Colorado potato beetle: Difference between revisions
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==History== |
==History== |
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The beetle was discovered in 1824 by [[Thomas Say]] from specimens collected in the [[Rocky Mountains]] on buffalo-bur, ''[[Solanum rostratum]]''. The origin of the beetle is somewhat unclear, but it seems that [[Colorado]] and [[Mexico]] are a part of its native distribution in southwestern North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/potato_beetles.htm|title=Featured creatures: ''Leptinotarsa'' spp.|author=University of Florida (2007)|accessdate=11 August 2008}}</ref> In about 1840, the species adopted the cultivated potato into its host range and it rapidly became a most destructive pest of potato crops. The large scale use of insecticides in agricultural crops effectively controlled the pest until it became resistant to [[DDT]] in the 1950s. Other pesticides have since been used but the insect has, over time, developed resistance to them all.<ref>{{ |
The beetle was discovered in 1824 by [[Thomas Say]] from specimens collected in the [[Rocky Mountains]] on buffalo-bur, ''[[Solanum rostratum]]''. The origin of the beetle is somewhat unclear, but it seems that [[Colorado]] and [[Mexico]] are a part of its native distribution in southwestern North America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://entomology.ifas.ufl.edu/creatures/veg/leaf/potato_beetles.htm|title=Featured creatures: ''Leptinotarsa'' spp.|author=University of Florida (2007)|accessdate=11 August 2008}}</ref> In about 1840, the species adopted the cultivated potato into its host range and it rapidly became a most destructive pest of potato crops. The large scale use of insecticides in agricultural crops effectively controlled the pest until it became resistant to [[DDT]] in the 1950s. Other pesticides have since been used but the insect has, over time, developed resistance to them all.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=J D Hare |year=1990 |month=Jan |title=Ecology and Management of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Annual Review of Entomology |journal=Annual Reviews |url=http://www.annualreviews.org/doi/abs/10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000501 |volume=35 |pages=81–100 |doi=10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000501 |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> |
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==Life cycle== |
==Life cycle== |
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==As a crop pest== |
==As a crop pest== |
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[[File:Aardappelvijand nr. 1, De coloradokever Weeknummer 47-37 - Open Beelden - 14387.ogv|thumb|Dutch newsreel from 1947]] |
[[File:Aardappelvijand nr. 1, De coloradokever Weeknummer 47-37 - Open Beelden - 14387.ogv|thumb|Dutch newsreel from 1947]] |
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Colorado beetles are a serious pest of potatoes. They may also cause significant damage to tomatoes and eggplants. Both adults and larvae feed on foliage and may skeletonize the crop. [[Insecticide]]s are currently the main method of beetle control on commercial farms. However, many chemicals are often unsuccessful when used against this pest because of the beetle's ability to rapidly develop insecticide [[pesticide resistance|resistance]]. The Colorado potato beetle has developed resistance to all major insecticide classes, although not every population is resistant to every chemical.<ref>{{ |
Colorado beetles are a serious pest of potatoes. They may also cause significant damage to tomatoes and eggplants. Both adults and larvae feed on foliage and may skeletonize the crop. [[Insecticide]]s are currently the main method of beetle control on commercial farms. However, many chemicals are often unsuccessful when used against this pest because of the beetle's ability to rapidly develop insecticide [[pesticide resistance|resistance]]. The Colorado potato beetle has developed resistance to all major insecticide classes, although not every population is resistant to every chemical.<ref>{{Cite journal |author=Alyokhin, A., M. Baker, D. Mota-Sanchez, G. Dively, E. Grafius. |year=2008 |title=Colorado potato beetle resistance to insecticides |journal=American Journal of Potato Research |volume=85 |issue=6 |pages=395–413 |doi=10.1007/s12230-008-9052-0 |url=http://www.potatobeetle.org/AJPR_Review.html |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}</ref> In the [[United Kingdom]], where the Colorado beetle is a rare visitor on imported farm produce, it is a notifiable pest: any found must be reported to [[DEFRA]]. |
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High fecundity usually allows Colorado potato beetle populations to withstand natural enemy pressure. Still, in the absence of insecticides natural enemies can sometimes reach densities capable of reducing Colorado potato beetle numbers below economically damaging levels. A ground beetle, ''[[Lebia grandis]]'' is a predator of the eggs and larvae and its larvae are [[parasitoid]]s of the Colorado beetle's pupae. ''[[Beauveria bassiana]]'' (Hyphomycetes) is a pathogenic fungus that infects a wide range of insect species, including the Colorado potato beetle. It is probably the most widely used natural enemy of the Colorado potato beetle, with readily available commercial formulations that can be applied using a regular pesticide sprayer. |
High fecundity usually allows Colorado potato beetle populations to withstand natural enemy pressure. Still, in the absence of insecticides natural enemies can sometimes reach densities capable of reducing Colorado potato beetle numbers below economically damaging levels. A ground beetle, ''[[Lebia grandis]]'' is a predator of the eggs and larvae and its larvae are [[parasitoid]]s of the Colorado beetle's pupae. ''[[Beauveria bassiana]]'' (Hyphomycetes) is a pathogenic fungus that infects a wide range of insect species, including the Colorado potato beetle. It is probably the most widely used natural enemy of the Colorado potato beetle, with readily available commercial formulations that can be applied using a regular pesticide sprayer. |
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[[Image:kartoffelkaefer fg01e.jpg|right|thumb|Native ranges of the Colorado beetle and the potato]] |
[[Image:kartoffelkaefer fg01e.jpg|right|thumb|Native ranges of the Colorado beetle and the potato]] |
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{{Ref improve section|date=December 2010}} |
{{Ref improve section|date=December 2010}} |
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In 1877, the Colorado beetle reached Germany where it was eradicated. During or immediately following WWI, it became established near USA military bases in Bordeaux and proceeded to spread by the beginning of WWII to Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. The population increased dramatically during and immediately following WWII and spread eastward, and the beetle is now found over much of the continent. After World War II, in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, almost half of all potato fields were infested by the beetle by 1950. The GDR government made the claim that the beetles were dropped by American planes. in East Germany they were known as ''Amikäfer'' (Yankee beetles). In the EU it remains a regulated (quarantine) pest for the UK, Republic of Ireland, Balearic Islands, Cyprus, Malta and southern parts of Sweden and Finland. It is not [[Endemism|endemic]] in any of these Member States, although occasional infestations occur, as in Finland in the summer of 2011, when strong winds blew from Russia, where the species is endemic.<ref>[http://yle.fi/alueet/hame/2011/08/koloradonkuoriainen_hyppyyttaa_tarkastajia_perunapelloilla_2764545.html Koloradonkuoriainen hyppyyttää tarkastajia perunapelloilla] YLE news {{fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://books.google. |
In 1877, the Colorado beetle reached Germany where it was eradicated. During or immediately following WWI, it became established near USA military bases in Bordeaux and proceeded to spread by the beginning of WWII to Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. The population increased dramatically during and immediately following WWII and spread eastward, and the beetle is now found over much of the continent. After World War II, in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, almost half of all potato fields were infested by the beetle by 1950. The GDR government made the claim that the beetles were dropped by American planes. in East Germany they were known as ''Amikäfer'' (Yankee beetles). In the EU it remains a regulated (quarantine) pest for the UK, Republic of Ireland, Balearic Islands, Cyprus, Malta and southern parts of Sweden and Finland. It is not [[Endemism|endemic]] in any of these Member States, although occasional infestations occur, as in Finland in the summer of 2011, when strong winds blew from Russia, where the species is endemic.<ref>[http://yle.fi/alueet/hame/2011/08/koloradonkuoriainen_hyppyyttaa_tarkastajia_perunapelloilla_2764545.html Koloradonkuoriainen hyppyyttää tarkastajia perunapelloilla] YLE news {{fi}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | url = http://books.google.com/?id=anFVftxuYboC&pg=PA101 | title = Schauplätze und Themen der Umweltgeschichte : Umwelthistorische Miszellen aus dem Graduiertenkolleg | isbn = 9783941875234 | author1 = Herrmann | first1 = Bernd | year = 2009}}</ref> |
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==Philately== |
==Philately== |
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Revision as of 07:57, 23 September 2013
- "Potato beetle" redirects here. This can also refer to similar Chrysomelidae, e.g. Lema trilineata.
| Colorado potato beetle | |
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| Species: | L. decemlineata
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| Binomial name | |
| Leptinotarsa decemlineata | |
The Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), also known as the Colorado beetle, the ten-striped spearman, the ten-lined potato beetle or the potato bug, is an important pest of potato crops. It is approximately 10 millimetres (0.39 in) long, with a bright yellow/orange body and five bold brown stripes along the length of each of its elytra. It can easily be confused with its close cousin and look-alike, the false potato beetle.
History
The beetle was discovered in 1824 by Thomas Say from specimens collected in the Rocky Mountains on buffalo-bur, Solanum rostratum. The origin of the beetle is somewhat unclear, but it seems that Colorado and Mexico are a part of its native distribution in southwestern North America.[2] In about 1840, the species adopted the cultivated potato into its host range and it rapidly became a most destructive pest of potato crops. The large scale use of insecticides in agricultural crops effectively controlled the pest until it became resistant to DDT in the 1950s. Other pesticides have since been used but the insect has, over time, developed resistance to them all.[3]
Life cycle
Colorado potato beetle females are very prolific; they can lay as many as 800 eggs. The eggs are yellow to orange, and are about 1 mm long. They are usually deposited in batches of about 30 on the underside of host leaves. Development of all life stages depends on temperature. After 4–15 days, the eggs hatch into reddish-brown larvae with humped backs and two rows of dark brown spots on either side. They feed on the leaves. Larvae progress through four distinct growth stages (instars). First instars are about 1.5 mm long; the fourth is about 8 millimetres (0.31 in) long. The larvae in the accompanying picture are third instars. The first through third instars each last about 2–3 days; the fourth, 4–7 days. Upon reaching full size, each fourth instar spends an additional several days as a non-feeding prepupa, which can be recognized by its inactivity and lighter coloration. The prepupae drop to the soil and burrow to a depth of several inches, then pupate. Depending on temperature, light-regime and host quality, the adults may emerge in a few weeks to continue the life cycle, or enter diapause and delay emergence until spring. They then return to their host plant to mate and feed. In some locations, three or more generations may occur each growing season.
As a crop pest
Colorado beetles are a serious pest of potatoes. They may also cause significant damage to tomatoes and eggplants. Both adults and larvae feed on foliage and may skeletonize the crop. Insecticides are currently the main method of beetle control on commercial farms. However, many chemicals are often unsuccessful when used against this pest because of the beetle's ability to rapidly develop insecticide resistance. The Colorado potato beetle has developed resistance to all major insecticide classes, although not every population is resistant to every chemical.[4] In the United Kingdom, where the Colorado beetle is a rare visitor on imported farm produce, it is a notifiable pest: any found must be reported to DEFRA.
High fecundity usually allows Colorado potato beetle populations to withstand natural enemy pressure. Still, in the absence of insecticides natural enemies can sometimes reach densities capable of reducing Colorado potato beetle numbers below economically damaging levels. A ground beetle, Lebia grandis is a predator of the eggs and larvae and its larvae are parasitoids of the Colorado beetle's pupae. Beauveria bassiana (Hyphomycetes) is a pathogenic fungus that infects a wide range of insect species, including the Colorado potato beetle. It is probably the most widely used natural enemy of the Colorado potato beetle, with readily available commercial formulations that can be applied using a regular pesticide sprayer.
In Europe
 | This section needs additional citations for verification. (December 2010) |
In 1877, the Colorado beetle reached Germany where it was eradicated. During or immediately following WWI, it became established near USA military bases in Bordeaux and proceeded to spread by the beginning of WWII to Belgium, the Netherlands and Spain. The population increased dramatically during and immediately following WWII and spread eastward, and the beetle is now found over much of the continent. After World War II, in the Soviet occupation zone of Germany, almost half of all potato fields were infested by the beetle by 1950. The GDR government made the claim that the beetles were dropped by American planes. in East Germany they were known as Amikäfer (Yankee beetles). In the EU it remains a regulated (quarantine) pest for the UK, Republic of Ireland, Balearic Islands, Cyprus, Malta and southern parts of Sweden and Finland. It is not endemic in any of these Member States, although occasional infestations occur, as in Finland in the summer of 2011, when strong winds blew from Russia, where the species is endemic.[5][6]
Philately
The Austrian postal authority featured the beetle on a 1967 stamp.[7] The beetle also appeared on stamps issued in Benin, Tanzania, the United Arab Emirates, and Mozambique.[8]
The Belgian postal authority featured a drawing of the Colorado beetle and larvae on a 1934 and 1935 propaganda postcard.
In Media
The beetle is documented in the documentary The Botany of Desire.[citation needed]
References
- ^ "Leptinotarsa decemlineata". Integrated Taxonomic Information System.
- ^ University of Florida (2007). "Featured creatures: Leptinotarsa spp". Retrieved 11 August 2008.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link) - ^ J D Hare (1990). "Ecology and Management of the Colorado Potato Beetle, Annual Review of Entomology". Annual Reviews. 35: 81–100. doi:10.1146/annurev.en.35.010190.000501Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter|month=ignored (help)CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Alyokhin, A., M. Baker, D. Mota-Sanchez, G. Dively, E. Grafius. (2008). "Colorado potato beetle resistance to insecticides". American Journal of Potato Research. 85 (6): 395–413. doi:10.1007/s12230-008-9052-0Template:Inconsistent citations
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) CS1 maint: postscript (link) - ^ Koloradonkuoriainen hyppyyttää tarkastajia perunapelloilla YLE news
- ^ Herrmann, Bernd (2009). "Schauplätze und Themen der Umweltgeschichte : Umwelthistorische Miszellen aus dem Graduiertenkolleg". ISBN 9783941875234.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ James L. Skaptason. "Skaps' bug stamps". Retrieved 1 May 2006.
- ^ Memorabilia
External links
- PotatoBeetle.org
- Insect Olfaction of Plant Odour: Colorado Potato Beetle and Aphid Studies
- Whalonlab link
- Colorado potato beetle threatens Dutch potatoes
- Polish Film Chronicle: Fight against Colorado Beetle Example (edit | talk | history | links | [//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Example&action=watch watch | logs)]
- potato beetles, Leptinotarsa spp. on the UF / IFAS Featured Creatures Web site