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{{Double helix2|Name=<big>'''Photo 51'''</big>|Photo=Photo 51.jpg|Caption=<span style="color: #ffffff">'''Photo 51''', an X-ray diffraction image of sodium salt of DNA.</span> [[Dna_structure#Alternative_double-helical_structures|B configuration]]}}
{{Double helix2|Name=<big>'''Photo 51'''</big>|Photo=Photo 51.jpg|Caption=<span style="color: #ffffff">'''Photo 51''', an X-ray diffraction image of sodium salt of DNA.</span> [[Dna_structure#Alternative_double-helical_structures|B configuration]]}}
[[Image:Photo 51 x-ray diffraction image.jpg|thumb|left|175px|''Photo 51'', showing x-ray diffraction pattern of DNA]]
[[Image:Photo 51 x-ray diffraction image.jpg|thumb|left|175px|''Photo 51'', showing x-ray diffraction pattern of DNA]]
'''Photo 51''' is the nickname given to an [[X-ray diffraction]] image of [[DNA]] taken by [[Raymond Gosling]] in May 1952<ref name="nature12806">[http://www.nature.com/news/due-credit-1.12806 "Due credit".] ''Nature'' 496, 270 (18 April 2013)</ref> in the lab of [[Rosalind Franklin]] where he was her PhD student<ref name="Kings">[http://kingscollections.org/exhibitions/archives/dna/key-discoveries/momentum/ '''DNA: the King's story''']</ref><ref name="pbs51">[http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/ '''Secret of Photo 51'''. Nova]</ref><ref name="gene">[http://books.google.com/books?id=Xwqxrh87EHcC&pg=PA85&dq=PHOTO+51+rosalind+franklin&hl=en&ei=EbTTTeaQLcTGswb1paHkAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=PHOTO%2051%20rosalind%20franklin&f=false The gene: a historical perspective] p.85. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2007</ref> at [[King's College London]] in [[John Randall (physicist)|Sir John Randall]]'s group. It was critical evidence<ref name="pbs">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/anat-flash.html |title=Anatomy of Photo 51 |last=Krock |first=Lexi |work=NOVA online |publisher=[[PBS]]|accessdate=25 July 2013}}</ref> in identifying the structure of DNA.<ref name="nature171">[[James D. Watson|Watson JD]], [[Francis Crick|Crick FHC]] (1953). "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". ''Nature'' '''171''': 737–738. [http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf Full text PDF]</ref>
'''Photo 51''' is the nickname given to an [[X-ray diffraction]] image of [[DNA]] taken by [[Raymond Gosling]] in May 1952<ref name="nature12806">{{cite journal |url=http://www.nature.com/news/due-credit-1.12806 |title=Due credit |journal=Nature |volume=496 |page=270 |date=18 April 2013 }}</ref> in the lab of [[Rosalind Franklin]] where he was her PhD student<ref name="Kings">{{cite web |url=http://kingscollections.org/exhibitions/archives/dna/key-discoveries/momentum/ |title=DNA: the King's story |publisher= }}</ref><ref name="pbs51">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/ |title=Secret of Photo 51. Nova | publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref><ref name="gene">{{cite book |url=http://books.google.com/books?id=Xwqxrh87EHcC&pg=PA85&dq=PHOTO+51+rosalind+franklin&hl=en&ei=EbTTTeaQLcTGswb1paHkAg&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=3&ved=0CEgQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=PHOTO%2051%20rosalind%20franklin&f=false |title=The gene: a historical perspective |page=85 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |year=2007 }}</ref> at [[King's College London]] in [[John Randall (physicist)|Sir John Randall]]'s group. It was critical evidence<ref name="pbs flash">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/anat-flash.html |title=Anatomy of Photo 51 |last=Krock |first=Lexi |work=NOVA online |publisher=[[PBS]] |date=22 April 2003 }}</ref> in identifying the structure of DNA. <ref name="nature171">{{cite journal |first1=James D. |last1=Watson |authorlink1=James D. Watson |first2=Francis |last2=Crick |authorlink2=Francis Crick |year=1953 |title=A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid |journal=Nature |volume=171 |pages=737–738 |url=http://www.nature.com/nature/dna50/watsoncrick.pdf |format=PDF }}</ref>


[[James Watson]] was shown the photo by [[Maurice Wilkins]] without [[Rosalind Franklin|Rosalind Franklin's]] approval or knowledge and along with [[Francis Crick]], Watson used characteristics and features of Photo 51 to develop the chemical model of DNA molecule. In 1962, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins. The prize was not awarded to Franklin; she had died 4 years earlier, making her ineligible for nomination. <ref name="bbc2895681">[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2895681.stm My aunt, the DNA pioneer] ''BBC News''. Retrieved May 18, 2011</ref>
[[James Watson]] was shown the photo by [[Maurice Wilkins]] without [[Rosalind Franklin|Rosalind Franklin's]] approval or knowledge and along with [[Francis Crick]], Watson used characteristics and features of Photo 51 to develop the chemical model of DNA molecule. In 1962, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins. The prize was not awarded to Franklin; she had died 4 years earlier, making her ineligible for nomination. <ref name="bbc2895681">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/2895681.stm |title=My aunt, the DNA pioneer |work=BBC News |date=24 April 2003 }}</ref>


The photograph provided key information that was essential for developing a model of DNA.<ref name="Maddox, Brenda 2002">Maddox, Brenda (2002). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018407-8.</ref><ref name="watson, crick 1953">Watson JD, Crick FHC (1953). "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid". Nature 171: 737–738.</ref> The diffraction pattern determined the helical nature of the double helix strands (antiparallel). The outside linings of DNA have a phosphate backbone, and codes for inheritance are inside the helix. Watson and Crick's calculations from Franklin's photography gave crucial parameters for the size and structure of the helix.
The photograph provided key information that was essential for developing a model of DNA.<ref name="Maddox, Brenda 2002">{{cite book |last=Maddox |first=Brenda |year=2002 |title=Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA |publisher=HarperCollins |ISBN=0-06-018407-8 }}</ref><ref name="nature171" /> The diffraction pattern determined the helical nature of the double helix strands (antiparallel). The outside linings of DNA have a phosphate backbone, and codes for inheritance are inside the helix. Watson and Crick's calculations from Franklin's photography gave crucial parameters for the size and structure of the helix.
<ref name="Maddox, Brenda 2002" /><ref>Maddox, pg. 199</ref><ref name="pbs_elkin">http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/elkin.html</ref>
<ref name="Maddox, Brenda 2002" /><ref name="Maddox">Maddox, pg. 199</ref><ref name="pbs_elkin">{{cite web |url=http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/photo51/elkin.html |title=Rosalind Franklin's Legacy |date=22 April 2003 |publisher=[[PBS]] }}</ref>


Photo 51 became a crucial data source<ref name="watson 1968 p167">"The instant I saw the picture my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race." -- James D. Watson (1968), ''The Double Helix'', page 167. New York: Atheneum, Library of Congress card number 68-16217. Page 168 shows the X-shaped pattern of the B-form of [[DNA]] which provided details of the helical structure of DNA to both scientists Watson and Crick.</ref> that led to the development of the DNA model and confirmed the prior postulated [[double helix|double helical]] structure of DNA, which were presented in the articles in the Nature journal by Raymond Gosling.
Photo 51 became a crucial data source<ref name="Watson 1968 p167">"The instant I saw the picture my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race." -- James D. Watson (1968), ''The Double Helix'', page 167. New York: Atheneum, Library of Congress card number 68-16217. Page 168 shows the X-shaped pattern of the B-form of [[DNA]] which provided details of the helical structure of DNA to both scientists Watson and Crick.</ref> that led to the development of the DNA model and confirmed the prior postulated [[double helix|double helical]] structure of DNA, which were presented in the articles in the Nature journal by Raymond Gosling.


As historians of science have re-examined the period during which this image was obtained, considerable controversy has arisen over both the significance of the contribution of this image to the work of Watson and Crick, as well as the methods by which they obtained the image. Franklin was hired independently of Maurice Wilkins, who, nonetheless, showed Photo 51 to Watson and Crick, without her knowledge. Whether Franklin would have deduced the structure of DNA on her own, from her own data, had Watson and Crick not obtained her image, is a hotly debated topic,<ref name="ReferenceA">Maddox, Brenda (2002). Rosalind Franklin: the dark lady of DNA. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-393-32044-8.</ref><ref name="perutz">Max Perutz and the Secret of Life. Published in the UK by Chatto & Windus (ISBN 0-7011-7695-4), and in the USA by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.</ref><ref name="wilkins">Wilkins, Wilkins, M., The Third Man of the Double Helix, an autobiography (2003) Oxford University Press, Oxford</ref> made more controversial by the negative caricature of Franklin presented in Watson's history of the research on DNA structure, ''[[The Double Helix]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="watson 1968">James D. Watson, The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (1968), Atheneum, 1980, ISBN 0-689-70602-2</ref><ref name="sayre">Sayre, Anne. Rosalind Franklin and DNA (1975), New York: W.W. Norton and Company, ISBN 0-393-32044-8</ref> Watson later admitted his distortion of Franklin in his book, noting in a preface to a later edition: "Since my initial impressions about [Franklin], both scientific and personal (as recorded in the early pages of this book) were often wrong, I want to say something here about her achievements."<ref name="watson 1980">James D. Watson, The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (1980 Norton Critical Edition), editor Gunther Stent, W.W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-95075-1.</ref>
As historians of science have re-examined the period during which this image was obtained, considerable controversy has arisen over both the significance of the contribution of this image to the work of Watson and Crick, as well as the methods by which they obtained the image. Franklin was hired independently of Maurice Wilkins, who, nonetheless, showed Photo 51 to Watson and Crick, without her knowledge. Whether Franklin would have deduced the structure of DNA on her own, from her own data, had Watson and Crick not obtained her image, is a hotly debated topic,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite book |last=Maddox |first=Brenda |year=2002 |title=Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA |publisher=HarperCollins |ISBN=0-393-32044-8 }}</ref><ref name="nature171" /><ref name="Perutz">Max Perutz and the Secret of Life. Published in the UK by Chatto & Windus (ISBN 0-7011-7695-4), and in the USA by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.</ref><ref name="Wilkins">{{cite book |last1=Wilkins |last2=Wilkins |first2=M. |title=The Third Man of the Double Helix, an autobiography |year=2003 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford }}</ref> made more controversial by the negative caricature of Franklin presented in Watson's history of the research on DNA structure, ''[[The Double Helix]]''.<ref name="ReferenceA" /><ref name="Watson 1968">{{cite book |first=James D. |last=Watson |title=The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (1968) |publisher=Atheneum |year=1980 |ISBN=0-689-70602-2 }}</ref><ref name="Sayre">{{cite book |last=Sayre |first=Anne |title=Rosalind Franklin and DNA |year=1975 |location=New York |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |ISBN=0-393-32044-8 }}</ref> Watson later admitted his distortion of Franklin in his book, noting in a preface to a later edition: "Since my initial impressions about [Franklin], both scientific and personal (as recorded in the early pages of this book) were often wrong, I want to say something here about her achievements."<ref name="Watson 1980">{{cite book |first=James D. |last=Watson |title=The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA |edition=1980 Norton Critical Edition |editor=Gunther Stent |publisher=W.W. Norton and Company |ISBN=0-393-95075-1 }}</ref>


==Cultural references==
==Cultural references==
* A play entitled ''Photograph 51'' by Anna Ziegler focuses on the role of x-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the structure of DNA.<ref>{{citation
* A play entitled ''Photograph 51'' by Anna Ziegler focuses on the role of x-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the structure of DNA.<ref name="SA">{{citation
|last=Kuchment |first=Anna |date=January 2011 | year = 2011 | accessdate = 27 March 2011
|last=Kuchment |first=Anna |date=January 2011 |year=2011
|title=For Whom the Nobel Tolls: An evening out with James Watson and colleagues
|title=For Whom the Nobel Tolls: An evening out with James Watson and colleagues
| periodical = Scientific American |publisher=Nature America | volume = 304 |issue=1 | page = 27
|periodical=Scientific American |publisher=Nature America | volume=304 |issue=1 |page=27
|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=for-whom-the-nobel-tolls }}</ref> This play won the 3rd ''[[Scientists, Technologists and Artists Generating Exploration|STAGE]]'' International Script Competition, and a film version is being produced by [[Darren Aronofsky]], [[Rachel Weisz]] and Ari Handel.<ref name="variety">{{cite news |title=Six get Tribeca Sloan grants|author=Gordon Cox |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118035337 |publisher=Variety|accessdate = 25 October 2011 |date=12 April 2011}}</ref>
|url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=for-whom-the-nobel-tolls }}</ref> This play won the 3rd ''[[Scientists, Technologists and Artists Generating Exploration|STAGE]]'' International Script Competition, and a film version is being produced by [[Darren Aronofsky]], [[Rachel Weisz]] and Ari Handel.<ref name="variety">{{cite news |title=Six get Tribeca Sloan grants |first=Gordon |last=Cox |url=http://www.variety.com/article/VR1118035337 |publisher=Variety |date=12 April 2011 }}</ref>


{{clear}}
{{clear}}

Revision as of 21:12, 3 August 2013

Double helix
Photo 51, showing x-ray diffraction pattern of DNA

Photo 51 is the nickname given to an X-ray diffraction image of DNA taken by Raymond Gosling in May 1952[1] in the lab of Rosalind Franklin where he was her PhD student[2][3][4] at King's College London in Sir John Randall's group. It was critical evidence[5] in identifying the structure of DNA. [6]

James Watson was shown the photo by Maurice Wilkins without Rosalind Franklin's approval or knowledge and along with Francis Crick, Watson used characteristics and features of Photo 51 to develop the chemical model of DNA molecule. In 1962, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to Watson, Crick and Wilkins. The prize was not awarded to Franklin; she had died 4 years earlier, making her ineligible for nomination. [7]

The photograph provided key information that was essential for developing a model of DNA.[8][6] The diffraction pattern determined the helical nature of the double helix strands (antiparallel). The outside linings of DNA have a phosphate backbone, and codes for inheritance are inside the helix. Watson and Crick's calculations from Franklin's photography gave crucial parameters for the size and structure of the helix. [8][9][10]

Photo 51 became a crucial data source[11] that led to the development of the DNA model and confirmed the prior postulated double helical structure of DNA, which were presented in the articles in the Nature journal by Raymond Gosling.

As historians of science have re-examined the period during which this image was obtained, considerable controversy has arisen over both the significance of the contribution of this image to the work of Watson and Crick, as well as the methods by which they obtained the image. Franklin was hired independently of Maurice Wilkins, who, nonetheless, showed Photo 51 to Watson and Crick, without her knowledge. Whether Franklin would have deduced the structure of DNA on her own, from her own data, had Watson and Crick not obtained her image, is a hotly debated topic,[12][6][13][14] made more controversial by the negative caricature of Franklin presented in Watson's history of the research on DNA structure, The Double Helix.[12][15][16] Watson later admitted his distortion of Franklin in his book, noting in a preface to a later edition: "Since my initial impressions about [Franklin], both scientific and personal (as recorded in the early pages of this book) were often wrong, I want to say something here about her achievements."[17]

Cultural references

  • A play entitled Photograph 51 by Anna Ziegler focuses on the role of x-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin in the discovery of the structure of DNA.[18] This play won the 3rd STAGE International Script Competition, and a film version is being produced by Darren Aronofsky, Rachel Weisz and Ari Handel.[19]

References

  1. ^ "Due credit". Nature. 496: 270. 18 April 2013.
  2. ^ "DNA: the King's story".
  3. ^ "Secret of Photo 51. Nova". PBS.
  4. ^ The gene: a historical perspective. Greenwood Publishing Group. 2007. p. 85.
  5. ^ Krock, Lexi (22 April 2003). "Anatomy of Photo 51". NOVA online. PBS.
  6. ^ a b c Watson, James D.; Crick, Francis (1953). "A Structure for Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid" (PDF). Nature. 171: 737–738.
  7. ^ "My aunt, the DNA pioneer". BBC News. 24 April 2003.
  8. ^ a b Maddox, Brenda (2002). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-018407-8.
  9. ^ Maddox, pg. 199
  10. ^ "Rosalind Franklin's Legacy". PBS. 22 April 2003.
  11. ^ "The instant I saw the picture my mouth fell open and my pulse began to race." -- James D. Watson (1968), The Double Helix, page 167. New York: Atheneum, Library of Congress card number 68-16217. Page 168 shows the X-shaped pattern of the B-form of DNA which provided details of the helical structure of DNA to both scientists Watson and Crick.
  12. ^ a b Maddox, Brenda (2002). Rosalind Franklin: The Dark Lady of DNA. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-393-32044-8.
  13. ^ Max Perutz and the Secret of Life. Published in the UK by Chatto & Windus (ISBN 0-7011-7695-4), and in the USA by the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press.
  14. ^ Wilkins; Wilkins, M. (2003). The Third Man of the Double Helix, an autobiography. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  15. ^ Watson, James D. (1980). The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (1968). Atheneum. ISBN 0-689-70602-2.
  16. ^ Sayre, Anne (1975). Rosalind Franklin and DNA. New York: W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-32044-8.
  17. ^ Watson, James D. Gunther Stent (ed.). The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (1980 Norton Critical Edition ed.). W.W. Norton and Company. ISBN 0-393-95075-1. {{cite book}}: |edition= has extra text (help)
  18. ^ Kuchment, Anna (January 2011), "For Whom the Nobel Tolls: An evening out with James Watson and colleagues", Scientific American, vol. 304, no. 1, Nature America, p. 27{{citation}}: CS1 maint: date and year (link)
  19. ^ Cox, Gordon (12 April 2011). "Six get Tribeca Sloan grants". Variety.
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