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| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| phylum = [[Mollusca]]
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| classis = [[Gastropoda]]
| unranked_ordo= clade [[Heterobranchia]] <br /> clade [[Euthyneura]] <br /> clade [[Nudipleura]] <br /> clade [[Nudibranchia]]
| unranked_ordo=
clade [[Heterobranchia]] <br />
clade [[Euthyneura]] <br />
clade [[Nudipleura]] <br />
clade [[Nudibranchia]]
| superfamilia = [[Doridoidea]]
| superfamilia = [[Doridoidea]]
| familia = '''Chromodorididae'''
| familia = '''Chromodorididae'''
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| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision_ranks = Genera
| subdivision = See text.
| subdivision = See text.
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS" />
| synonyms_ref = <ref name="WoRMS_23003" />
| synonyms =
| synonyms =
* ''Cadlinellinae''<small> Odhner, 1934 </small>
* ''Cadlinellinae''<small> Odhner, 1934 </small>
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}}
}}


The '''Chromodorididae''', or chromodorids, are a [[taxonomic]] [[family (biology)|family]] of colorful, sea slugs; dorid [[nudibranch]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]]s in the superfamily [[Doridoidea]]. “Chromodorid nudibranchs are among the most gorgeously colored of all animals.”<ref>Edmunds M (1981) Opishtobranchiate Mollusca from Ghana: Chromodorididae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 71: 175–201.</ref> The over 360 described species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical waters, as members of coral reef communities, specifically associated with their sponge prey. The chromodorids are the most speciose family of opisthobranchs.<ref>Johnson R.F. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) ''Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs.'' PLoS ONE 7(4): e33479 http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033479</ref> They range in size from <1mm to over 30 cm, although most species are approximately 2-3 cm in size. <ref>Gosliner, T.M., Behrens, D.W. & A. Valdes (2008) Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs and Sea Slugs: A field guide to the World's most diverse fauna. Sea Challengers Natural History Books and the California Academy of Sciences.</ref><ref name="WoRMS">Bouchet, P. (2011). Chromodorididae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23003 on 2011-04-05</ref>
The '''Chromodorididae''', or chromodorids, are a [[taxonomic]] [[family (biology)|family]] of colorful, sea slugs; dorid [[nudibranch]]s, [[marine (ocean)|marine]] [[gastropod]] [[mollusk]]s in the superfamily [[Doridoidea]]. “Chromodorid nudibranchs are among the most gorgeously colored of all animals.”<ref name="Edmunds 1981" /> The over 360 described species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical waters, as members of coral reef communities, specifically associated with their sponge prey. The chromodorids are the most speciose family of opisthobranchs.<ref name="Johnson 2012" /> They range in size from <1mm to over 30 cm, although most species are approximately 2-3 cm in size. <ref name="Gosliner 2008"/><ref name="WoRMS_23003" />


Although, they have a worldwide distribution, most species are found in the [[Indo-Pacific]] region. A scientific paper published in 2007, found the most widespread chromodorid genera, (''[[Mexichromis]]'', ''[[Chromodoris]]'', ''[[Glossodoris]]'' and ''[[Hypselodoris]]'') to be [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] or [[polyphyly|polyphyletic]].<ref>Turner LM, Wilson NG (2008) Polyphyly across oceans: a molecular phylogeny of the Chromodorididae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Zoologica Scripta 37: 23–42.</ref>
Although, they have a worldwide distribution, most species are found in the [[Indo-Pacific]] region. A scientific paper published in 2007, found the most widespread chromodorid genera, (''[[Mexichromis]]'', ''[[Chromodoris]]'', ''[[Glossodoris]]'' and ''[[Hypselodoris]]'') to be [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] or [[polyphyly|polyphyletic]].<ref>Turner LM, Wilson NG (2008) Polyphyly across oceans: a molecular phylogeny of the Chromodorididae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Zoologica Scripta 37: 23–42.</ref>


The family Cadlinidae <small>[[Rudolph Bergh|Bergh]], 1891</small> has been considered a synonym of the Chromodorididae. Research by R.F. Johnson in 2011 <ref>Johnson R.F. (2011) ''Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda)''. Zoologica Scripta 40(2): 137-157</ref> has shown that ''[[Cadlina]]'' does not belong to the family Chromodorididae. She has therefore brought back the name [[Cadlinidae]] from synonymy with ''Chromodorididae''. The chromodorid nudibranchs without ''Cadlina'' are now [[monophyletic]] and turn out to be a possible sister to the family [[Actinocyclidae]]. ''Cadlina'' and ''[[Aldisa]]'' are the only two genera currently classified in the Cadlinidae.
The family Cadlinidae <small>[[Rudolph Bergh|Bergh]], 1891</small> has been considered a synonym of the Chromodorididae. Research by R.F. Johnson in 2011 <ref name="Johnson 2011" /> has shown that ''[[Cadlina]]'' does not belong to the family Chromodorididae. She has therefore brought back the name [[Cadlinidae]] from synonymy with ''Chromodorididae''. The chromodorid nudibranchs without ''Cadlina'' are now [[monophyletic]] and turn out to be a possible sister to the family [[Actinocyclidae]]. ''Cadlina'' and ''[[Aldisa]]'' are the only two genera currently classified in the Cadlinidae.


A comprehensive phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs found every one of the 14 traditional chromodorid genera were either non-monophyletic, or rendered another genus paraphyletic. Additionally, both the monotypic genera ''Verconia'' and ''Diversidoris'' are nested within clades. The authors presented a new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs, which used molecular data to untangle evolutionary relationships and at the same time retains a historical connection to traditional systematics by using generic names attached to type species as clade names.<ref> Johnson R.F. & Gosliner T.M. (2012) ''Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs.'' PLoS ONE 7(4): e33479</ref> All Chromodorid nudibranchs feed on [[sponges]].<ref>[http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/20272 Rudman, W.B., 2007 (Jul 21) Review of chromodorid feeding. <nowiki>[Message in]</nowiki> Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney.]</ref>
A comprehensive phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs found every one of the 14 traditional chromodorid genera were either non-monophyletic, or rendered another genus paraphyletic. Additionally, both the monotypic genera ''Verconia'' and ''Diversidoris'' are nested within clades. The authors presented a new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs, which used molecular data to untangle evolutionary relationships and at the same time retains a historical connection to traditional systematics by using generic names attached to type species as clade names.<ref name="Johnson 2012" /> All Chromodorid nudibranchs feed on [[sponges]].<ref>[http://www.seaslugforum.net/find/20272 Rudman, W.B., 2007 (Jul 21) Review of chromodorid feeding. <nowiki>[Message in]</nowiki> Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney.]</ref>


==Genera==
==Genera==
Genera within the family Chromodorididae include:<ref>Bouchet, P. (2011). Chromodorididae. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23003</ref>
Genera within the family Chromodorididae include:<ref name="WoRMS_23003" />
* ''[[Ardeadoris]]'' <small> [[William B. Rudman|Rudman]], 1984 </small>
* ''[[Ardeadoris]]'' <small> [[William B. Rudman|Rudman]], 1984 </small>
* ''[[Berlanguella]]'' <small>Ortea, Bacallado & Valdés, 1992</small> (although this has not been properly investigated)
* ''[[Berlanguella]]'' <small>Ortea, Bacallado & Valdés, 1992</small> (although this has not been properly investigated)
Line 85: Line 89:


==References==
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist |refs=
<ref name="Bouchet 2005">{{Bouchet 2005}}</ref>
⚫
* Rudman W.B. (1984) ''The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: a review of the genera''. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 81 (2/3): 115-273.
<ref name="Edmunds 1981">{{cite journal |last=Edmunds |first=M |year=1981 |title=Opishtobranchiate Mollusca from Ghana: Chromodorididae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=71 |pages=175–201 |language=en }}: “Chromodorid nudibranchs are among the most gorgeously colored of all animals.”</ref>
* Bouchet P. & Rocroi J.-P. (2005) ''Classification and nomenclator of gastropod families''. Malacologia 47(1-2): 1-397. page(s): 49
<ref name="Gosliner 2008">{{cite book |last1=Gosliner |first1=T.M. |last2=Behrens |first2=D.W. |last3=Valdes |first3=A. |year=2008 |title=Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs and Sea Slugs: A field guide to the World's most diverse fauna |publisher=Sea Challengers Natural History Books and the California Academy of Sciences }}</ref>
<ref name="Johnson 2011">{{cite journal |last=Johnson |first=R.F. |year=2011 |title=''Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda)'' |journal=Zoologica Scripta |volume=40 |issue=2 |pages=137-157 }}</ref>
<ref name="Johnson 2012">{{cite journal |last1=Johnson |first1=R.F. |last2=Gosliner |first2=T.M. |year=2012 |title=''Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs'' |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |volume=7 |issue=4 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0033479 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0033479 |language=en }}</ref>
⚫
<ref name="Rudman 1984">{{cite journal |last=Rudman |first=W.B. |date=1984-06 |title=''The Chromodorididae (Opisthobranchia: Mollusca) of the Indo-West Pacific: a review of the genera'' |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=81 |issue=2/3 |pages=115-273 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb01174.x |url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1984.tb01174.x/full |language=en }}</ref>
<ref name="WoRMS_23003">{{cite WoRMS |authorlink=Philippe Bouchet |last=Bouchet |first=P. |date=2011-04-05 |title=Chromodorididae |id=23003 }}</ref>
}}


==External links==
{{commons category|Chromodorididae}}
{{commons category|Chromodorididae}}
{{taxonbar}}
{{taxonbar}}

Revision as of 17:14, 2 January 2017

Chromodorididae
Glossodoris atromarginata
Scientific classification
Kingdom:
Animalia
Phylum:
Mollusca
Class:
Gastropoda
(unranked):
clade Heterobranchia

clade Euthyneura
clade Nudipleura

clade Nudibranchia
Superfamily:
Doridoidea
Family:
Chromodorididae

Bergh, 1891
Type genus
Chromodoris
Genera

See text.

Synonyms[1]
  • Cadlinellinae Odhner, 1934
  • Ceratosomatidae Gray, 1857 (Under Art. 23.9, declared nomen oblitum by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
  • Doriprismaticinae H. Adams & A. Adams, 1858 (Under Art. 23.9, declared nomen oblitum by Bouchet & Rocroi, 2005)
  • Glossodorididae O'Donoghue, 1924
  • Lissodoridinae Odhner, 1968
  • Miamiridae Bergh, 1891
  • Thorunninae Odhner, 1926

The Chromodorididae, or chromodorids, are a taxonomic family of colorful, sea slugs; dorid nudibranchs, marine gastropod mollusks in the superfamily Doridoidea. “Chromodorid nudibranchs are among the most gorgeously colored of all animals.”[2] The over 360 described species are primarily found in tropical and subtropical waters, as members of coral reef communities, specifically associated with their sponge prey. The chromodorids are the most speciose family of opisthobranchs.[3] They range in size from <1mm to over 30 cm, although most species are approximately 2-3 cm in size. [4][1]

Although, they have a worldwide distribution, most species are found in the Indo-Pacific region. A scientific paper published in 2007, found the most widespread chromodorid genera, (Mexichromis, Chromodoris, Glossodoris and Hypselodoris) to be paraphyletic or polyphyletic.[5]

The family Cadlinidae Bergh, 1891 has been considered a synonym of the Chromodorididae. Research by R.F. Johnson in 2011 [6] has shown that Cadlina does not belong to the family Chromodorididae. She has therefore brought back the name Cadlinidae from synonymy with Chromodorididae. The chromodorid nudibranchs without Cadlina are now monophyletic and turn out to be a possible sister to the family Actinocyclidae. Cadlina and Aldisa are the only two genera currently classified in the Cadlinidae.

A comprehensive phylogeny of the chromodorid nudibranchs found every one of the 14 traditional chromodorid genera were either non-monophyletic, or rendered another genus paraphyletic. Additionally, both the monotypic genera Verconia and Diversidoris are nested within clades. The authors presented a new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs, which used molecular data to untangle evolutionary relationships and at the same time retains a historical connection to traditional systematics by using generic names attached to type species as clade names.[3] All Chromodorid nudibranchs feed on sponges.[7]

Genera

Genera within the family Chromodorididae include:[1]

Genera brought into synonymy
  • Actinodoris Ehrenberg, 1831 : synonym of Chromodoris Alder & Hancock, 1855
  • Babaina Odhner in Franc, 1968 : synonym of Thorunna Bergh, 1878
  • Casella H. Adams & A. Adams, 1854 : synonym of Glossodoris Ehrenberg, 1831
  • Chromolaichma Bertsch, 1977 : synonym of Glossodoris Ehrenberg, 1831
  • Crepidodoris Pagenstecher, 1877 : synonym of Glossodoris Ehrenberg, 1831
  • Digidentis Rudman, 1984 : synonym of Thorunna
  • Durvilledoris Rudman, 1984 : synonym of Mexichromis
  • Jeanrisbecia Franc, 1968 : synonym of Risbecia Odhner, 1934 synonym of Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855
  • Lissodoris Odhner, 1934 : synonym of Chromodoris Alder & Hancock, 1855
  • Orodoris Bergh, 1875 : synonym of Ceratosoma Gray, 1850
  • Pectenodoris Rudman, 1984 : synonym of Mexichromis
  • Pterodoris Ehrenberg, 1831 : synonym of Hypselodoris Stimpson, 1855
  • Risbecia Odhner, 1934 : synonym of Hypselodoris
  • Rosodoris Pruvot-Fol, 1954 : synonym of Glossodoris Ehrenberg, 1831
  • Verconia Pruvot-Fol, 1931 : synonym of Noumea Risbec, 1928


References

  1. ^ a b c Bouchet, P. (2011-04-05). "Chromodorididae". WoRMS. World Register of Marine Species.
  2. ^ Edmunds, M (1981). "Opishtobranchiate Mollusca from Ghana: Chromodorididae. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society". 71: 175–201. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help): “Chromodorid nudibranchs are among the most gorgeously colored of all animals.”
  3. ^ a b Johnson, R.F.; Gosliner, T.M. (2012). "Traditional taxonomic groupings mask evolutionary history: A molecular phylogeny and new classification of the chromodorid nudibranchs". PLoS ONE. 7 (4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0033479.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  4. ^ Gosliner, T.M.; Behrens, D.W.; Valdes, A. (2008). Indo-Pacific Nudibranchs and Sea Slugs: A field guide to the World's most diverse fauna. Sea Challengers Natural History Books and the California Academy of Sciences.
  5. ^ Turner LM, Wilson NG (2008) Polyphyly across oceans: a molecular phylogeny of the Chromodorididae (Mollusca, Nudibranchia). Zoologica Scripta 37: 23–42.
  6. ^ Johnson, R.F. (2011). "Breaking family ties: taxon sampling and molecular phylogeny of chromodorid nudibranchs (Mollusca, Gastropoda)". Zoologica Scripta. 40 (2): 137–157.
  7. ^ Rudman, W.B., 2007 (Jul 21) Review of chromodorid feeding. [Message in] Sea Slug Forum. Australian Museum, Sydney.

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Bouchet 2005" is not used in the content (see the help page).

Cite error: A list-defined reference named "Rudman 1984" is not used in the content (see the help page).

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chromodorididae.
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