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== Components of the Built Environment that Impact Microbiomes ==
== Components of the Built Environment that Impact Microbiomes ==
A major component of studies of Microbiomes of the Built Environment involves determining how components of the built environment impact these microbes and microbial communities. Factors that are thought to be important include humidity, pH, chemical exposures, temperature, filtration, surface materials, and air flow.<ref>http://nas-sites.org/builtmicrobiome/about-the-study-2/</ref>
A major component of studies of Microbiomes of the Built Environment involves determining how components of the built environment impact these microbes and microbial communities. Factors that are thought to be important include humidity, pH, chemical exposures, temperature, filtration, surface materials, and air flow.<ref>http://nas-sites.org/builtmicrobiome/about-the-study-2/</ref> There has been an effort to develop standards for what built environment "metadata" to collect associated with studies of the microbial communities in the built environment. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Glass|first=Elizabeth M.|last2=Dribinsky|first2=Yekaterina|last3=Yilmaz|first3=Pelin|last4=Levin|first4=Hal|last5=Van Pelt|first5=Robert|last6=Wendel|first6=Doug|last7=Wilke|first7=Andreas|last8=Eisen|first8=Jonathan A.|last9=Huse|first9=Sue|date=2014-01-01|title=MIxS-BE: a MIxS extension defining a minimum information standard for sequence data from the built environment|url=http://www.nature.com/ismej/journal/v8/n1/full/ismej2013176a.html|journal=The ISME Journal|language=en|volume=8|issue=1|pages=1–3|doi=10.1038/ismej.2013.176|issn=1751-7362|pmc=3869023|pmid=24152717}}</ref> In addition many tools are available to improve the built environment data that is collected associated with such studies. <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramos|first=Tiffanie|last2=Stephens|first2=Brent|date=2014-11-01|title=Tools to improve built environment data collection for indoor microbial ecology investigations|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360132314002200|journal=Building and Environment|volume=81|pages=243–257|doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2014.07.004}}</ref>


== Methods Used ==
== Methods Used ==

Revision as of 16:22, 20 August 2016

Microbiomes of the built environment [1][2] is a field of inquiry focusing on the study of the communities of microorganisms found in human constructed environments (i.e., the built environment). It is also sometimes referred to as "microbiology of the built environment".

This field encompasses studies of any kind of microorganism (e.g. bacteria, archaea, viruses, various microbial eukaryotes including yeasts, and others sometimes generally referred to as protists) and studies of any kind of built environment such as buildings, vehicles, and water systems.

Some key highlights emphasizing the growing importance of the field include:

A 2016 paper by Brent Stephens [6] highlights some of the key findings of studies of "microbiomes of the indoor environment". These key findings include those listed below:

  • "Culture-independent methods reveal vastly greater microbial diversity compared to culture-based methods"
  • "Indoor spaces often harbor unique microbial communities"
  • "Indoor bacterial communities often originate from indoor sources."
  • "Humans are also major sources of bacteria to indoor air"
  • "Building design and operation can influence indoor microbial communities."

The microbiomes of the built environment are being studied for multiple reasons including how they may impact the health of humans and other organisms occupying the built environment but also some non health reasons such as as diagnostics of building properties, for forensic application, impact on food production, impact on built environment function, and more.

Types of Built Environments Being Studied

In the last few years there have been a growing number of studies of the microbiomes of built environments with an emphasis on the use of high throughout DNA sequencing to study the communities of microbes present in these systems. Major categories of built environments that have been studied in regard to their microbiomes include:

Buildings

Many categories of buildings have been under investigation for their microbiomes. Examples include those listed below.

Vehicles

Water systems

General Biogeography

Overall the many studies that have been conducted on the microbiomes of the built environment have started to identify some general patterns regarding the microbes are found in various places. For example, Adams et al, in a comparative analysis of ribosomal RNA based studies in the built environment found that geography and building type had strong associations with the types of microbes seen in the built environment.[48]. Pakpour et al in 2016 reviewed the patterns relating to the presence of archaea in indoor environments (based on analysis of rRNA gene sequence data [49].

Human Health and Microbiomes of the Built Environment

Many studies have documented possible human health implications of the microbiomes of the built environment (e.g.,[50] ). Examples include those below.

Newborn colonization

The microbes that colonize newborns come in part from the built environment (e.g., hospital rooms). This appears to be especially true for babies born by C-section (see for example Shin et al. 2016 [51]) and also babies that spend time in a NICU [52].

Risk of allergy and asthma

The risk of allergy and asthma is correlated to differences in the built environment microbiome. Some experimental tests (e.g., in mice) have suggested that these correlations may actually be causal (i.e., the differences in the microbiomes may actually lead to differences in risk of allergy or asthma). Review papers on this topic include Casas et al. 2016 [53] and Fujimura and Lynch 2015 [54]. Studies of dust in various homes has shown that the microbiome found in the dust is correlated to the risk of children in those homes developing allergy, asthma, or phenotypes connected to these ailments. [55] [56] [57]

The impact of the microbiome of the built environment on the risk of allergy and asthma and other inflammatory or immune conditions is a possible mechanism underlying what is known as the hygiene hypothesis.

Mental health

In a 2015 review Hoisington et al. discuss possible connections between the microbiology of the built environment and human health.[58] The concept presented in this paper is that more and more evidence is accumulating that the human microbiome has some impact on the brain and thus if the built environment either directly or indirectly impacts the human microbiome, this in turn could have impacts on human mental health.

Pathogen transmission

Many pathogens are transmitted in the built environment and may also reside in the built environment for some period of time [59]. Good examples include influenza, Norovirus, Legionella, and MRSA. The study of the transmission and survival of these pathogens is a component of studies of microbiomes of the built environment.

Indoor Air Quality

One aspect of the health impact of microbes in the built environment involves the microbes in air. Microbes in indoor air have been studies for many years. See for example the discussion of Legionella and bacteria on the Indoor air quality page.

Connection to Microbial Forensics

The microbiome of the built environment has some potential for being used as a feature for forensic studies. Examples are discussed below. Most of these applications are still in the early research phase.

  • People leave behind a somewhat diagnostic microbial signature when they type on computer keyboards.[60] See also this Wired story about this work.
  • People leave behind potentially diagnostic signature microbial DNA on phones when they use them [61]
  • The occupants of a room leave behind microbial DNA that may be useful as a forensic tool [10]
  • Microbiome analysis may be useful in analysis of cadavers to determine time of death.[62] [63] If the cadaver was found in the built environment then it likely will accumulate microbes that have a built environment connection.

Components of the Built Environment that Impact Microbiomes

A major component of studies of Microbiomes of the Built Environment involves determining how components of the built environment impact these microbes and microbial communities. Factors that are thought to be important include humidity, pH, chemical exposures, temperature, filtration, surface materials, and air flow.[64] There has been an effort to develop standards for what built environment "metadata" to collect associated with studies of the microbial communities in the built environment. [65] In addition many tools are available to improve the built environment data that is collected associated with such studies. [66]

Methods Used

Many methods are used to study microbes in built environment. A review of such methods are some of the challenges in using them was published by NIST: Challenges in Microbial Sampling in the Indoor Environment. Hoisington et al. in 2015 reviewed methods that could be used by building professionals to study the microbiology of the built environment.[67] Methods used in the study of microbes in the built environment include culturing (with subsequent studies of the cultured microbes), microscopy, air, water and surface sampling, chemical analyses, and culture independent DNA studies such as ribosomal RNA gene PCR and metagenomics.

Examples of projects

There are a growing number of research projects and groups focusing directly or indirectly on microbiomes of the built environment. Some of these are targeted towards specific environments (e.g., homes, hospitals, showerheads) and others are broader (e.g., BIMERC, the BioBE Center). More detail about some of these projects is below.

News and related coverage

See also

External links

References

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