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'''Uncharacterized protein C9orf84''', also known as C9orf84, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the '''''C9orf84''''' gene, which stands for Chromosome 9 open reading frame 84. C9orf84 is currently poorly understood by the scientific community.
'''Uncharacterized protein C9orf84''', also known as C9orf84, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the '''''C9orf84''''' gene, which stands for Chromosome 9 open reading frame 84.


[[File:C9orf84 Predicted Structure.jpg|thumb|right|alt=verbal caption|Partial predicted structure for C9orf84]]
[[File:C9orf84 Predicted Structure.jpg|thumb|right|alt=verbal caption|Partial predicted structure for C9orf84]]


==Gene==
==Gene==
The chromosomal locus of C9orf84 is 9q31.3, which it shares with at least 115 other protein encoding genes, and it is located on the negative strand.<ref>{{cite web|title=1) C9orf84 chromosome 9 open reading frame 84 [ Homo sapiens (human) ].|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/158401|website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Homo sapiens (human) Map Location: 9q31|url=http://www.genscript.com/cgi-bin/orf/browse.pl?species=9606&type=locus&chromosome=9&locus=9q31|website=GenScript}}</ref> In humans it contains 34 exons, and it is 108,834 base pairs long, including introns and exons. C9orf84 is located between the protein encoding genes ''GNG10'' and ''[[UGCG]]''. When this gene is transcribed in humans, it most often forms a mRNA which is 4,721 base pairs long and contains 26 exons. There are at least 13 alternate splice forms of C9orf84, with more predicted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Homo sapiens complex locus C9orf84, encoding chromosome 9 open reading frame 84|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ieb/research/acembly/av.cgi?db=human&term=c9orf84&submit=Go|website=AceView}}</ref> Currently, there are no aliases for C9orf84.
The chromosomal locus of C9orf84 is 9q31.3, which it shares with at least 115 other protein encoding genes, and it is located on the negative strand.<ref>{{cite web|title=1) C9orf84 chromosome 9 open reading frame 84 [ Homo sapiens (human) ].|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/gene/158401|website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Homo sapiens (human) Map Location: 9q31|url=http://www.genscript.com/cgi-bin/orf/browse.pl?species=9606&type=locus&chromosome=9&locus=9q31|website=GenScript}}</ref> In humans it contains 34 exons, and it is 108,834 base pairs long, including introns and exons. C9orf84 is located between the protein encoding genes ''GNG10'' and ''[[UGCG]]''. When this gene is transcribed in humans, it most often forms a mRNA which is 4,721 base pairs long and contains 26 exons. There are at least 13 alternate splice forms of C9orf84, with more predicted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Homo sapiens complex locus C9orf84, encoding chromosome 9 open reading frame 84|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ieb/research/acembly/av.cgi?db=human&term=c9orf84&submit=Go|website=AceView}}</ref>


==Protein==
==Protein==
C9orf84 in humans has at least 6 alternate isoforms, with at least 10 more predicted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protein Search C9orf84|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/?term=c9orf84|website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref> The primarily used sequence in humans is C9orf84 Isoform 1. This isoform is 1444 aa long, contains 26 exons, has a predicted molecular weight of 165.190 kDa, and a predicted pI of 5.10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Compute pI/MW|url=http://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/|website=ExPASy}}</ref>
C9orf84 in humans has at least 6 alternate isoforms, with at least 10 more predicted.<ref>{{cite web|title=Protein Search C9orf84|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/?term=c9orf84|website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref> The primarily used sequence in humans is C9orf84 Isoform 1. This isoform is 1444 aa long, contains 26 exons, has a predicted molecular weight of 165.190 kDa, and a predicted pI of 5.10.<ref>{{cite web|title=Compute pI/MW|url=http://web.expasy.org/compute_pi/|website=ExPASy}}</ref>


C9orf84 undergoes several post-translational modifications, including [[glycosylation]] and [[o-linked glycosylation]], [[phosphorylation]], and it contains leucine-rich [[nuclear export signal]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=NetGlycate|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetGlycate/|website=Center for Biological Sequence Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NetOGlyc|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc/|website=Center for Biological Sequence Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NetPhos|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetPhos/|website=Center for Biological Sequence Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NetNES|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNES/|website=Center for Biological Sequence Analysis}}</ref> Compared to the generic reference set swp23s.q, the primary structure of the protein is deficient in the amino acid grouping AGP (alanine, glycine, proline), and contains more acidic amino acids (glutamate, aspartate) than basic amino acids (lysine, arginine).<ref>{{cite web|title=SAPS|url=http://seqtool.sdsc.edu/CGI/BW.cgi#!|website=SDSC Biology WorkBench}}</ref> This is true for the protein in all vertebrates. In the human Isoform 1, there have been 220 identified single nucleotide polymorphisms detected in the coding region, but none have currently been linked to human disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=SNP linked to Gene (geneID:158401) Via Contig Annotation|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?showRare=on&chooseRs=coding&locusId=158401&mrna=NM_173521.4&ctg=NT_008470.20&prot=NP_775792.4&orien=reverse&refresh=refresh|website=NCBI dbSNP}}</ref> The secondary structure of this protein is predicted to be mainly alpha-helices in roughly the first two thirds of the protein, and coils in the last third.<ref>{{cite web|title=PELE|url=http://seqtool.sdsc.edu/CGI/BW.cgi#!|website=SDSC Biology WorkBench}}</ref> It is predicted that this protein is localized in the nucleus.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSORTII|url=http://www.psort.org|website=PSORT}}</ref>
C9orf84 has been show to undergo [[phosphorylation]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Wu|first1=X.|last2=Tian|first2=L.|last3=Li|first3=J.|last4=Zhang|first4=Y.|last5=Han|first5=V.|last6=Li|first6=Y.|last7=Xu|first7=X.|last8=Li|first8=H.|last9=Chen|first9=X.|last10=Chen|first10=J.|last11=Jin|first11=W.|last12=Xie|first12=Y.|last13=Han|first13=J.|last14=Zhong|first14=C.-Q.|title=Investigation of Receptor interacting protein (RIP3)-dependent Protein Phosphorylation by Quantitative Phosphoproteomics|journal=Molecular & Cellular Proteomics|date=30 August 2012|volume=11|issue=12|pages=1640–1651|doi=10.1074/mcp.M112.019091}}</ref> It is predicted that C9orf84 undergoes several other post-translational modifications, including [[glycosylation]] and [[o-linked glycosylation]], and it contains leucine-rich [[nuclear export signal]]s.<ref>{{cite web|title=NetGlycate|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetGlycate/|website=Center for Biological Sequence Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NetOGlyc|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetOGlyc/|website=Center for Biological Sequence Analysis}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=NetNES|url=http://www.cbs.dtu.dk/services/NetNES/|website=Center for Biological Sequence Analysis}}</ref> Compared to the generic reference set swp23s.q, the primary structure of the protein is deficient in the amino acid grouping AGP (alanine, glycine, proline), and contains more acidic amino acids (glutamate, aspartate) than basic amino acids (lysine, arginine).<ref>{{cite web|title=SAPS|url=http://seqtool.sdsc.edu/CGI/BW.cgi#!|website=SDSC Biology WorkBench}}</ref> This is true for the protein in all vertebrates. In the human Isoform 1, there have been 220 identified single nucleotide polymorphisms detected in the coding region, but none have currently been linked to human disease.<ref>{{cite web|title=SNP linked to Gene (geneID:158401) Via Contig Annotation|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/snp_ref.cgi?showRare=on&chooseRs=coding&locusId=158401&mrna=NM_173521.4&ctg=NT_008470.20&prot=NP_775792.4&orien=reverse&refresh=refresh|website=NCBI dbSNP}}</ref> The secondary structure of this protein is predicted to be mainly alpha-helices in roughly the first two thirds of the protein, and coils in the last third.<ref>{{cite web|title=PELE|url=http://seqtool.sdsc.edu/CGI/BW.cgi#!|website=SDSC Biology WorkBench}}</ref> It is predicted that this protein is localized in the nucleus.<ref>{{cite web|title=PSORTII|url=http://www.psort.org|website=PSORT}}</ref>


===Expression===
===Expression===
C9orf84 is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues with higher than average expression in the testes, the kidney, the thymus, and the adrenal gland.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dezso|first1=Z|last2=Nikolsky|first2=Y|last3=Sviridov|first3=E|last4=Shi|first4=W|last5=Serebriyskaya|first5=T|last6=Dosymbekov|first6=D|last7=Bugrim|first7=A|last8=Rakhmatulin|first8=E|last9=Brennan|first9=RJ|last10=Guryanov|first10=A|last11=Li|first11=K|last12=Blake|first12=J|last13=Samaha|first13=RR|last14=Nikolskaya|first14=T|title=A comprehensive functional analysis of tissue specificity of human gene expression.|journal=BMC biology|date=12 November 2008|volume=6|pages=49|pmid=19014478}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Shyamsundar|first1=R|last2=Kim|first2=YH|last3=Higgins|first3=JP|last4=Montgomery|first4=K|last5=Jorden|first5=M|last6=Sethuraman|first6=A|last7=van de Rijn|first7=M|last8=Botstein|first8=D|last9=Brown|first9=PO|last10=Pollack|first10=JR|title=A DNA microarray survey of gene expression in normal human tissues.|journal=Genome biology|date=2005|volume=6|issue=3|pages=R22|pmid=15774023}}</ref>
C9orf84 is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues with higher than average expression in the testes, the kidney, the thymus, and the adrenal gland.<ref>{{cite web|title=C9orf84 Various Normal Tissues|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS3113:219866|website=NCBI Geo Profiles}}</ref>


The promoter for C9orf84 Isoform 1 in humans is 639 bp long and overlaps with the 5’ untranslated region of the gene. There are four alternate promoters that promote different transcript variants.<ref>{{cite web|title=ElDorado|url=https://www.genomatix.de/cgi-bin//eldorado/eldorado.pl?s=e4ba4958ea7919d972a9344cacb22bbe|website=Genomatix}}</ref>
The promoter for C9orf84 Isoform 1 in humans is 639 bp long and overlaps with the 5’ untranslated region of the gene. There are four alternate promoters that promote different transcript variants.<ref>{{cite web|title=ElDorado|url=https://www.genomatix.de/cgi-bin//eldorado/eldorado.pl?s=e4ba4958ea7919d972a9344cacb22bbe|website=Genomatix}}</ref>


===Interactions===
===Interactions===
C9orf84 has been experimentally determined, through a two hybrid pooling approach, to interact with [[methionine aminopeptidase]], a protein encoded by the ''maP3'' gene in ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''.<ref>{{cite web|title=IntAct Molecular Interaction Database|url=http://www.ebi.ac.uk/intact/|website=IntAct}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Q81JU4 - Q81JU4_BACAN|url=http://www.uniprot.org/uniprot/Q81JU4|website=UniProt}}</ref>
C9orf84 has been experimentally determined, through a two hybrid pooling approach, to interact with [[methionine aminopeptidase]], a protein encoded by the ''maP3'' gene in ''[[Bacillus anthracis]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Dyer|first1=Matthew D.|last2=Neff|first2=Chris|last3=Dufford|first3=Max|last4=Rivera|first4=Corban G.|last5=Shattuck|first5=Donna|last6=Bassaganya-Riera|first6=Josep|last7=Murali|first7=T. M.|last8=Sobral|first8=Bruno W.|last9=Rénia|first9=Laurent|title=The Human-Bacterial Pathogen Protein Interaction Networks of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis|journal=PLoS ONE|date=9 August 2010|volume=5|issue=8|pages=e12089|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0012089}}</ref>


Several of the most common and most conserved transcription factor binding sites families that are predicted to be found in C9orf84’s promoter region are ETS1 factors, Ccaat/Enhancer Binding Proteins, and Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1.<ref>{{cite web|title=MatInspector|url=https://www.genomatix.de/cgi-bin//matinspector_prof/mat_fam.pl?s=a282f7a8051627d48f10a37aa2a1d175|website=Genomatix}}</ref> [[ETS1]], [[Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins]], and [[Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1]] are all related to immunity.
Several of the most common and most conserved transcription factor binding sites families that are predicted to be found in C9orf84’s promoter region are ETS1 factors, Ccaat/Enhancer Binding Proteins, and Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1.<ref>{{cite web|title=MatInspector|url=https://www.genomatix.de/cgi-bin//matinspector_prof/mat_fam.pl?s=a282f7a8051627d48f10a37aa2a1d175|website=Genomatix}}</ref> [[ETS1]], [[Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins]], and [[Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1]] are all related to immunity.


==Evolutionary History==
==Evolutionary History==
C9orf84 is the only gene in the human genome with its particular sequence.<ref>{{cite web|title=BLAT Search Genome|url=https://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQblat.html|website=UCSC Genome Bioinformatics}}</ref> This gene is found in all vertebrates, including chimpanzees, cows, dogs, mice, rats, and frogs, and some invertebrates. The most distant ortholog detectable by NCBI BLAST is in ''Nematostella vectensis'' ([[starlet sea anemone]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=BLAST|url=http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi|website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref> The closest plant ortholog to C9orf84 is the SHOC1 protein in ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Macaisne|first1=Nicolas|last2=Novatchkova|first2=Maria|last3=Peirera|first3=Lucie|last4=Vezon|first4=Daniel|last5=Jolivet|first5=Sylvie|last6=Froger|first6=Nicole|last7=Chelysheva|first7=Liudmila|last8=Grelon|first8=Mathilde|last9=Mercier|first9=Raphaël|title=SHOC1, an XPF Endonuclease-Related Protein, Is Essential for the Formation of Class I Meiotic Crossovers|journal=Current Biology|date=September 2008|volume=18|issue=18|pages=1432–1437|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.041}}</ref> C9orf84 is not very well conserved even among mammals, with sequence identity scored reaching only 60% in less related mammals.
C9orf84 is the only gene in the human genome with its particular sequence.<ref>{{cite web|title=BLAT Search Genome|url=https://genome.ucsc.edu/FAQ/FAQblat.html|website=UCSC Genome Bioinformatics}}</ref> This gene is found in all vertebrates, and some invertebrates. The most distant ortholog detectable by NCBI BLAST is in ''Nematostella vectensis'' ([[starlet sea anemone]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=BLAST|url=http://blast.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Blast.cgi|website=National Center for Biotechnology Information}}</ref> The closest plant ortholog to C9orf84 is the SHOC1 protein in ''[[Arabidopsis thaliana]]''.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Macaisne|first1=Nicolas|last2=Novatchkova|first2=Maria|last3=Peirera|first3=Lucie|last4=Vezon|first4=Daniel|last5=Jolivet|first5=Sylvie|last6=Froger|first6=Nicole|last7=Chelysheva|first7=Liudmila|last8=Grelon|first8=Mathilde|last9=Mercier|first9=Raphaël|title=SHOC1, an XPF Endonuclease-Related Protein, Is Essential for the Formation of Class I Meiotic Crossovers|journal=Current Biology|date=September 2008|volume=18|issue=18|pages=1432–1437|doi=10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.041}}</ref> C9orf84 is not very well conserved even among mammals.


==Clinical Significance==
==Clinical Significance==
C9orf84 is highly upregulated in psoriasis patients with lesional skin as opposed to psoriasis patients with non-lesional skin and non-psoriasis patients.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Nair|first1=RP|last2=Duffin|first2=KC|last3=Helms|first3=C|last4=Ding|first4=J|last5=Stuart|first5=PE|last6=Goldgar|first6=D|last7=Gudjonsson|first7=JE|last8=Li|first8=Y|last9=Tejasvi|first9=T|last10=Feng|first10=BJ|last11=Ruether|first11=A|last12=Schreiber|first12=S|last13=Weichenthal|first13=M|last14=Gladman|first14=D|last15=Rahman|first15=P|last16=Schrodi|first16=SJ|last17=Prahalad|first17=S|last18=Guthery|first18=SL|last19=Fischer|first19=J|last20=Liao|first20=W|last21=Kwok|first21=PY|last22=Menter|first22=A|last23=Lathrop|first23=GM|last24=Wise|first24=CA|last25=Begovich|first25=AB|last26=Voorhees|first26=JJ|last27=Elder|first27=JT|last28=Krueger|first28=GG|last29=Bowcock|first29=AM|last30=Abecasis|first30=GR|last31=Collaborative Association Study of|first31=Psoriasis|title=Genome-wide scan reveals association of psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-kappaB pathways.|journal=Nature genetics|date=February 2009|volume=41|issue=2|pages=199-204|pmid=19169254}}</ref>
C9orf84 is highly upregulated in psoriasis patients with lesional skin as opposed to psoriasis patients with non-lesional skin and non-psoriasis patients.<ref>{{cite web|title=C9orf84 Psoriasis lesional and non-lesional skin|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/tools/profileGraph.cgi?ID=GDS4602:233504_at|website=NCBI Geo Profiles}}</ref>


==References==
==References==

Revision as of 21:39, 9 May 2015

Uncharacterized protein C9orf84, also known as C9orf84, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the C9orf84 gene, which stands for Chromosome 9 open reading frame 84.

verbal caption
Partial predicted structure for C9orf84

Gene

The chromosomal locus of C9orf84 is 9q31.3, which it shares with at least 115 other protein encoding genes, and it is located on the negative strand.[1][2] In humans it contains 34 exons, and it is 108,834 base pairs long, including introns and exons. C9orf84 is located between the protein encoding genes GNG10 and UGCG. When this gene is transcribed in humans, it most often forms a mRNA which is 4,721 base pairs long and contains 26 exons. There are at least 13 alternate splice forms of C9orf84, with more predicted.[3]

Protein

C9orf84 in humans has at least 6 alternate isoforms, with at least 10 more predicted.[4] The primarily used sequence in humans is C9orf84 Isoform 1. This isoform is 1444 aa long, contains 26 exons, has a predicted molecular weight of 165.190 kDa, and a predicted pI of 5.10.[5]

C9orf84 has been show to undergo phosphorylation.[6] It is predicted that C9orf84 undergoes several other post-translational modifications, including glycosylation and o-linked glycosylation, and it contains leucine-rich nuclear export signals.[7][8][9] Compared to the generic reference set swp23s.q, the primary structure of the protein is deficient in the amino acid grouping AGP (alanine, glycine, proline), and contains more acidic amino acids (glutamate, aspartate) than basic amino acids (lysine, arginine).[10] This is true for the protein in all vertebrates. In the human Isoform 1, there have been 220 identified single nucleotide polymorphisms detected in the coding region, but none have currently been linked to human disease.[11] The secondary structure of this protein is predicted to be mainly alpha-helices in roughly the first two thirds of the protein, and coils in the last third.[12] It is predicted that this protein is localized in the nucleus.[13]

Expression

C9orf84 is ubiquitously expressed in most tissues with higher than average expression in the testes, the kidney, the thymus, and the adrenal gland.[14][15]

The promoter for C9orf84 Isoform 1 in humans is 639 bp long and overlaps with the 5’ untranslated region of the gene. There are four alternate promoters that promote different transcript variants.[16]

Interactions

C9orf84 has been experimentally determined, through a two hybrid pooling approach, to interact with methionine aminopeptidase, a protein encoded by the maP3 gene in Bacillus anthracis.[17]

Several of the most common and most conserved transcription factor binding sites families that are predicted to be found in C9orf84’s promoter region are ETS1 factors, Ccaat/Enhancer Binding Proteins, and Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1.[18] ETS1, Ccaat-enhancer-binding proteins, and Lymphoid enhancer-binding factor 1 are all related to immunity.

Evolutionary History

C9orf84 is the only gene in the human genome with its particular sequence.[19] This gene is found in all vertebrates, and some invertebrates. The most distant ortholog detectable by NCBI BLAST is in Nematostella vectensis (starlet sea anemone).[20] The closest plant ortholog to C9orf84 is the SHOC1 protein in Arabidopsis thaliana.[21] C9orf84 is not very well conserved even among mammals.

Clinical Significance

C9orf84 is highly upregulated in psoriasis patients with lesional skin as opposed to psoriasis patients with non-lesional skin and non-psoriasis patients.[22]

References

  1. ^ "1) C9orf84 chromosome 9 open reading frame 84 [ Homo sapiens (human) ]". National Center for Biotechnology Information. {{cite web}}: horizontal tab character in |title= at position 3 (help)
  2. ^ "Homo sapiens (human) Map Location: 9q31". GenScript.
  3. ^ "Homo sapiens complex locus C9orf84, encoding chromosome 9 open reading frame 84". AceView.
  4. ^ "Protein Search C9orf84". National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  5. ^ "Compute pI/MW". ExPASy.
  6. ^ Wu, X.; Tian, L.; Li, J.; Zhang, Y.; Han, V.; Li, Y.; Xu, X.; Li, H.; Chen, X.; Chen, J.; Jin, W.; Xie, Y.; Han, J.; Zhong, C.-Q. (30 August 2012). "Investigation of Receptor interacting protein (RIP3)-dependent Protein Phosphorylation by Quantitative Phosphoproteomics". Molecular & Cellular Proteomics. 11 (12): 1640–1651. doi:10.1074/mcp.M112.019091.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  7. ^ "NetGlycate". Center for Biological Sequence Analysis.
  8. ^ "NetOGlyc". Center for Biological Sequence Analysis.
  9. ^ "NetNES". Center for Biological Sequence Analysis.
  10. ^ "SAPS". SDSC Biology WorkBench.
  11. ^ "SNP linked to Gene (geneID:158401) Via Contig Annotation". NCBI dbSNP.
  12. ^ "PELE". SDSC Biology WorkBench.
  13. ^ "PSORTII". PSORT.
  14. ^ Dezso, Z; Nikolsky, Y; Sviridov, E; Shi, W; Serebriyskaya, T; Dosymbekov, D; Bugrim, A; Rakhmatulin, E; Brennan, RJ; Guryanov, A; Li, K; Blake, J; Samaha, RR; Nikolskaya, T (12 November 2008). "A comprehensive functional analysis of tissue specificity of human gene expression". BMC biology. 6: 49. PMID 19014478.
  15. ^ Shyamsundar, R; Kim, YH; Higgins, JP; Montgomery, K; Jorden, M; Sethuraman, A; van de Rijn, M; Botstein, D; Brown, PO; Pollack, JR (2005). "A DNA microarray survey of gene expression in normal human tissues". Genome biology. 6 (3): R22. PMID 15774023.
  16. ^ "ElDorado". Genomatix.
  17. ^ Dyer, Matthew D.; Neff, Chris; Dufford, Max; Rivera, Corban G.; Shattuck, Donna; Bassaganya-Riera, Josep; Murali, T. M.; Sobral, Bruno W.; Rénia, Laurent (9 August 2010). "The Human-Bacterial Pathogen Protein Interaction Networks of Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, and Yersinia pestis". PLoS ONE. 5 (8): e12089. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0012089.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  18. ^ "MatInspector". Genomatix.
  19. ^ "BLAT Search Genome". UCSC Genome Bioinformatics.
  20. ^ "BLAST". National Center for Biotechnology Information.
  21. ^ Macaisne, Nicolas; Novatchkova, Maria; Peirera, Lucie; Vezon, Daniel; Jolivet, Sylvie; Froger, Nicole; Chelysheva, Liudmila; Grelon, Mathilde; Mercier, Raphaël (September 2008). "SHOC1, an XPF Endonuclease-Related Protein, Is Essential for the Formation of Class I Meiotic Crossovers". Current Biology. 18 (18): 1432–1437. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2008.08.041.
  22. ^ Nair, RP; Duffin, KC; Helms, C; Ding, J; Stuart, PE; Goldgar, D; Gudjonsson, JE; Li, Y; Tejasvi, T; Feng, BJ; Ruether, A; Schreiber, S; Weichenthal, M; Gladman, D; Rahman, P; Schrodi, SJ; Prahalad, S; Guthery, SL; Fischer, J; Liao, W; Kwok, PY; Menter, A; Lathrop, GM; Wise, CA; Begovich, AB; Voorhees, JJ; Elder, JT; Krueger, GG; Bowcock, AM; Abecasis, GR; Collaborative Association Study of, Psoriasis (February 2009). "Genome-wide scan reveals association of psoriasis with IL-23 and NF-kappaB pathways". Nature genetics. 41 (2): 199–204. PMID 19169254.
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