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== Terpenoids ==
== Terpenoids ==
Terpenoids facilitate communication between plants and insects, mammals, fungi, microorganisms, and other plants.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Llusià|first=Joan|last2=Estiarte|first2=Marc|last3=Peñuelas|first3=Josep|date=1996|title=Terpenoids and plant communication|url=|journal=Butll. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat|volume=64|pages=125–133}}</ref> Terpenoids may act a both attractants and repllants for various insects. An example of this is that Pine Shoot Beetles (''[[Tomicus piniperda|Tomicus piniperda L]]'')are attracted to certain monoterpenes ( (+/-)-[[A-Pinene|a-pinene]], (+)-[[Carene|3-carene]]&nbsp;and terpinolene) produced by Scots pines&nbsp;''([[Scots pine|Pinus sylvestris]]''), while being repelled by others(such as&nbsp;[[Verbenone]]).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Byers|first=J. A.|last2=Lanne|first2=B. S.|last3=Löfqvist|first3=J.|date=1989-05-01|title=Host tree unsuitability recognized by pine shoot beetles in flight|url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01952042|journal=Experientia|language=en|volume=45|issue=5|pages=489–492|doi=10.1007/BF01952042|issn=0014-4754}}</ref>
Terpenoids facilitate communication between plants and insects, mammals, fungi, microorganisms, and other plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Llusià |first=Joan |last2=Estiarte |first2=Marc |last3=Peñuelas |first3=Josep |date=1996 |title=Terpenoids and plant communication |journal=Bull. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat |volume=64 |pages=125–133}}</ref> Terpenoids may act a both attractants and repllants for various insects. An example of this is that Pine Shoot Beetles (''[[Tomicus piniperda|Tomicus piniperda L]]'')are attracted to certain monoterpenes ( (+/-)-[[A-Pinene|a-pinene]], (+)-[[Carene|3-carene]] and terpinolene) produced by Scots pines ''([[Scots pine|Pinus sylvestris]]''), while being repelled by others(such as [[Verbenone]]).<ref>{{cite journal |last=Byers |first=J. A.|last2=Lanne|first2=B. S.|last3=Löfqvist|first3=J.|date=1989-05-01|title=Host tree unsuitability recognized by pine shoot beetles in flight |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01952042 |journal=Experientia|language=en|volume=45 |issue=5|pages=489–492|doi=10.1007/BF01952042|issn=0014-4754}}</ref>


Terpenoids are a large family of biological molecules that includes over 22,000 compounds.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/497430488|title=Dictionary of terpenoids|last=1971-|first=Hill, R. (Ruaraidh),|last2=Connolly|first2=J.D.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Chapman & Hall|year=|isbn=041225770X|location=|pages=|oclc=497430488}}</ref> Terpenoids are similar to [[terpene]]s in their carbon skeleton but unlike terpenes contain [[functional group]]s. The structure of terpenoids is described by the [[biogenetic isoprene rule]] which states that terpenoids can be thought of being made of [[isoprenoid]] subunits, arranged either regularly or irregularly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ružička|first=L.|date=1953|title=The isoprene rule and the biogenesis of terpenic compounds|url=|journal=Experientia|volume=9|pages=357–367}}</ref> The biosynthesis of terpenoids occurs via the [[Non-mevalonate pathway|methylerythritol phosphate]] (MEP) and [[Mevalonate pathway|mevalonic acid]](MVA) pathways<ref name=":2" /> both of which include [[Isopentenyl pyrophosphate|isopentenyl diphosphate]] (IPP) and [[Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate|dimethylallyl diphosphate]] (DMAPP) as key compenents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=McGarvey|first=Douglas J.|last2=Croteau|first2=Rodney|date=July 1995|title=Terpenoid Metabolism|jstor=3870054|journal=The Plant Cell|volume=7|pages=1015–1026}}</ref> The MEP pathway produces [[hemiterpene]]s, [[monoterpene]]s, [[diterpene]]s, and volatile [[carotenoid]] derivatives while the MVA pathway produces [[sesquiterpene]]s.<ref name=":2" />
Terpenoids are a large family of biological molecules that includes over 22,000 compounds.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/497430488|title=Dictionary of terpenoids|last=1971-|first=Hill, R. (Ruaraidh),|last2=Connolly|first2=J.D.|date=1991-01-01|publisher=Chapman & Hall|year=|isbn=041225770X|location=|pages=|oclc=497430488}}</ref> Terpenoids are similar to [[terpene]]s in their carbon skeleton but unlike terpenes contain [[functional group]]s. The structure of terpenoids is described by the [[biogenetic isoprene rule]] which states that terpenoids can be thought of being made of [[isoprenoid]] subunits, arranged either regularly or irregularly.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The isoprene rule and the biogenesis of terpenic compounds |first=Leopold |last=Ružička |journal=[[Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences]] |volume=9 |issue=10 |pages=357–367 |year=1953 |doi=10.1007/BF02167631 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2FBF02167631}}</ref> The biosynthesis of terpenoids occurs via the [[Non-mevalonate pathway|methylerythritol phosphate]] (MEP) and [[Mevalonate pathway|mevalonic acid]](MVA) pathways<ref name=":2" /> both of which include [[Isopentenyl pyrophosphate|isopentenyl diphosphate]] (IPP) and [[Dimethylallyl pyrophosphate|dimethylallyl diphosphate]] (DMAPP) as key compenents.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=McGarvey |first=Douglas J. |last2=Croteau |first2=Rodney |date=July 1995 |title=Terpenoid Metabolism |jstor=3870054 |journal=The Plant Cell |volume=7 |pages=1015–1026}}</ref> The MEP pathway produces [[hemiterpene]]s, [[monoterpene]]s, [[diterpene]]s, and volatile [[carotenoid]] derivatives while the MVA pathway produces [[sesquiterpene]]s.<ref name=":2" />


== Fatty Acid derivatives ==
== Fatty Acid derivatives ==

Revision as of 06:45, 14 September 2017

Plant communication encompasses all communication between plants and a host of other organisms such as soil microbes,[1] other plants[2](of similar or differing species), animals,[3] insects,[4] and fungi.[5] Plants communicate through a host of volatile organic compounds (VOC's) that can be separated into four broad categories, each the product of distinct chemical pathways: fatty acid derivatives, phenylpropanoids/benzenoids, amino acid derivatives, and terpenoids.[6] Due to the physical/chemical constraints most VOC's are of low molecular mass (< 300 Da), are hydrophobic, and have high vapor pressures.[7] The responses of organisms to plant emitted VOC's varies from attracting the predator of a specific herbivore to reduce mechanical damage inflicted on the plant [4] to the induction of chemical defenses of a neighboring plant before it is being attacked.[8]

Terpenoids

Terpenoids facilitate communication between plants and insects, mammals, fungi, microorganisms, and other plants.[9] Terpenoids may act a both attractants and repllants for various insects. An example of this is that Pine Shoot Beetles (Tomicus piniperda L)are attracted to certain monoterpenes ( (+/-)-a-pinene, (+)-3-carene and terpinolene) produced by Scots pines (Pinus sylvestris), while being repelled by others(such as Verbenone).[10]

Terpenoids are a large family of biological molecules that includes over 22,000 compounds.[11] Terpenoids are similar to terpenes in their carbon skeleton but unlike terpenes contain functional groups. The structure of terpenoids is described by the biogenetic isoprene rule which states that terpenoids can be thought of being made of isoprenoid subunits, arranged either regularly or irregularly.[12] The biosynthesis of terpenoids occurs via the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) and mevalonic acid(MVA) pathways[6] both of which include isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) as key compenents.[13] The MEP pathway produces hemiterpenes, monoterpenes, diterpenes, and volatile carotenoid derivatives while the MVA pathway produces sesquiterpenes.[6]

Fatty Acid derivatives

Amino Acid derivatives

phenylpropanoids/benzenoids

References

  1. ^ Wenke, Katrin; Kai, Marco; Piechulla, Birgit (2010-02-01). "Belowground volatiles facilitate interactions between plant roots and soil organisms". Planta. 231 (3): 499–506. doi:10.1007/s00425-009-1076-2. ISSN 0032-0935.
  2. ^ Yoneya, Kinuyo; Takabayashi, Junji (2014-01-01). "Plant–plant communication mediated by airborne signals: ecological and plant physiological perspectives". Plant Biotechnology. 31 (5): 409–416. doi:10.5511/plantbiotechnology.14.0827a.
  3. ^ Leonard, Anne S.; Francis, Jacob S. (2017-04-01). "Plant–animal communication: past, present and future". Evolutionary Ecology. 31 (2): 143–151. doi:10.1007/s10682-017-9884-5. ISSN 0269-7653.
  4. ^ a b De Moraes, C. M.; Lewis, W. J.; Paré, P. W.; Alborn, H. T.; Tumlinson, J. H. "Herbivore-infested plants selectively attract parasitoids". Nature. 393 (6685): 570–573. doi:10.1038/31219.
  5. ^ Bonfante, Paola; Genre, Andrea. "Arbuscular mycorrhizal dialogues: do you speak 'plantish' or 'fungish'?". Trends in Plant Science. 20 (3): 150–154. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2014.12.002.
  6. ^ a b c Dudareva, Natalia (April 2013). "Biosynthesis, function and metabolic engineering of plant volatile organic compounds". New Phytologist. 198: 16–32.
  7. ^ Rohrbeck, D.; Buss, D.; Effmert, U.; Piechulla, B. (2006-09-01). "Localization of Methyl Benzoate Synthesis and Emission in Stephanotis floribunda and Nicotiana suaveolens Flowers". Plant Biology. 8 (5): 615–626. doi:10.1055/s-2006-924076. ISSN 1438-8677.
  8. ^ Baldwin, Jan T., and Jack C. Schultz. “Rapid Changes in Tree Leaf Chemistry Induced by Damage: Evidence for Communication between Plants.” Science, vol. 221, no. 4607, 1983, pp. 277–279., www.jstor.org/stable/1691120.
  9. ^ Llusià, Joan; Estiarte, Marc; Peñuelas, Josep (1996). "Terpenoids and plant communication". Bull. Inst. Cat. Hist. Nat. 64: 125–133.
  10. ^ Byers, J. A.; Lanne, B. S.; Löfqvist, J. (1989-05-01). "Host tree unsuitability recognized by pine shoot beetles in flight". Experientia. 45 (5): 489–492. doi:10.1007/BF01952042. ISSN 0014-4754.
  11. ^ 1971-, Hill, R. (Ruaraidh),; Connolly, J.D. (1991-01-01). Dictionary of terpenoids. Chapman & Hall. ISBN 041225770X. OCLC 497430488. {{cite book}}: |last= has numeric name (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  12. ^ Ružička, Leopold (1953). "The isoprene rule and the biogenesis of terpenic compounds". Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 9 (10): 357–367. doi:10.1007/BF02167631.
  13. ^ McGarvey, Douglas J.; Croteau, Rodney (July 1995). "Terpenoid Metabolism". The Plant Cell. 7: 1015–1026. JSTOR 3870054.
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