Micromastia: Difference between revisions

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{{other uses|Micromastia (fungus)}}
{{other uses|Micromastia (fungus)}}
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{{Infobox disease
{{Infobox disease
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| Name = Micromastia
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'''Micromastia''' (also called '''hypomastia''', '''breast aplasia''', or '''breast hypoplasia''') is a medical term describing the postpubertal [[hypoplasia|underdevelopment]] of a woman's [[breast]] tissue.<ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic117.htm eMedicine - Breast Augmentation, Subglandular : Article by Howard T Bellin<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> Just as it is impossible to define 'normal' breast size, there is no objective definition of micromastia. Breast development is commonly asymmetric and one or both breasts may be small. This condition may be a congenital defect associated with underlying abnormalities of the pectoral muscle (as in [[Poland's syndrome]]<ref>{{cite journal | last = Poland | first = Alfred | title = Deficiency of the pectoral muscles | journal = Guy's Hospital Reports |volume =VI | pages =191–193 | date =1841 }}</ref>), related to trauma (typically [[surgery]] or [[radiotherapy]]) or it may be a more subjective aesthetic description.
'''Micromastia''' (also called '''hypomastia''', '''breast aplasia''', '''breast hypoplasia''', '''tuberous breasts''', '''tubular breasts''', '''constricted breasts''', '''snoopy breasts''', '''herniated areolar complexes''',<ref name="Klinger 2011 42–44"/> '''conical breasts''', '''domen nipple''', or '''lower pole hypoplasia'''<ref>{{cite web|last=Zoccali|first=Giovanni|title=Tuberous Breast: Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Treatment|year=2012|ISBN= 978-953-51-0398-1|url=http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/33481/InTech-Tuberous_breast_clinical_evaluation_and_surgical_treatment.pdf|accessdate=7 December 2013|author2=Maurizio Giuliani |location=Department of Health Sciences, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Section, University of L’Aquila Italy}}</ref>) is the postpubertal [[hypoplasia|underdevelopment]] of a woman's [[breast]] tissue.<ref>[http://www.emedicine.com/plastic/topic117.htm eMedicine - Breast Augmentation, Subglandular : Article by Howard T Bellin<!-- Bot generated title -->]</ref> This condition may be a [[congenital disorder]] associated with underlying abnormalities of the pectoral muscle,<ref name="pmid18752021">{{cite journal |author=Panchapakesan V, Brown MH |title=Management of tuberous breast "deformity" with anatomic cohesive silicone gel breast implants |journal=Aesthetic Plast Surg |volume=33 |issue=1 |pages=49–53 |date=January 2009 |pmid=18752021 |doi=10.1007/s00266-008-9234-7 |url=}}</ref> as in [[Poland's syndrome]].<ref>{{cite journal | last = Poland | first = Alfred | title = Deficiency of the pectoral muscles | journal = Guy's Hospital Reports |volume =VI | pages =191–193 | date =1841 }}</ref> It can occur in both men and women, one breast or both. During [[puberty]] breast development is stymied and the breasts fail to develop normally and fully. The exact cause of this is as yet unclear, however, a study in 2011 of the cells in the breasts of both males and females with micromastia suggested a genetic link in a disorder of collagen deposition.<ref name="Klinger 2011 42–44">{{cite web|last=Klinger|first=Marco|title=Tuberous breast: Morphological study and overview of a borderline entity|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3328117/|publisher=Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery|accessdate=7 December 2013|coauthors=Fabio Caviggioli, Francesco Klinger, Federico Villani, Erseida Arra and Luca Di Tommaso|pages=42–44|language=English, French|year=2011}}</ref> The condition is thought to affect one to five per cent of [[breast augmentation]] patients,<ref name="urlBreast Augmentation...on Tubular Breasts">{{cite web |url=http://www.cosmeticsurgery.com/articles/archive/an~228/ |title=Breast Augmentation...on Tubular Breasts |format= |work= |accessdate=2010-03-14}}</ref>


==Background==
Self perceived micromastia involves a discrepancy between a person's body image, and her internalized images of appropriate or desirable breast size and shape. Societal ideals over breast size vary over time, but there exist many conceived ideas involving breasts and sexual attractiveness and identity across different cultures.
Micromastia was first described by Rees and Aston in 1976<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rees|first=S|author2=Aston, S |title=The tuberous breast|journal=Clin Plast Surg|year=1976|volume=3|pages=339–46|pmid=1261187|issue=2}}</ref> following which a method of classifying the severity was developed. The surgical classifications refer to which areas of the breast are affected and is divided into three grades; mainly in the inferomedial quadrant (Grade I); in the two inferior quadrants (Grade II); or affecting the whole breast (Grade III).<ref name="Gabka 72">{{cite book|last=Gabka|first=Christian J|title=Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast|page=72|url=http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=rK_Rq8c6Q2oC&pg=PA72&lpg=PA72&dq=surgery+tubular+breasts+grading&source=bl&ots=y4eNQOyjLE&sig=Y9oH8IiwdKiy-cIWxh_q5vvwGIo&hl=en&sa=X&ei=sEujUvcrwpLsBobwgZgE&ved=0CDoQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=surgery%20tubular%20breasts%20grading&f=false|author2=Heinz Bohmert |accessdate=7 December 2013}}</ref>


==Physical effects==
⚫
==Treatment==
The effect of the micromastia can range from mild to severe, and typical characteristics include: enlarged, puffy [[areola]], unusually wide spacing between the breasts, minimal [[Breast|breast tissue]], sagging, higher than normal [[Infra-mammary fold|breast fold]],<ref>[http://www.jromano.com/procedure-photographs/breast-enhancement/tubular-breast-correction Tubular Breast Correction]</ref> and narrow base at the [[Thoracic cavity|chest wall]]. The condition can affect the ability of women to breastfeed as in some cases the breasts, including the milk glands, have not developed enough to produce [[breast milk]].<ref>[http://www.007b.com/breast_size_breastfeeding.php Breast size and breastfeeding — small breasts can breastfeed just as well as big ones!]</ref>
The procedure to remedy micromastia is [[breast enlargement]], most commonly [[augmentation mammoplasty]] using [[breast implants]]. Other techniques available involve using muscle flap-based reconstructive surgery techniques ([[latissimus dorsi]] and [[rectus abdominus]] muscles), microsurgical reconstruction, or fat grafting.


==Psychological effects==
Another potential treatment is [[hormonal breast enhancement]], such as with [[estrogen]]s.
Any deformity of the breasts is only apparent during puberty and this may lead to psychosexual problems with girls in very early puberty being affected psychologically due to the unusual shape of the breast.<ref name="Gabka 72"/> Surgical papers about the techniques useful in correcting micromastia note that even when results are not perfect, the psychological impact of treatment is immense, with notable improvements in self-esteem to the level where the person engages in normal social activities.<ref>{{cite web|last=Zoccali|first=Giovanni|title=Tuberous Breast: Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Treatment|year=2012|ISBN= 978-953-51-0398-1|url=http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs/33481/InTech-Tuberous_breast_clinical_evaluation_and_surgical_treatment.pdf|accessdate=7 December 2013|author2=Maurizio Giuliani |location=Department of Health Sciences, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Section, University of L’Aquila Italy|page=18}}</ref>

⚫
==Treatment==
{{Globalize/UK|section|date=April 2013}}
The appearance of breasts affected by micromastia can potentially be changed through [[List of surgical procedures|surgical procedures]], including the [[tissue expansion]] method and [[breast implants]].<ref name="Hammond2008">{{cite book|author=Dennis C. Hammond|title=Atlas of Aesthetic Breast Surgery|url=http://books.google.com/books?id=DCTqsrm9-r8C&pg=PA187|accessdate=2 May 2010|date=3 December 2008|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-1-4160-3184-0|pages=187–}}</ref> The procedure can be more complicated than a regular breast augmentation, and some [[Plastic surgery|plastic surgeons]] have specialist training in micromastia correction. When micromastia results from a [[Congenital disorder|congenital deformity]], referral for treatment under the [[National Health Service]] may be possible in the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>[http://www.royalfree.nhs.uk/pdf/plasticsreferralpolicy.pdf Policy for Cosmetic Surgery Referrals]</ref>


==See also==
==See also==
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==References==
==References==
{{Reflist|2}}
{{Reflist|2}}



{{Diseases of the breast}}
{{Diseases of the breast}}

Revision as of 16:00, 5 November 2015

For other uses, see Micromastia (fungus).
Micromastia
SpecialtyMedical genetics Edit this on Wikidata

Micromastia (also called hypomastia, breast aplasia, breast hypoplasia, tuberous breasts, tubular breasts, constricted breasts, snoopy breasts, herniated areolar complexes,[1] conical breasts, domen nipple, or lower pole hypoplasia[2]) is the postpubertal underdevelopment of a woman's breast tissue.[3] This condition may be a congenital disorder associated with underlying abnormalities of the pectoral muscle,[4] as in Poland's syndrome.[5] It can occur in both men and women, one breast or both. During puberty breast development is stymied and the breasts fail to develop normally and fully. The exact cause of this is as yet unclear, however, a study in 2011 of the cells in the breasts of both males and females with micromastia suggested a genetic link in a disorder of collagen deposition.[1] The condition is thought to affect one to five per cent of breast augmentation patients,[6]

Background

Micromastia was first described by Rees and Aston in 1976[7] following which a method of classifying the severity was developed. The surgical classifications refer to which areas of the breast are affected and is divided into three grades; mainly in the inferomedial quadrant (Grade I); in the two inferior quadrants (Grade II); or affecting the whole breast (Grade III).[8]

Physical effects

The effect of the micromastia can range from mild to severe, and typical characteristics include: enlarged, puffy areola, unusually wide spacing between the breasts, minimal breast tissue, sagging, higher than normal breast fold,[9] and narrow base at the chest wall. The condition can affect the ability of women to breastfeed as in some cases the breasts, including the milk glands, have not developed enough to produce breast milk.[10]

Psychological effects

Any deformity of the breasts is only apparent during puberty and this may lead to psychosexual problems with girls in very early puberty being affected psychologically due to the unusual shape of the breast.[8] Surgical papers about the techniques useful in correcting micromastia note that even when results are not perfect, the psychological impact of treatment is immense, with notable improvements in self-esteem to the level where the person engages in normal social activities.[11]

Treatment

Template:Globalize/UK The appearance of breasts affected by micromastia can potentially be changed through surgical procedures, including the tissue expansion method and breast implants.[12] The procedure can be more complicated than a regular breast augmentation, and some plastic surgeons have specialist training in micromastia correction. When micromastia results from a congenital deformity, referral for treatment under the National Health Service may be possible in the United Kingdom.[13]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b Klinger, Marco (2011). "Tuberous breast: Morphological study and overview of a borderline entity" (in English and French). Canadian Journal of Plastic Surgery. pp. 42–44. Retrieved 7 December 2013. {{cite web}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  2. ^ Zoccali, Giovanni; Maurizio Giuliani (2012). "Tuberous Breast: Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Treatment" (PDF). Department of Health Sciences, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Section, University of L’Aquila Italy. ISBN 978-953-51-0398-1. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  3. ^ eMedicine - Breast Augmentation, Subglandular : Article by Howard T Bellin
  4. ^ Panchapakesan V, Brown MH (January 2009). "Management of tuberous breast "deformity" with anatomic cohesive silicone gel breast implants". Aesthetic Plast Surg. 33 (1): 49–53. doi:10.1007/s00266-008-9234-7. PMID 18752021.
  5. ^ Poland, Alfred (1841). "Deficiency of the pectoral muscles". Guy's Hospital Reports. VI: 191–193.
  6. ^ "Breast Augmentation...on Tubular Breasts". Retrieved 2010-03-14.
  7. ^ Rees, S; Aston, S (1976). "The tuberous breast". Clin Plast Surg. 3 (2): 339–46. PMID 1261187.
  8. ^ a b Gabka, Christian J; Heinz Bohmert. Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery of the Breast. p. 72. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  9. ^ Tubular Breast Correction
  10. ^ Breast size and breastfeeding — small breasts can breastfeed just as well as big ones!
  11. ^ Zoccali, Giovanni; Maurizio Giuliani (2012). "Tuberous Breast: Clinical Evaluation and Surgical Treatment" (PDF). Department of Health Sciences, Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery Section, University of L’Aquila Italy. p. 18. ISBN 978-953-51-0398-1. Retrieved 7 December 2013.
  12. ^ Dennis C. Hammond (3 December 2008). Atlas of Aesthetic Breast Surgery. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 187–. ISBN 978-1-4160-3184-0. Retrieved 2 May 2010.
  13. ^ Policy for Cosmetic Surgery Referrals
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