Fasciola gigantica: Difference between revisions
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'''''Fasciola gigantica''''' is a parasitic [[flatworm]] of the [[class (biology)|class]] [[Trematoda]], which causes tropical [[fascioliasis]]. It is regarded as one of the most important single [[platyhelminth]] [[infections]] of [[ruminants]] in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. Estimates of [[infection]] rates are as high as 80-100% in some countries. |
'''''Fasciola gigantica''''' is a parasitic [[flatworm]] of the [[class (biology)|class]] [[Trematoda]], which causes tropical [[fascioliasis]]. It is regarded as one of the most important single [[platyhelminth]] [[infections]] of [[ruminants]] in [[Asia]] and [[Africa]]. Estimates of [[infection]] rates are as high as 80-100% in some countries. The infection is commonly called fasciolosis. |
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The prevalence of ''F. gigantica'' often overlaps with that of ''[[Fasciola hepatica]]'', and the two species are so closely related in terms of [[genetics]], behaviour, and [[morphology|morphological]] and [[anatomy|anatomical]] structures that it is notoriously difficult to distinguish them.<ref name=ita>{{cite journal |author= Itagaki T, Ichinomiya M, Fukuda K, Fusyuku S, Carmona C|title= Hybridization experiments indicate incomplete reproductive isolating mechanism between ''Fasciola hepatica'' and ''Fasciola gigantica'' |url= |journal= Parasitology |volume=138 |issue= 10| pages=1278-1284 |year=2011 |pmid= 21767436 |doi= 10.1017/S0031182011000965}}</ref> Therefore, sophisticated molecular techniques are required to correctly identify and diagnose the infection.<ref name=rok>{{cite journal |author= Rokni MB, Mirhendi H, Mizani A, Mohebali M, Sharbatkhori M, Kia EB, Abdoli H, Izadi S|title= Identification and differentiation of ''Fasciola hepatica'' and ''Fasciola gigantica'' using a simple PCR-restriction enzyme method|url= |journal= Experimental Parasitology |volume=124 |issue= 2| pages=209-213 |year=2010 |pmid= 19769969|doi= 10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.015}}</ref> |
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== Distribution == |
== Distribution == |
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=== Intermediate hosts === |
=== Intermediate hosts === |
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As with other trematodes, ''Fasciola'' develop in a [[mollusca]]n [[intermediate host]]. Species of the [[freshwater snail]]s from the family [[Lymnaeidae]] are well known for their role as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of ''Fasciola gigantica''; however, throughout the years an increasing number of other molluscan intermediate hosts of ''F. gigantica'' have been reported.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> It has been reported that the Lymnaeid intermediate hosts of ''F. gigantica'' are distinguishable from those of ''F. hepatica'', both morphologically and as to habitat requirement. The species of ''Fasciola'' can become adapted to new intermediate hosts under certain conditions at least based on laboratory trials. The most important [[intermediate host]] for ''F. gigantica'' is ''[[Radix auricularia]]''. However, other species are also known to harbour the fluke including ''[[Lymnaea rufescens]]'' and ''[[Lymnaea acuminata]]'' in the [[Indian Subcontinent]]; ''[[Radix rubiginosa]]'' and ''[[Radix natalensis]]'' in [[Malaysia]] and in Africa respectively; and the synonymous ''[[Lymnaea cailliaudi]]'' in east Africa. Other snails also serve as natural or experimental intermediate such as ''[[Austropeplea ollula]]'', ''[[Austropeplea viridis]]'', ''[[Radix peregra]]'', ''[[Radix luteola]]'', ''[[Pseudosuccinea columella]]'' and ''[[Galba truncatula]]''.<ref name="Correa 2010">{{cite journal |author=Correa AC, Escobar JS, Durand P, Renaud F, David P, Jarne P, Pointier JP, Hurtrez-Boussès S|title= Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of Fascioliasis|url= |journal= BMC Evol Biol|volume=10 |issue= | pages=381 |year=2010|pmid= 21143890 |pmc= PMC3013105|doi=10.1186/1471-2148-10-381}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Dar YD, Rondelaud D, Dreyfuss G|title= Update of fasciolosis-transmitting snails in Egypt (review and comment)|url= |journal= J Egypt Soc Parasitol|volume=35 |issue= 2| pages=477-490 |year=2005 |pmid= 16083061|doi=}}</ref> The Australian ''[[Lymnaea tomentosa]]'' (host of ''F. hepatica'') was shown to be receptive to miracidia of ''F. gigantica'' from East Africa, Malaysa and Indonesia.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
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As with other trematodes, ''Fasciola'' develop in a [[mollusca]]n [[intermediate host]]. Species of the [[freshwater snail]]s from the family [[Lymnaeidae]] are well known for their role as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of ''Fasciola gigantica''; however, throughout the years an increasing number of other molluscan intermediate hosts of ''Fasciola gigantica'' have been reported.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
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There are many ecological factors affecting snail populations including temperature, light, [[hydrogen ion]] concentration ([[pH]]), vegetation, depth of water, current of the water, chemical composition of the soil, and snail population [[competition]]. It has been reported that the Lymnaeid intermediate hosts of ''Fasciola gigantica'' are distinguishable from those of ''Fasciola hepatica'', both morphologically and as to habitat requirement. The species of ''Fasciola'' can become adapted to new intermediate hosts under certain conditions at least based on laboratory trials. It has been reported that the most important [[intermediate host]] for ''Fasciola gigantica'' is ''[[Radix auricularia]]''. However, ''[[Lymnaea rufescens]]'' and ''[[Lymnaea acuminata]]'' are the host snails in the [[Indian Subcontinent]]; ''[[Radix rubiginosa]]'' and ''[[Radix natalensis]]'' are the hosts in [[Malaysia]] and in Africa respectively; and the synonymous ''[[Lymnaea cailliaudi]]'' is the intermediate host in east Africa.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
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There is some evidence, at least based on laboratory trails, that the species of ''Fasciola'' can become adapted to new hosts, either amphibious or aquatic, under certain conditions. The Australian ''[[Lymnaea tomentosa]]'' (host of ''Fasciola hepatica'') was shown to be receptive to miracidia of ''Fasciola gigantica'' from East Africa, Malaysa and Indonesia.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
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''[[Radix natalensis]]'' is considered to be the essential intermediate host for ''Fasciola gigantica'' based on field and experimental studies in Egypt. Cercarial production from ''[[Radix natalensis]]'' experimentally infected with ''Fasciola gigantica'' is affected by the species of definitive host from which the eggs are obtained, as well as the different laboratory conditions. Another lymnaeid, ''[[Galba truncatula]]'', may play a role in transmitting this parasite in Egypt, as it was found naturally infected with ''Fasciola gigantica''. At the level of intermediate hosts of ''Fasciola gigantica'', the conditions are thus favorable in Egypt to transmit fascioliasis.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
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Other species in the family [[Lymnaeidae]] are serving as naturally or experimentally intermediate hosts of ''Fasciola gigantica'' and they include: ''[[Austropeplea ollula]]'', ''[[Austropeplea viridis]]'', ''[[Radix peregra]]'', ''[[Radix auricularia]]'', ''[[Radix natalensis]]'', ''[[Radix luteola]]'', ''[[Radix rubiginosa]]'', ''[[Pseudosuccinea columella]]'' and ''[[Galba truncatula]]''.<ref name="Correa 2010">{{cite doi|10.1186/1471-2148-10-381}}</ref> |
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''Fasciola gigantica'' is a causative agents (together with ''[[Fasciola hepatica]]'') of fascioliasis in [[ruminants]] and in humans worldwide.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
''Fasciola gigantica'' is a causative agents (together with ''[[Fasciola hepatica]]'') of fascioliasis in [[ruminants]] and in humans worldwide.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
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== Infection and Pathogenicity == |
== Infection and Pathogenicity == |
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{{main|Fasciolosis}} |
{{main|Fasciolosis}} |
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Infection with ''[[Fasciola]]'' spp. occurs when [[metacercariae]] are accidentally ingested on raw vegetation. The metacercariae exist in the [[small intestine]], and move through the |
Infection with ''[[Fasciola]]'' spp. occurs when [[metacercariae]] are accidentally ingested on raw vegetation. The metacercariae exist in the [[small intestine]], and move through the intestinal wall and [[peritoneal cavity]] to the [[liver]] where adults mature in the [[biliary duct]]s of the liver. Eggs are passed through the bile ducts into the intestine where they are then passed in the feces.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
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== Diagnosis == |
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Despite the importance to differentiate between the infection by either fasciolid species, due to their distinct epidemiological, pathological and control characteristics, there is, unfortunately, [[coprology|coprological]] (excretion-related) or [[immunological]] diagnosis are difficult. Especially in humans, specific detection by clinical, pathological, coprological or immunological methods are unreliable. Molecular assays are the only promising tools, such as [[Polymerase chain reaction|PCR]]-[[Restriction fragment length polymorphism|RFLP]] assay,<ref name=rok/><ref>{{cite journal |author= El-Rahimy HH, Mahgoub AM, El-Gebaly NS, Mousa WM, Antably AS|title= Molecular, biochemical, and morphometric characterization of ''Fasciola'' species potentially causing zoonotic disease in Egypt|url= |journal= Parasitology Research|volume=111 |issue= 3| pages=1103-111 |year=2012|pmid= 22638917|doi= 10.1007/s00436-012-2938-2}}</ref> and the very rapid [[loop-mediated isothermal amplification]] (LAMP).<ref>{{cite journal |author= Ai L, Li C, Elsheikha HM, Hong SJ, Chen JX, Chen SH, Li X, Cai XQ, Chen MX, Zhu XQ|title= Rapid identification and differentiation of ''Fasciola hepatica'' and ''Fasciola gigantica'' by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay|url= |journal= Veterinary Parasitology |volume=174 |issue= 3-4| pages=228-233 |year=2010|pmid= 20933335|doi= 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.005}}</ref> |
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==Treatment== |
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[[Triclabendazole]] is the drug of choice in fasciolosis as it is highly effective against both mature and immature flukes. [[Artemether]] has been demonstrated ''in vitro'' to equally effective.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Shalaby HA, El Namaky AH, Kamel RO|title= In vitro effect of artemether and triclabendazole on adult ''Fasciola gigantica''|url= |journal= Veterinary Parasitology |volume=260 |issue= 1-2| pages=76-82|year=2009|pmid= 19036519|doi= 10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.027}}</ref> Though slightly less potent, [[artesunate]] is also useful in human fasciolosis.<ref>{{cite journal |author= Hien TT, Truong NT, Minh NH, Dat HD, Dung NT, Hue NT, Dung TK, Tuan PQ, Campbell JI, Farrar JJ, Day JN|title= A randomized controlled pilot study of artesunate versus triclabendazole for human fascioliasis in central Vietnam|url= |journal= Am J Trop Med Hyg |volume=78 |issue= 3| pages=388-392|year=2008|pmid=18337331|doi= }}</ref> |
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== Identification == |
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Despite the importance to differentiate between the infection by either fasciolid species, due to their distinct epidemiological, pathological and control characteristics, there is, unfortunately, neither a direct [[coprology|coprological]] (excretion-related) nor an indirect [[immunological]] test available for their diagnosis. The specific differentiation can only be made by either a morphological study of adult flukes or by molecular tools.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/> |
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== Toxicology == |
== Toxicology == |
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The [[chloroform]] extract of the leaves |
The [[chloroform]] extract of the leaves and the [[methanol]] extracts of the leaves and stem of ''[[Pycnanthus angolensis]]'' exhibited considerable [[anthelmintic]] activities in vitro against ''Fasciola gigantica''.<ref name="Onocha 2008">Onocha P. & Otunla E. (2008). "Biological activities of extracts of ''Pycnanthus angolensis'' (Welw.) Warb". ''African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines'', Abstracts of the world congress on medicinal and aromatic plants, Cape Town, November 2008. [http://journals.sfu.ca/africanem/index.php/ajtcam/article/viewArticle/754 abstract]</ref> |
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== References == |
== References == |
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This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from references.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/><ref name="Onocha 2008"/> |
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from references.<ref name="Soliman 2008"/><ref name="Onocha 2008"/> |
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{{reflist}} |
{{reflist|2}} |
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== Further reading == |
== Further reading == |
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Revision as of 13:22, 7 June 2013
| Fasciola gigantica | |
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| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | |
| Phylum: | |
| Class: | |
| Subclass: | |
| Order: | |
| Suborder: | |
| Family: | |
| Genus: | |
| Species: | F. gigantica
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| Binomial name | |
| Fasciola gigantica Cobbold, 1855
| |
Fasciola gigantica is a parasitic flatworm of the class Trematoda, which causes tropical fascioliasis. It is regarded as one of the most important single platyhelminth infections of ruminants in Asia and Africa. Estimates of infection rates are as high as 80-100% in some countries. The infection is commonly called fasciolosis.
The prevalence of F. gigantica often overlaps with that of Fasciola hepatica, and the two species are so closely related in terms of genetics, behaviour, and morphological and anatomical structures that it is notoriously difficult to distinguish them.[1] Therefore, sophisticated molecular techniques are required to correctly identify and diagnose the infection.[2]
Distribution
Fasciola gigantica causes outbreaks in tropical areas of southern Asia, Southeast Asia, and Africa. The geographical distribution of F. gigantica overlaps with Fasciola hepatica in many African and Asian countries and sometimes in the same country, although in such cases the ecological requirement of the flukes and their snail host are distinct. Infection is most prevalent in regions with intensive sheep and cattle production. In Egypt F. gigantica exist in domestic animals since the times of the pharaohs.[3]
Life cycle
The life cycle of Fasciola gigantica is as follows: eggs (transported with feces) → eggs hatchs → miracidium → miracidium infect snail intermediate host → (parthenogenesis in 24 hours) sporocyst → redia → daughter redia → cercaria → (gets outside the snail) → metacercaria → infection of the host → adult stage produces eggs.
Intermediate hosts
As with other trematodes, Fasciola develop in a molluscan intermediate host. Species of the freshwater snails from the family Lymnaeidae are well known for their role as intermediate hosts in the life cycle of Fasciola gigantica; however, throughout the years an increasing number of other molluscan intermediate hosts of F. gigantica have been reported.[3] It has been reported that the Lymnaeid intermediate hosts of F. gigantica are distinguishable from those of F. hepatica, both morphologically and as to habitat requirement. The species of Fasciola can become adapted to new intermediate hosts under certain conditions at least based on laboratory trials. The most important intermediate host for F. gigantica is Radix auricularia. However, other species are also known to harbour the fluke including Lymnaea rufescens and Lymnaea acuminata in the Indian Subcontinent; Radix rubiginosa and Radix natalensis in Malaysia and in Africa respectively; and the synonymous Lymnaea cailliaudi in east Africa. Other snails also serve as natural or experimental intermediate such as Austropeplea ollula, Austropeplea viridis, Radix peregra, Radix luteola, Pseudosuccinea columella and Galba truncatula.[4][5] The Australian Lymnaea tomentosa (host of F. hepatica) was shown to be receptive to miracidia of F. gigantica from East Africa, Malaysa and Indonesia.[3]
Definitive Hosts
Fasciola gigantica is a causative agents (together with Fasciola hepatica) of fascioliasis in ruminants and in humans worldwide.[3]
The parasite infects cattle and buffalo and can also be seen regionally in goats, sheep, and donkeys.
Infection and Pathogenicity
Infection with Fasciola spp. occurs when metacercariae are accidentally ingested on raw vegetation. The metacercariae exist in the small intestine, and move through the intestinal wall and peritoneal cavity to the liver where adults mature in the biliary ducts of the liver. Eggs are passed through the bile ducts into the intestine where they are then passed in the feces.[3]
Diagnosis
Despite the importance to differentiate between the infection by either fasciolid species, due to their distinct epidemiological, pathological and control characteristics, there is, unfortunately, coprological (excretion-related) or immunological diagnosis are difficult. Especially in humans, specific detection by clinical, pathological, coprological or immunological methods are unreliable. Molecular assays are the only promising tools, such as PCR-RFLP assay,[2][6] and the very rapid loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP).[7]
Treatment
Triclabendazole is the drug of choice in fasciolosis as it is highly effective against both mature and immature flukes. Artemether has been demonstrated in vitro to equally effective.[8] Though slightly less potent, artesunate is also useful in human fasciolosis.[9]
Toxicology
The chloroform extract of the leaves and the methanol extracts of the leaves and stem of Pycnanthus angolensis exhibited considerable anthelmintic activities in vitro against Fasciola gigantica.[10]
References
This article incorporates CC-BY-3.0 text from references.[3][10]
- ^ Itagaki T, Ichinomiya M, Fukuda K, Fusyuku S, Carmona C (2011). "Hybridization experiments indicate incomplete reproductive isolating mechanism between Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica". Parasitology. 138 (10): 1278–1284. doi:10.1017/S0031182011000965. PMID 21767436.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Rokni MB, Mirhendi H, Mizani A, Mohebali M, Sharbatkhori M, Kia EB, Abdoli H, Izadi S (2010). "Identification and differentiation of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica using a simple PCR-restriction enzyme method". Experimental Parasitology. 124 (2): 209–213. doi:10.1016/j.exppara.2009.09.015. PMID 19769969.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c d e f Soliman M. F. M. (2008). "Epidemiological review of human and animal fascioliasis in Egypt". The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 2(3): 182-189. abstract. PDF
- ^ Correa AC, Escobar JS, Durand P, Renaud F, David P, Jarne P, Pointier JP, Hurtrez-Boussès S (2010). "Bridging gaps in the molecular phylogeny of the Lymnaeidae (Gastropoda: Pulmonata), vectors of Fascioliasis". BMC Evol Biol. 10: 381. doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-381. PMC 3013105. PMID 21143890.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: PMC format (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link) - ^ Dar YD, Rondelaud D, Dreyfuss G (2005). "Update of fasciolosis-transmitting snails in Egypt (review and comment)". J Egypt Soc Parasitol. 35 (2): 477–490. PMID 16083061.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ El-Rahimy HH, Mahgoub AM, El-Gebaly NS, Mousa WM, Antably AS (2012). "Molecular, biochemical, and morphometric characterization of Fasciola species potentially causing zoonotic disease in Egypt". Parasitology Research. 111 (3): 1103–111. doi:10.1007/s00436-012-2938-2. PMID 22638917.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Ai L, Li C, Elsheikha HM, Hong SJ, Chen JX, Chen SH, Li X, Cai XQ, Chen MX, Zhu XQ (2010). "Rapid identification and differentiation of Fasciola hepatica and Fasciola gigantica by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay". Veterinary Parasitology. 174 (3–4): 228–233. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.09.005. PMID 20933335.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Shalaby HA, El Namaky AH, Kamel RO (2009). "In vitro effect of artemether and triclabendazole on adult Fasciola gigantica". Veterinary Parasitology. 260 (1–2): 76–82. doi:10.1016/j.vetpar.2008.10.027. PMID 19036519.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ Hien TT, Truong NT, Minh NH, Dat HD, Dung NT, Hue NT, Dung TK, Tuan PQ, Campbell JI, Farrar JJ, Day JN (2008). "A randomized controlled pilot study of artesunate versus triclabendazole for human fascioliasis in central Vietnam". Am J Trop Med Hyg. 78 (3): 388–392. PMID 18337331.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b Onocha P. & Otunla E. (2008). "Biological activities of extracts of Pycnanthus angolensis (Welw.) Warb". African Journal of Traditional, Complementary and Alternative medicines, Abstracts of the world congress on medicinal and aromatic plants, Cape Town, November 2008. abstract
Further reading
- Template:Cite PMID And references within,
- Template:Cite PMID
- Spithill T. M., Smooker P. M. & Copeman D. B. (1999). "Fasciola gigantica: epidemiology, control, immunology and molecular biology". In Dalton J. P. (ed.). Fasciolosis. Oxin, UK.: CABI Publishing. pp. 465–525.