypophysiotropic hormones include:
- Thyrotropin-releasing hormone
- Corticotropin-releasing hormone
- Vasopressin
- Growth hormone-releasing hormone
- Somatostatin
- Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
- Dopamine
- Oxytocin
- Neurotensin.
Neurohypophysial hormones
Neurohypophysial hormones are synthesized in the magnocellular secretory neurons of the hypothalamus. They are then transported along neuronal axons within the infundibular stalk to their axon terminals forming the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, where they are stored and released into the the systemic circulation. The synthesis, control, and release of those hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and synaptic signals.[8] Neurohypophysial hormones include:
- Oxytocin
- Vasopressin.
This is through this pathway that the vast majority of oxytocin and vasopressin hormones reach the systemic circulation.
Adrenomedullary hormones
Adrenomedullary hormones are catecholamines secreted from the adrenal medulla by chromaffin cells, neurosecretory cells connected to the central nervous system.[9] The synthesis, storage (in chromaffin granules) and release of catecholamines is co-regulated by synaptic input from their respective pre-synaptic sympathetic neurons, as well as hormonal and local inputs.[10][11] The adrenomedullary hormones are:
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine.
Enteric neurohormones
Enterochromaffin cells in the epithelia lining the lumen of the digestive tract secrete serotonin, while enterochromaffin-like cells at the stomach glands secrete histamine. Their synthesis, storage, and release of hormones is co-regulated by hormonal, local and nervous inputs.[12][13][14][15][16]
References
- ^ Purves, William K. (2001). Life: The Science of Biology (6th ed.). Massachusetts: Sinauer Associates. p. 718. ISBN 0-7167-3873-2.
{{cite book}}: Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Nelson. 2005 An Introduction To Behavioral Endocrinology, Third Edition
- ^ Purves et. al. p. 714.
- ^ Unsicker, K (2005 Jun-Jul). "The chromaffin cell and its development". Neurochemical research. 30 (6–7): 921–5. PMID 16187226.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Andrew, A (1974 Jun). "Further evidence that enterochromaffin cells are not derived from the neural crest". Journal of embryology and experimental morphology. 31 (3): 589–98. PMID 4448939.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ J Meites, W E Sonntag (April 1981). "Hypothalamic Hypophysiotropic Hormones and Neurotransmitter Regulation: Current Views". Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology. Vol. 21: 295-322. doi:10.1146/annurev.pa.21.040181.001455.
{{cite journal}}:|volume=has extra text (help) - ^ Nillni, EA (2010 Apr). "Regulation of the hypothalamic thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH) neuron by neuronal and peripheral inputs". Frontiers in neuroendocrinology. 31 (2): 134–56. PMID 20074584.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Burbach, JP (2001 Jul). "Gene regulation in the magnocellular hypothalamo-neurohypophysial system". Physiological reviews. 81 (3): 1197–267. PMID 11427695.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Chung, KF (2009 Oct). "Isolation of neural crest derived chromaffin progenitors from adult adrenal medulla". Stem cells (Dayton, Ohio). 27 (10): 2602–13. PMID 19609938.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Gasman, S (2003 Oct). "Regulation of exocytosis in adrenal chromaffin cells: focus on ARF and Rho GTPases". Cellular signalling. 15 (10): 893–9. PMID 12873702.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Bornstein, SR (1992 Dec). "Ultrastructural evidence for a paracrine regulation of the rat adrenal cortex mediated by the local release of catecholamines from chromaffin cells". Endocrinology. 131 (6): 3126–8. PMID 1446648.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Prinz, C (1999 Nov). "The mechanism of histamine secretion from gastric enterochromaffin-like cells". The American journal of physiology. 277 (5 Pt 1): C845-55. PMID 10564076.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Rhee, SH (2009 May). "Principles and clinical implications of the brain-gut-enteric microbiota axis". Nature reviews. Gastroenterology & hepatology. 6 (5): 306–14. PMID 19404271.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Haas, HL (2008 Jul). "Histamine in the nervous system". Physiological reviews. 88 (3): 1183–241. PMID 18626069.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Rodriguez-Diaz, R (2011 Jun 19). "Alpha cells secrete acetylcholine as a non-neuronal paracrine signal priming beta cell function in humans". Nature medicine. 17 (7): 888–92. PMID 21685896.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help) - ^ Sandor, A (1996 Apr). "Neurohormonal modulation of rat enterochromaffin-like cell histamine secretion". Gastroenterology. 110 (4): 1084–92. PMID 8612997.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help); Unknown parameter|coauthors=ignored (|author=suggested) (help)