Infection in childcare: Difference between revisions
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[[File:Sneeze.JPG|thumb|right|If a sick person who does not cover their sneeze may spread infection, especially in a childcare environment]] |
[[File:Sneeze.JPG|thumb|right|If a sick person who does not cover their sneeze may spread infection, especially in a childcare environment]] |
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Infection happens because of individuals bringing infections into a childcare environment and spreading infectious agents within that environment, which children then contact and become at risk for infection. Increased risk of infection is related to practices of those in the childcare environment, and infection risk can be reduced by taking precautions. Practices which reduce the likelihood of spreading infection include encouraging [[hand washing]] in all present, providing [[facial tissue]] to cover sneezes, doing food preparation in a place separate from other activity, cleaning and using a [[disinfectant]] on surfaces people touch, and among groups using diapers, having good practices to change and dispose of diapers while cleaning children and the changing area.<ref name=Nesti/> |
Infection happens because of individuals bringing infections into a childcare environment and spreading infectious agents within that environment, which children then contact and become at risk for infection. Increased risk of infection is related to practices of those in the childcare environment, and infection risk can be reduced by taking precautions. Practices which reduce the likelihood of spreading infection include encouraging [[hand washing]] in all present, providing [[facial tissue]] to cover sneezes, doing food preparation in a place separate from other activity, cleaning and using a [[disinfectant]] on surfaces people touch, and among groups using diapers, having good practices to change and dispose of diapers while cleaning children and the changing area.<ref name=Nesti/> |
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==Treatment== |
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Childcare infections can be treated just as infections acquired outside of childcare, however, there are pressures on sick children to begin taking [[unnecessary health care]] even against the advice of health care providers. |
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Children who attend childcare are twice as likely to take an antibiotic when sick as children who do not attend childcare.<ref name="Rooshenas>{{cite journal|last1=Rooshenas|first1=L|last2=Wood|first2=F|last3=Brookes-Howell|first3=L|last4=Evans|first4=MR|last5=Butler|first5=CC|title=The influence of children's day care on antibiotic seeking: a mixed methods study.|journal=The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners|date=2014 May|volume=64|issue=622|pages=e302-12|pmid=24771845}}</ref> This is because child care providers wish to host children who are not sick, and consequently pressure parents to seek antibiotics or other treatment even when it is against the advice of health care providers.<ref name="Rooshenas/> In turn, parents feel compelled to seek this treatment for their children to please the care providers even if it is against the advice of their health care provider.<ref name="Rooshenas/> |
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==Society and culture== |
==Society and culture== |
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Families in which parents take time off work to care for their sick children instead of sending them to childcare services may be harmed by missing the loss of work hours and pay.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McCutcheon|first1=H|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=M|title=The public health problem of acute respiratory illness in childcare.|journal=Journal of clinical nursing|date=2001 May|volume=10|issue=3|pages=305-10|pmid=11820539}}</ref> |
Families in which parents take time off work to care for their sick children instead of sending them to childcare services may be harmed by missing the loss of work hours and pay.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=McCutcheon|first1=H|last2=Fitzgerald|first2=M|title=The public health problem of acute respiratory illness in childcare.|journal=Journal of clinical nursing|date=2001 May|volume=10|issue=3|pages=305-10|pmid=11820539}}</ref> Some research has suggested that when parents have paid leave from work to tend to sick children then they are less likely to give their children antibiotics unless they are sure that it is recommended by a health care provider.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Thrane|first1=N|last2=Olesen|first2=C|last3=Md|first3=JT|last4=Søndergaard|first4=C|last5=Schønheyder|first5=HC|last6=Sørensen|first6=HT|title=Influence of day care attendance on the use of systemic antibiotics in 0- to 2-year-old children.|journal=Pediatrics|date=2001 May|volume=107|issue=5|pages=E76|pmid=11331726}}</ref> |
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==References== |
==References== |
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Revision as of 16:06, 11 July 2014
Childcare infection is the spread of infection during childcare, typically because of contact among children in daycare or school.
Mechanism of transmission
Flu and respiratory tract infection are lessened in groups which use frequent hand washing, but the actual pathway through which the diseases spread is unclear except for the fact that hands are part of it[1]
Diseases related to the human gastrointestinal tract, like diarrhea or other enteric illness, often spread through the fecal-oral route and are especially common in places where children have not completed toilet training.[2] Diapers, confined spaces for changing diapers, and the unhygienic habits of children contribute to the spread of these infections.[2] Bacterial infections most often spread through person to person contact, while eating food, or through the presence of animals.[2] It is difficult to determine how viral agents causing enteric illness spread.[2] Reviews of Helicobacter pylori have been unable to determine how it spreads during childcare, but have confirmed that it does easily spread in childcare environments, and that it is difficult to make recommendations for preventing it.[3]
Epidemiology
Childcare infection is a public health concern because it harms the health of individual children and the infections which children get during childcare also may be spread within their homes and communities away from the childcare.[4] Generally, children who attend childcare are 2-3 times more likely to acquire an infection than children who do not use such services.[4]
Prevention
Infection happens because of individuals bringing infections into a childcare environment and spreading infectious agents within that environment, which children then contact and become at risk for infection. Increased risk of infection is related to practices of those in the childcare environment, and infection risk can be reduced by taking precautions. Practices which reduce the likelihood of spreading infection include encouraging hand washing in all present, providing facial tissue to cover sneezes, doing food preparation in a place separate from other activity, cleaning and using a disinfectant on surfaces people touch, and among groups using diapers, having good practices to change and dispose of diapers while cleaning children and the changing area.[4]
Treatment
Childcare infections can be treated just as infections acquired outside of childcare, however, there are pressures on sick children to begin taking unnecessary health care even against the advice of health care providers.
Children who attend childcare are twice as likely to take an antibiotic when sick as children who do not attend childcare.[5] This is because child care providers wish to host children who are not sick, and consequently pressure parents to seek antibiotics or other treatment even when it is against the advice of health care providers.[5] In turn, parents feel compelled to seek this treatment for their children to please the care providers even if it is against the advice of their health care provider.[5]
Society and culture
Families in which parents take time off work to care for their sick children instead of sending them to childcare services may be harmed by missing the loss of work hours and pay.[6] Some research has suggested that when parents have paid leave from work to tend to sick children then they are less likely to give their children antibiotics unless they are sure that it is recommended by a health care provider.[7]
References
- ^ Warren-Gash, C; Fragaszy, E; Hayward, AC (2013 Sep). "Hand hygiene to reduce community transmission of influenza and acute respiratory tract infection: a systematic review". Influenza and other respiratory viruses. 7 (5): 738–49. PMID 23043518.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c d Lee, MB; Greig, JD (2008 Oct). "A review of enteric outbreaks in child care centers: effective infection control recommendations". Journal of environmental health. 71 (3): 24–32, 46. PMID 18990930.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Bastos, J; Carreira, H; La Vecchia, C; Lunet, N (2013 Jul). "Childcare attendance and Helicobacter pylori infection: systematic review and meta-analysis". European journal of cancer prevention : the official journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP). 22 (4): 311–9. PMID 23242007.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Nesti, MM; Goldbaum, M (2007 Jul-Aug). "Infectious diseases and daycare and preschool education". Jornal de pediatria. 83 (4): 299–312. PMID 17632670.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ a b c Rooshenas, L; Wood, F; Brookes-Howell, L; Evans, MR; Butler, CC (2014 May). "The influence of children's day care on antibiotic seeking: a mixed methods study". The British journal of general practice : the journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 64 (622): e302-12. PMID 24771845.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ McCutcheon, H; Fitzgerald, M (2001 May). "The public health problem of acute respiratory illness in childcare". Journal of clinical nursing. 10 (3): 305–10. PMID 11820539.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help) - ^ Thrane, N; Olesen, C; Md, JT; Søndergaard, C; Schønheyder, HC; Sørensen, HT (2001 May). "Influence of day care attendance on the use of systemic antibiotics in 0- to 2-year-old children". Pediatrics. 107 (5): E76. PMID 11331726.
{{cite journal}}: Check date values in:|date=(help)
External links
- Day care health risks at MedLine Plus
- Respiratory Tract Infections in Children, a Merck Manual guide for patients and caregivers