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Retained the original content and added a citation. Added a broader overview with morphological description and several sections on the taxonomy, diversity, ecology, and ethnomycology of the genus. Added additional species to the taxonomy box.
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| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision_ranks = Species
| subdivision =
| subdivision =
''[[Rhizopogon albidus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon ater]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon amylopogon]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon amylopogon]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon atroviolaceus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon brunneniger]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon ellenae]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon evadens]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon fulvigleba]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon fulvigleba]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon fuscorubens]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon hawkerae]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon luteolus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon luteolus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon rubescens]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon nigrescens]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon occidentalis]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon ochraceorubens]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon parksii]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon pedicellus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon roseolus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon roseolus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon salebrosus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon subareolatus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon subaustralis]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon subcaerulescens]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon subcaerulescens]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon subpurpurascens]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon subsalmonius]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon succosus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon togasawariana]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon truncatus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon vesiculosus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon villosulus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon villosulus]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon vinicolor]]''<br />
''[[Rhizopogon vinicolor]]''<br />
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...
...
}}
}}

⚫
'''''Rhizopogon''''' is a [[genus]] of [[hypogeous]] [[Basidiomycetes]]. Recent [[wikt:micromorphological|micromorphological]] and [[molecular phylogenetic]] study has established that ''Rhizopogon'' is a member of the [[Boletales]], closely related to ''[[Suillus]]''.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Manfred Binder & David S. Hibbett |year=2006 |title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=971–981 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971 |pmid=17486973}}</ref> All species of ''Rhizopogon'' are [[mycorrhiza#Types of mycorrhiza|ectomycorrhizal]] and are thought to play an important role in the ecology of [[coniferous forests]]. ''[[Rhizopogon luteolus|R.&nbsp;luteolus]]'' was deliberately introduced into ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' plantations in [[Western Australia]] to improve tree growth in the early part of the 20th century.
'''''Rhizopogon''''' is a [[genus]] of [[ectomycorrhizae|ectomycorrhizal]] [[Basidiomycetes]] that form [[sporocarp (fungi)|hypogeous sporocarps]] commonly referred to as [[false truffle|“false truffles”]]. The general morphological characters of ''Rhizopogon'' sporocarps are a [[wikt:simplex|simplex]] or [[wikt:duplex|duplex]] [[peridium]] surrounding a [[locule|loculate]] [[gleba]] that lacks a [[sporangium#Internal_structures|columnella]]. [[Basidiospores]] are produced upon [[basidia]] that are borne within the fungal [[hymenium]] that coats the interior surface of gleba locules. The peridium is often adorned with thick mycelial cords, also known as [[rhizomorph|rhizomorphs]], that attach the sporocarp to the surrounding substrate. The scientific name [[Rhizopogon]] is greek for 'root' (Rhiz-) 'beard' (-pogon) and this name was given in reference to the rhizmorphs found on sporocarps of many species. <br />
⚫
''Rhizopogon'' are primarily found in ectomycorrhizal association with trees in the family [[Pinaceae]] and are especially common [[wikt:symbiont|symbionts]] of [[pine]], [[fir]], and [[Douglas fir]] trees. Through their ectomycorrhizal relationships ''Rhizopogon'' are thought to play an important role in the ecology of [[coniferous forests]]. Recent [[wikt:micromorphological|micromorphological]] and [[molecular phylogenetics|molecular phylogenetic]] study has established that ''Rhizopogon'' is a member of the [[Boletales]] , closely related to ''[[Suillus]]''<ref>{{cite journal |author=Manfred Binder & David S. Hibbett |year=2006 |title=Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=98 |issue=6 |pages=971–981 |doi=10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971 |pmid=17486973}}</ref>
==Taxonomy and Diversity==
[[File:2009-09-17 Rhizopogon obtextus 76099.jpg|thumb|left|alt=An image of ''Rhizopogon luteolus'' (''=obtextus'') showing rhizomorphs with attached substrate.|A sporocarp of ''Rhizopogon luteolus'' (''=obtextus'') showing rhizomorphs with adhering substrate]]
===Historical Classification===
The genus ''Rhizopogon'' occurs throughout the natural and introduced ranges of family Pinaceae trees. Though this range covers much of the [[temperate climate|northern temperate zones]], the diversity of ''Rhizopogon'' species is well characterized only in [[North America]] and [[Europe]]. There are currently over 150 recognized species of Rhizopogon. The morphology of Rhizopogon species is highly cryptic and characters vary greatly throughout sporocarp maturity. This has led to the description of multiple species from various developmental stages of a single fungus.<br />
The genus ''Rhizopogon'' was first described from Europe by [[Elias Magnus Fries]] in 1817<ref>{{cite book |last=Fries |first=Elias Magnus |date=1817 |title=Symbolae Gasteromycorum |location=Lundae |publisher= Ex officina Berlingiana}}</ref>. The North American [[monograph#Usage#Taxonomy_(systematic_biology)|monograph]] was produced by [[Alexander H. Smith]] in 1966<ref>{{cite journal |author= Smith AH, Zeller SM| year=1966 |title=A Preliminary Account of the North American Species of ''Rhizopogon'' |journal=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden |volume=14 |issue=2 |pages=1-178 | url= http://name.umdl.umich.edu/AJN6347.0001.001}}</ref> with second author credits given [[wikt:posthumous|posthumously]] to [[Sanford Myron Zeller]] due to his contributions to the study of the genus. A European monograph of ''Rhizopogon'' has also been published<ref>{{cite book |last=Martín |first=MP |date=1996 |title=The Genus Rhizopogon in Europe |location=Barcelona, Spain |publisher= BCG | pages= 173 p. | isbn= 8992161700}}</ref>. In the recent past, molecular phylogenetic methods have allowed the revision of the taxonomic concepts of the genus ''Rhizopogon''<ref name="grubisha">{{cite journal |author=Grubisha LC, Trappe JM, Molina R, Spatafora JW |year=2002 |title=Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus ''Rhizopogon''. VI. Re-examination of infrageneric relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=607-619| pmid=21156534}}</ref>

===Modern Classification===

Modern taxonomic concepts of the genus ''Rhizopogon'' recognize 5 subgenera of ''Rhizopogon''<ref name="grubisha" />. These are subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Rhizopogon|Rhizopogon]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Versicolores|Versicolores]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Villosuli|Villosuli]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Amylopogon|Amylopogon]]'', subgenus ''[[Rhizopogon subgenus Roseoli|Roseoli]]''.

==Ecology==
[[File:2010-05-14 Rhizopogon roseolus 2.jpg|thumb|right|alt=An image of ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' showing a close up of gleba locules.|A sporocarp of ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' in cross section showing a close up of the gleba locules]]
===Mammalian diet and spore dispersal===
''Rhizopogon'' species have been established as a common component in the diet of many small mammals <ref>{{cite journal |author=Maser C, Maser Z |year=1988 |title=Interactions among squirrels, mycorrhizal fungi, and coniferous forests in Oregon |journal=Western North American Naturalist |volume=48 |issue=3 |pages=358-369}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Izzo AD, Meyer M, Trappe JM, North M, Bruns TD |year=2005 |title=Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed conifer forest |journal=Forest Science |volume=51 |issue=3 |pages=243-254}}</ref> as well as deer<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ashkannehhad S and Horton TR |year=2006 |title=Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving ''Pinus contorta'', suilloid fungi and deer |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=169 |issue=2 |pages=345-354| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x | pmid=16411937}}</ref> in Western North America. The viability of ''Rhizopogon spores'' is maintained <ref name="colgan">{{cite journal |author=Colgan III W, Claridge AW |year=2002 |title=Mycorrhizal effectiveness of ''Rhizopogon'' spores recovered from faecal pellets of small forest-dwelling mammals |journal=[[Mycological Research]] |volume=106 |issue=3 |pages=314–320| doi=10.1017/S0953756202005634}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author= Kotter M, Farentinos RC |year=1984 |title=Formations of Ponderosa pine ectomycorrhizae after inoculation with feces of tassel-earred squirrels |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=76 |issue=2 |pages=758-760 |doi=10.2307/3793237 }}</ref> and may even be increased after mammalian gut passage <ref name="colgan" />, making mammals an important [[dispersal vector]] for ''Rhizopogon''.

===Disturbance ecology===
''Rhizopogon'' species are common members of the fungal communities that colonize the roots of trees during seedling establishment and persist into old growth stands <ref>{{cite journal |author=Twieg BD, Durall DM, Simard SW |year=2007 |title=Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in mixed temperate forests|journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=176 |issue=2 |pages=437-447| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02173.x | pmid=17888121 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Molina |first1=R |last2=Trappe |first2=JM |last3=Grubisha |first3=LC |last4=Spatafora |first4=JW |editor1-last= Cairney |editor1-first=JWG |editor1-last= Chambers |editor1-first=SM |date=1999 |title=Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Key Genera in Profile | chapter=''Rhizopogon'' |location= Heidelberg |publisher= Springer Berlin | pages= 129-161 |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-06827-4_5 |isbn= 978-3-642-08490-4 }}</ref>. ''Rhizopogon'' spores are long lived in soil and the spores of some species can persist for at least 4 years with an increase in viability over time<ref>{{cite journal |author= Bruns, TD, Peay KG, Boynton PJ, Grubisha LC, Hynson NA, Nguyen NH, Rosenstock NP |year=2009 |title=Inoculum potential of ''Rhizopogon'' spores increases with time over the first 4 yr of a 99-yr spore burial experiment |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=181 |issue=2 |pages=463-470 |doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02652.x | pmid= 9121040}}</ref>. ''Rhizopogon'' seems to be especially common upon the roots of establishing tree seedlings following disturbance such as fire<ref name="baar">{{cite journal |author= Baar J., Horton T.R., Kretzer A.M., Bruns T.D. |year=1999 |title=Mycorrhizal colonization of ''Pinus muricata'' from resistant propagules after a stand-replacing wildfire |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=143 |pages=409–418 |issue=2 |doi=10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00452.x}}</ref> or logging<ref>{{cite journal |author=Luoma DL, Stockdale CA, Molina R, Eberhart JL |year=2006 |title=The spatial influence of ''Pseudotsuga menziesii'' retention trees on ectomycorrhiza diversity |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]] |volume=36 |issue=10 |pages=2561-2573| doi=10.1139/x06-143 }}</ref>. ''Rhizopogon'' are also abundant colonizers of pot cultivated<ref>{{cite journal |author=Taylor DL, Bruns TD|year=1999 |title=Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a ''Pinus muricata'' forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities |journal=[[Molecular Ecology]] |volume=8 |issue=11 |pages=1837–1850| doi=10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00773.x}}</ref><ref name="baar" /><ref>{{cite journal |author=Kjøller R, Bruns TD |year=2003 |title=''Rhizopogon'' spore bank communities within and among California pine forests |journal=[[Mycologia]] |volume=95 |issue=4 |pages=603-613| pmid=21148969 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Murata M, Kinoshita A, Nara K |year=2013 |title=Revisiting the host effect on ectomycorrhizal fungal communities: implications from host–fungal associations in relict ''Pseudotsuga japonica'' forests |journal=Mycorrhiza |volume=23 |issue=8 |pages=641-653| doi=10.1007/s00572-013-0504-0 | pmid=23702643}}</ref> and field cultivated <ref name="baar" /> conifer seedlings growing in soil from conifer stands that lacked observations of ''Rhizopogon'' upon the roots of mature trees. These finding suggest that ''Rhizopogon'' species are an important factor in the recovery of conifer forests following disturbance.

==[[Ethnomycology]]==

===Forestry===
The first intentional use of ''Rhizopogon'' species in forestry occurred in the early part of the 20th century when ''[[Rhizopogon luteolus]]'' was deliberately introduced into ''[[Pinus radiata]]'' plantations in [[Western Australia]] after it was observed to improve tree growth <ref>{{cite journal |author= Kessel SL |year=1927 |title=Soil organisms. The dependence of certain pine species on a biological soil factor. |journal=Empire Forestry Journal |volume=6 |pages=70-74}}</ref>. Since that time, ''Rhizopogon'' species have been widely studied as a component of managed forests. ''Rhizopogon'' species have been noted as common members of the ectomycorrhizal community colonizing tree roots of pine and Douglas-fir timber plantations<ref>{{cite journal |author=Molina R, Trappe JM |year=1994 |title=Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus, ''Rhizopogon'' I. Host associations, host-specificity and pure culture syntheses |journal=[[New Phytologist]] |volume=126 |issue=4 |pages=653-675| doi=10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb02961.x}}</ref>. Naturally occuring ''Rhizopogon roseolus'' (''=rubescens'') spores have even been shown to out-compete the spores of other ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine plantations even when competing spores were directly inoculated onto seedlings<ref>{{cite journal |author=Karkouri KE, Martin F, Mousain D |year=2002 |title=Dominance of the mycorrhizal fungus ''Rhizopogon rubescens'' in a plantation of ''Pinus pinea'' seedlings inoculated with ''Suillus collinitus'' |journal=Annals of Forest Science |volume=59 |issue=2 |pages=197-204| doi=10.1051/forest:2002006}}</ref>. The survival rate and performance of pine<ref>{{cite journal |author= Steinfield D, Amaranthus M, Cazares E |year=2003 |title=Survival of Ponderosa pine (''Pinus ponderosa'' Dougl. ex Laws) seedlings outplanted with ''Rhizopogon'' mycorrhizae inoculated with spores at the nursery |journal=Journal of Arborculture |volume=29 |issue=4 |pages=4197-208}}</ref> and Douglas-fir<ref>{{cite journal |author= Castellano MA, Trappe JM |year=1985 |title=Ectomycorrhizal formation and plantation performance of Douglas-fir nursery stock inoculated with ''Rhizopogon'' spores |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Forest Research]] |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=613-617 |doi=10.1139/x85-100}}</ref> plantation seedlings are increased after inoculation with ''Rhizopogon'' species.

===Gastronomy===

Though many species of ''Rhizopogon'' are considered edible, most are not held in high culinary esteem<ref>{{cite book |last1=Trappe |first1=M |last2=Evans |first12=F |last3=Trappe |first3=J |date=2007 |title=Field guide to North American Truffles |location=Berkeley, CA |publisher= Ten Speed Press | pages= 136 p. |isbn= 1580088627 }}</ref>. A notable exception is ''[[Rhizopogon roseolus]]'' (''=rubenscens'') which is considered a delicacy in east Asia and especially in [[Japan]] where it is traditionally known as Shoro<ref name="yun">{{cite journal |author= Yun W, Hall IR |year=2004 |title=Edible ectomycorrhizal mushrooms: challenges and achievements |journal=[[Canadian Journal of Botany]] |volume=82 |issue=8 |pages=1063-1073 |doi=10.1139/b04-051}}</ref>. Techniques for the commercial cultivation of this fungus in pine plantations have been developed and applied with successful results in Japan and [[New Zealand]]<ref name="yun" />.


==References==
==References==
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[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]
[[Category:Rhizopogonaceae]]

{{Boletales-stub}}

Revision as of 23:23, 5 March 2014

Rhizopogon
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Fungi
Division:
Basidiomycota
Class:
Basidiomycetes
Order:
Boletales
Suborder:
Suillineae
Family:
Rhizopogonaceae
Genus:
Rhizopogon

Fr. (1817)
Type species
Rhizopogon luteolus
Fr. & Nordholm (1817)
Species

Rhizopogon albidus
Rhizopogon ater
Rhizopogon amylopogon
Rhizopogon atroviolaceus
Rhizopogon brunneniger
Rhizopogon ellenae
Rhizopogon evadens
Rhizopogon fulvigleba
Rhizopogon fuscorubens
Rhizopogon hawkerae
Rhizopogon luteolus
Rhizopogon nigrescens
Rhizopogon occidentalis
Rhizopogon ochraceorubens
Rhizopogon parksii
Rhizopogon pedicellus
Rhizopogon roseolus
Rhizopogon salebrosus
Rhizopogon subareolatus
Rhizopogon subaustralis
Rhizopogon subcaerulescens
Rhizopogon subpurpurascens
Rhizopogon subsalmonius
Rhizopogon succosus
Rhizopogon togasawariana
Rhizopogon truncatus
Rhizopogon vesiculosus
Rhizopogon villosulus
Rhizopogon vinicolor
Rhizopogon vulgaris
...

Rhizopogon is a genus of ectomycorrhizal Basidiomycetes that form hypogeous sporocarps commonly referred to as “false truffles”. The general morphological characters of Rhizopogon sporocarps are a simplex or duplex peridium surrounding a loculate gleba that lacks a columnella. Basidiospores are produced upon basidia that are borne within the fungal hymenium that coats the interior surface of gleba locules. The peridium is often adorned with thick mycelial cords, also known as rhizomorphs, that attach the sporocarp to the surrounding substrate. The scientific name Rhizopogon is greek for 'root' (Rhiz-) 'beard' (-pogon) and this name was given in reference to the rhizmorphs found on sporocarps of many species.
Rhizopogon are primarily found in ectomycorrhizal association with trees in the family Pinaceae and are especially common symbionts of pine, fir, and Douglas fir trees. Through their ectomycorrhizal relationships Rhizopogon are thought to play an important role in the ecology of coniferous forests. Recent micromorphological and molecular phylogenetic study has established that Rhizopogon is a member of the Boletales , closely related to Suillus[1]

Taxonomy and Diversity

An image of Rhizopogon luteolus (=obtextus) showing rhizomorphs with attached substrate.
A sporocarp of Rhizopogon luteolus (=obtextus) showing rhizomorphs with adhering substrate

Historical Classification

The genus Rhizopogon occurs throughout the natural and introduced ranges of family Pinaceae trees. Though this range covers much of the northern temperate zones, the diversity of Rhizopogon species is well characterized only in North America and Europe. There are currently over 150 recognized species of Rhizopogon. The morphology of Rhizopogon species is highly cryptic and characters vary greatly throughout sporocarp maturity. This has led to the description of multiple species from various developmental stages of a single fungus.
The genus Rhizopogon was first described from Europe by Elias Magnus Fries in 1817[2]. The North American monograph was produced by Alexander H. Smith in 1966[3] with second author credits given posthumously to Sanford Myron Zeller due to his contributions to the study of the genus. A European monograph of Rhizopogon has also been published[4]. In the recent past, molecular phylogenetic methods have allowed the revision of the taxonomic concepts of the genus Rhizopogon[5]

Modern Classification

Modern taxonomic concepts of the genus Rhizopogon recognize 5 subgenera of Rhizopogon[5]. These are subgenus Rhizopogon, subgenus Versicolores, subgenus Villosuli, subgenus Amylopogon, subgenus Roseoli.

Ecology

An image of Rhizopogon roseolus showing a close up of gleba locules.
A sporocarp of Rhizopogon roseolus in cross section showing a close up of the gleba locules

Mammalian diet and spore dispersal

Rhizopogon species have been established as a common component in the diet of many small mammals [6][7] as well as deer[8] in Western North America. The viability of Rhizopogon spores is maintained [9][10] and may even be increased after mammalian gut passage [9], making mammals an important dispersal vector for Rhizopogon.

Disturbance ecology

Rhizopogon species are common members of the fungal communities that colonize the roots of trees during seedling establishment and persist into old growth stands [11][12]. Rhizopogon spores are long lived in soil and the spores of some species can persist for at least 4 years with an increase in viability over time[13]. Rhizopogon seems to be especially common upon the roots of establishing tree seedlings following disturbance such as fire[14] or logging[15]. Rhizopogon are also abundant colonizers of pot cultivated[16][14][17][18] and field cultivated [14] conifer seedlings growing in soil from conifer stands that lacked observations of Rhizopogon upon the roots of mature trees. These finding suggest that Rhizopogon species are an important factor in the recovery of conifer forests following disturbance.

Ethnomycology

Forestry

The first intentional use of Rhizopogon species in forestry occurred in the early part of the 20th century when Rhizopogon luteolus was deliberately introduced into Pinus radiata plantations in Western Australia after it was observed to improve tree growth [19]. Since that time, Rhizopogon species have been widely studied as a component of managed forests. Rhizopogon species have been noted as common members of the ectomycorrhizal community colonizing tree roots of pine and Douglas-fir timber plantations[20]. Naturally occuring Rhizopogon roseolus (=rubescens) spores have even been shown to out-compete the spores of other ectomycorrhizal fungi in pine plantations even when competing spores were directly inoculated onto seedlings[21]. The survival rate and performance of pine[22] and Douglas-fir[23] plantation seedlings are increased after inoculation with Rhizopogon species.

Gastronomy

Though many species of Rhizopogon are considered edible, most are not held in high culinary esteem[24]. A notable exception is Rhizopogon roseolus (=rubenscens) which is considered a delicacy in east Asia and especially in Japan where it is traditionally known as Shoro[25]. Techniques for the commercial cultivation of this fungus in pine plantations have been developed and applied with successful results in Japan and New Zealand[25].

References

  1. ^ Manfred Binder & David S. Hibbett (2006). "Molecular systematics and biological diversification of Boletales". Mycologia. 98 (6): 971–981. doi:10.3852/mycologia.98.6.971. PMID 17486973.
  2. ^ Fries, Elias Magnus (1817). Symbolae Gasteromycorum. Lundae: Ex officina Berlingiana.
  3. ^ Smith AH, Zeller SM (1966). "A Preliminary Account of the North American Species of Rhizopogon". Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden. 14 (2): 1–178.
  4. ^ Martín, MP (1996). The Genus Rhizopogon in Europe. Barcelona, Spain: BCG. pp. 173 p. ISBN 8992161700.
  5. ^ a b Grubisha LC, Trappe JM, Molina R, Spatafora JW (2002). "Biology of the ectomycorrhizal genus Rhizopogon. VI. Re-examination of infrageneric relationships inferred from phylogenetic analyses of ITS sequences". Mycologia. 94 (4): 607–619. PMID 21156534.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Maser C, Maser Z (1988). "Interactions among squirrels, mycorrhizal fungi, and coniferous forests in Oregon". Western North American Naturalist. 48 (3): 358–369.
  7. ^ Izzo AD, Meyer M, Trappe JM, North M, Bruns TD (2005). "Hypogeous ectomycorrhizal fungal species on roots and in small mammal diet in a mixed conifer forest". Forest Science. 51 (3): 243–254.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Ashkannehhad S and Horton TR (2006). "Ectomycorrhizal ecology under primary succession on coastal sand dunes: interactions involving Pinus contorta, suilloid fungi and deer". New Phytologist. 169 (2): 345–354. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01593.x. PMID 16411937.
  9. ^ a b Colgan III W, Claridge AW (2002). "Mycorrhizal effectiveness of Rhizopogon spores recovered from faecal pellets of small forest-dwelling mammals". Mycological Research. 106 (3): 314–320. doi:10.1017/S0953756202005634.
  10. ^ Kotter M, Farentinos RC (1984). "Formations of Ponderosa pine ectomycorrhizae after inoculation with feces of tassel-earred squirrels". Mycologia. 76 (2): 758–760. doi:10.2307/3793237.
  11. ^ Twieg BD, Durall DM, Simard SW (2007). "Ectomycorrhizal fungal succession in mixed temperate forests". New Phytologist. 176 (2): 437–447. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2007.02173.x. PMID 17888121.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Molina, R; Trappe, JM; Grubisha, LC; Spatafora, JW (1999). "Rhizopogon". In Chambers, SM (ed.). Ectomycorrhizal Fungi Key Genera in Profile. Heidelberg: Springer Berlin. pp. 129–161. doi:10.1007/978-3-662-06827-4_5. ISBN 978-3-642-08490-4.
  13. ^ Bruns, TD, Peay KG, Boynton PJ, Grubisha LC, Hynson NA, Nguyen NH, Rosenstock NP (2009). "Inoculum potential of Rhizopogon spores increases with time over the first 4 yr of a 99-yr spore burial experiment". New Phytologist. 181 (2): 463–470. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02652.x. PMID 9121040.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  14. ^ a b c Baar J., Horton T.R., Kretzer A.M., Bruns T.D. (1999). "Mycorrhizal colonization of Pinus muricata from resistant propagules after a stand-replacing wildfire". New Phytologist. 143 (2): 409–418. doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00452.x.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ Luoma DL, Stockdale CA, Molina R, Eberhart JL (2006). "The spatial influence of Pseudotsuga menziesii retention trees on ectomycorrhiza diversity". Canadian Journal of Forest Research. 36 (10): 2561–2573. doi:10.1139/x06-143.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  16. ^ Taylor DL, Bruns TD (1999). "Community structure of ectomycorrhizal fungi in a Pinus muricata forest: minimal overlap between the mature forest and resistant propagule communities". Molecular Ecology. 8 (11): 1837–1850. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294x.1999.00773.x.
  17. ^ Kjøller R, Bruns TD (2003). "Rhizopogon spore bank communities within and among California pine forests". Mycologia. 95 (4): 603–613. PMID 21148969.
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