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'''Gamasoidosis''' (also known as '''acariasis''', '''avian-mite dermatitis''' or '''bird-mite dermatitis''')<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kowalska|first=M.|last2=Kupis|first2=B.|date=1976|title=Gamasoidosis (gamasidiosis)-not infrequent skin reactions, frequently unrecognized|journal=Polish Medical Sciences and History Bulletin|volume=15-16|issue=4|pages=391–394|issn=0301-0236|pmid=826895|via=}}</ref> is a frequently unrecognized [[Parasitic nutrition#Ectoparasitism|ectoparasitosis]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wambier|first=Carlos Gustavo|last2=Wambier|first2=Sarah Perillo de Farias|date=2012|title=Gamasoidosis illustrated - from the nest to dermoscopy|journal=Anais brasileiros de dermatologia|volume=87|issue=6|pages=926–927|doi=10.1590/S0365-05962012000600021|issn=0365-0596|pmc=3699918|pmid=23197219}}</ref> occurring after contact with [[Serinus|canaries]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SULZBERGER|first=MARION B.|date=1936-01-01|title=AVIAN ITCH MITES AS A CAUSE OF HUMAN DERMATOSES|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/515832|journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60|doi=10.1001/archderm.1936.01470070063006|issn=0096-6029}}</ref> sparrows, starlings, [[pigeon]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sparagano|first=O. a. E.|last2=George|first2=D. R.|last3=Harrington|first3=D. W. J.|last4=Giangaspero|first4=A.|date=2014|title=Significance and control of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=59|pages=447–466|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101|issn=1545-4487|pmid=24397522}}</ref> and [[poultry]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sigognault Flochlay|first=Annie|last2=Thomas|first2=Emmanuel|last3=Sparagano|first3=Olivier|date=2017-08-01|title=Poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation: a broad impact parasitological disease that still remains a significant challenge for the egg-laying industry in Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2292-4|journal=Parasites & Vectors|volume=10|pages=357|doi=10.1186/s13071-017-2292-4|issn=1756-3305|pmc=5537931|pmid=28760144}}</ref> and caused by two genera of [[mite]]s, ''[[Ornithonyssus]]'' and ''[[Dermanyssus]]''.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author1=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=0-7216-2921-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Urban gamasoidosis is associated with window-sills, ventilation and air-conditioning intakes, which serve as shelters for nesting birds. In humans, the mites cause a non-specific dermatitis with intense [[itch]]ing.<ref name=":0">Cafiero, M. A., Galante, D., Raele, D. A., Nardella, M. C., & Piccirilli, E. (2017). Outbreaks of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari, Mesostigmata) Related Dermatitis in Humans in Public and Private Residences. ''Italy (2001-2017): An Expanding Skin Affliction. J Clin Case Rep'', ''7''(1035), 2.</ref><ref name=":2">Cafiero, M. A., Camarda, A., Galante, D., Mancini, G., Circella, E., Cavaliere, N., ... & Lomuto, M. Outbreaks of Red Mite (Dermanyssus Gallinae) Dermatitis in City-dwellers: An Emerging Urban Epizoonosis. ''HYPOTHESES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE'', 413.</ref>
'''Gamasoidosis''' (also known as '''acariasis''', '''avian-mite dermatitis''' or '''bird-mite dermatitis''')<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kowalska|first=M.|last2=Kupis|first2=B.|date=1976|title=Gamasoidosis (gamasidiosis)-not infrequent skin reactions, frequently unrecognized|journal=Polish Medical Sciences and History Bulletin|volume=15-16|issue=4|pages=391–394|issn=0301-0236|pmid=826895|via=}}</ref> is a frequently unrecognized [[Parasitic nutrition#Ectoparasitism|ectoparasitosis]]<ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Wambier|first=Carlos Gustavo|last2=Wambier|first2=Sarah Perillo de Farias|date=2012|title=Gamasoidosis illustrated - from the nest to dermoscopy|journal=Anais brasileiros de dermatologia|volume=87|issue=6|pages=926–927|doi=10.1590/S0365-05962012000600021|issn=0365-0596|pmc=3699918|pmid=23197219}}</ref> occurring after contact with [[Serinus|canaries]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=SULZBERGER|first=MARION B.|date=1936-01-01|title=AVIAN ITCH MITES AS A CAUSE OF HUMAN DERMATOSES|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/article-abstract/515832|journal=Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology|language=en|volume=33|issue=1|pages=60|doi=10.1001/archderm.1936.01470070063006|issn=0096-6029}}</ref> sparrows, starlings, [[pigeon]]s<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sparagano|first=O. a. E.|last2=George|first2=D. R.|last3=Harrington|first3=D. W. J.|last4=Giangaspero|first4=A.|date=2014|title=Significance and control of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae|journal=Annual Review of Entomology|volume=59|pages=447–466|doi=10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101|issn=1545-4487|pmid=24397522}}</ref> and [[poultry]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sigognault Flochlay|first=Annie|last2=Thomas|first2=Emmanuel|last3=Sparagano|first3=Olivier|date=2017-08-01|title=Poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation: a broad impact parasitological disease that still remains a significant challenge for the egg-laying industry in Europe|url=https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-017-2292-4|journal=Parasites & Vectors|volume=10|pages=357|doi=10.1186/s13071-017-2292-4|issn=1756-3305|pmc=5537931|pmid=28760144}}</ref> and caused by two genera of [[mite]]s, ''[[Ornithonyssus]]'' and ''[[Dermanyssus]]''.<ref name="Andrews">{{cite book |author1=James, William D. |author2=Berger, Timothy G. |title=Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology |publisher=Saunders Elsevier |location= |year=2006 |pages= |isbn=0-7216-2921-0 |oclc= |doi= |accessdate=|display-authors=etal}}</ref> Urban gamasoidosis is associated with window-sills, ventilation and air-conditioning intakes, which serve as shelters for nesting birds. In humans, the mites cause a non-specific dermatitis with intense [[itch]]ing.<ref name=":0">Cafiero, M. A., Galante, D., Raele, D. A., Nardella, M. C., & Piccirilli, E. (2017). Outbreaks of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari, Mesostigmata) Related Dermatitis in Humans in Public and Private Residences. ''Italy (2001-2017): An Expanding Skin Affliction. J Clin Case Rep'', ''7''(1035), 2.</ref><ref name=":2">Cafiero, M. A., Camarda, A., Galante, D., Mancini, G., Circella, E., Cavaliere, N., ... & Lomuto, M. Outbreaks of Red Mite (Dermanyssus Gallinae) Dermatitis in City-dwellers: An Emerging Urban Epizoonosis. ''HYPOTHESES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE'', 413.</ref>


== Symptoms ==
== Symptoms ==
The most common symptoms are "itching and punctiform, erythematous papules"<ref name=":0" />. The associated intense itching and irritation is caused by the saliva that mites secrete when feeding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mentz|first=Márcia Bohrer|last2=Silva|first2=Guilherme Liberato da|last3=Silva|first3=Carlos Eugênio|last4=Mentz|first4=Márcia Bohrer|last5=Silva|first5=Guilherme Liberato da|last6=Silva|first6=Carlos Eugênio|date=2015-12|title=Dermatitis caused by the tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) (Acari: Macronyssidae): a case report in humans|url=http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_abstract&pid=S0037-86822015000600786&lng=en&nrm=iso&tlng=en|journal=Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical|volume=48|issue=6|pages=786–788|doi=10.1590/0037-8682-0170-2015|issn=0037-8682}}</ref>
⚫
''[[Dermanyssus gallinae]]''is capable of infesting the ear canal, with symptoms including itching, internal inflammation and discharge.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Rossiter|first=A.|date=1997|title=Occupational otitis externa in chicken catchers|journal=The Journal of Laryngology and Otology|volume=111|issue=4|pages=366–367|issn=0022-2151|pmid=9176622|via=}}</ref> It can also infest the scalp, with severe itching—particularly at night as the primary symptom.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Pampiglione|first=S.|last2=Pampiglione|first2=G.|last3=Pagani|first3=M.|last4=Rivasi|first4=F.|date=2001|title=[Persistent scalp infestation by Dermanyssus gallinae in an Emilian country-woman]|journal=Parassitologia|volume=43|issue=3|pages=113–115|issn=0048-2951|pmid=11921537|via=}}</ref>

⚫
Bites are normally located in groups around the neck and body areas covered by clothes (waist, trunk, upper extremities and abdomen),<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=de Oliveira Alves|first=Andreia|last2=Bernardes Filho|first2=Fred|date=2018|title=Gamasoidosis (bird mite dermatitis): A case series in a family|url=https://www.pediatr-neonatol.com/article/S1875-9572(16)30230-3/fulltext|journal=Pediatrics & Neonatology|language=English|volume=59|issue=1|pages=102–103|doi=10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.08.001|issn=1875-9572|via=}}</ref> but can also be found on the legs.<ref name=":0" />

⚫
''[[Dermanyssus gallinae]]'' is capable of infesting the ear canal, with symptoms including itching, internal inflammation and discharge.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Rossiter|first=A.|date=1997|title=Occupational otitis externa in chicken catchers|journal=The Journal of Laryngology and Otology|volume=111|issue=4|pages=366–367|issn=0022-2151|pmid=9176622|via=}}</ref> It can also infest the scalp, with severe itching—particularly at night as the primary symptom.<ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Pampiglione|first=S.|last2=Pampiglione|first2=G.|last3=Pagani|first3=M.|last4=Rivasi|first4=F.|date=2001|title=[Persistent scalp infestation by Dermanyssus gallinae in an Emilian country-woman]|journal=Parassitologia|volume=43|issue=3|pages=113–115|issn=0048-2951|pmid=11921537|via=}}</ref>


Additional symptoms include pinpricks, secondary infections, scarring/hyperpigmentation as well as psychological damage resulting in anxiety and depression.<ref name=":7" />
Additional symptoms include pinpricks, secondary infections, scarring/hyperpigmentation as well as psychological damage resulting in anxiety and depression.<ref name=":7" />
Line 13: Line 17:
Diagnosis and treatment of gamasoidosis can be difficult, the life cycle of the mite is important in diagnosis as positive identification of species is critical for recommendation of suitable treatment.<ref name=":7" /> The tropical rat mite ''[[Ornithonyssus bacoti]]'' is also associated with human dermatitis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Cafiero|first=M.A.|last2=Raele|first2=D.A.|last3=Mancini|first3=G.|last4=Galante|first4=D.|date=2015-04-24|title=Dermatitis by Tropical Rat Mite,Ornithonyssus bacoti(Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae) in Italian city-dwellers: a diagnostic challenge|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jdv.13162|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|language=en|volume=30|issue=7|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.1111/jdv.13162|issn=0926-9959}}</ref>
Diagnosis and treatment of gamasoidosis can be difficult, the life cycle of the mite is important in diagnosis as positive identification of species is critical for recommendation of suitable treatment.<ref name=":7" /> The tropical rat mite ''[[Ornithonyssus bacoti]]'' is also associated with human dermatitis.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Cafiero|first=M.A.|last2=Raele|first2=D.A.|last3=Mancini|first3=G.|last4=Galante|first4=D.|date=2015-04-24|title=Dermatitis by Tropical Rat Mite,Ornithonyssus bacoti(Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae) in Italian city-dwellers: a diagnostic challenge|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jdv.13162|journal=Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology|language=en|volume=30|issue=7|pages=1231–1233|doi=10.1111/jdv.13162|issn=0926-9959}}</ref>


Due to it being an uncommon diagnosis, gamasoidosis may be misdiagnosed as [[scabies]] or [[pediculosis]]<ref name=":8" /> or bites mistakenly identified as coming from [[bed bug]]s.
Due to it being an uncommon diagnosis, gamasoidosis may be misdiagnosed as [[scabies]] or [[pediculosis]]<ref name=":8" /> or bites mistakenly identified as coming from [[bed bug]]s. In cases of unexplained bites, ''D. gallinae'' involvement should always be considered in residential areas.<ref name=":0" />


[[Hematophagy|Hematophagic]] mites generally feed at night<ref name=":10" /> but may also feed during the day if the room is sufficiently dark.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bardach|first=H|date=1981/01|title=[Acariasis due to dermanyssus gallinae (gamosoidosis) in Vienna (author's transl)]|url=http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/7222880|journal=Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten|language=en|volume=56|issue=1|issn=0301-0481}}</ref> They may be commonly found in the bedroom or where the patient sleeps, as they prefer to stay close to their host for optimal feeding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Roger W.|date=1958-11-01|title=An Infestation of a Human Habitation by Dermanyssus Gallinae (Degeer, 1778) (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in New York City Resulting in Sanguisugent Attacks upon the Occupants|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.627|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=7|issue=6|pages=627–629|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.627|issn=0002-9637}}</ref> ''D. gallinae'' generally visit their host for 1-2 hours and leave after completing their blood meal.<ref name=":0" /> They move extremely quickly,<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lucky|first=Anne W.|last2=Sayers|first2=C. Paul|last3=Argus|first3=J. David|last4=Lucky|first4=Andrea|date=2001-02-01|title=Avian Mite Bites Acquired From a New Source—Pet Gerbils: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478192?link=xref|journal=Archives of Dermatology|language=en|volume=137|issue=2|issn=0003-987X}}</ref> and are capable of striking rapidly and are able to bite in less than 1 second, enough time to inject their saliva and to induce rash and itching.<ref name=":0" />
⚫
Bites are normally located in groups around the neck and body areas covered by clothes (waist, trunk, upper extremities and abdomen).<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=de Oliveira Alves|first=Andreia|last2=Bernardes Filho|first2=Fred|date=2018|title=Gamasoidosis (bird mite dermatitis): A case series in a family|url=https://www.pediatr-neonatol.com/article/S1875-9572(16)30230-3/fulltext|journal=Pediatrics & Neonatology|language=English|volume=59|issue=1|pages=102–103|doi=10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.08.001|issn=1875-9572|via=}}</ref>

''D. gallinae'' leave the host after a blood meal and move extremely rapidly.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lucky|first=Anne W.|last2=Sayers|first2=C. Paul|last3=Argus|first3=J. David|last4=Lucky|first4=Andrea|date=2001-02-01|title=Avian Mite Bites Acquired From a New Source—Pet Gerbils: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature|url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamadermatology/fullarticle/478192?link=xref|journal=Archives of Dermatology|language=en|volume=137|issue=2|issn=0003-987X}}</ref>

Mites may be commonly found in the bedroom or where the patient sleeps, as they prefer to stay close to their host for optimal feeding.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Williams|first=Roger W.|date=1958-11-01|title=An Infestation of a Human Habitation by Dermanyssus Gallinae (Degeer, 1778) (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in New York City Resulting in Sanguisugent Attacks upon the Occupants|url=https://www.ajtmh.org/content/journals/10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.627|journal=The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene|language=en|volume=7|issue=6|pages=627–629|doi=10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.627|issn=0002-9637}}</ref>


Physicians should bear in mind that immunocompromised patients, patients that take corticosteroids, and patients with dementia may have a more severe infestation than healthy patients.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Sparagano|first=Olivier,|last2=Finn|first2=Robert,|last3=Mul|first3=Monique,|last4=Annunziata|first4=Giangaspero,|last5=CAFIERO,|first5=MARIA ASSUNTA|last6=Willingham|first6=Natalie,|last7=Lyons|first7=Kirstie,|last8=GEORGE,|first8=AIMEE LOVERS AND DAVID|date=2017|title=The emergence of Dermanyssus gallinae as an arthropod pest in urban context and the "one Health" approach. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on urban pests.|url=https://fair.unifg.it/handle/11369/362697}}</ref>
Physicians should bear in mind that immunocompromised patients, patients that take corticosteroids, and patients with dementia may have a more severe infestation than healthy patients.<ref name=":7">{{Cite journal|last=Sparagano|first=Olivier,|last2=Finn|first2=Robert,|last3=Mul|first3=Monique,|last4=Annunziata|first4=Giangaspero,|last5=CAFIERO,|first5=MARIA ASSUNTA|last6=Willingham|first6=Natalie,|last7=Lyons|first7=Kirstie,|last8=GEORGE,|first8=AIMEE LOVERS AND DAVID|date=2017|title=The emergence of Dermanyssus gallinae as an arthropod pest in urban context and the "one Health" approach. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on urban pests.|url=https://fair.unifg.it/handle/11369/362697}}</ref>

[[Dermatoscopy]] can help to exclude the diagnosis of [[delusional parasitosis]].<ref name=":9" />


== Treatment ==
== Treatment ==
Line 35: Line 37:
* Washing their clothes with detergent at a temperature at high temperatures.<ref>ŞENGÜL, M., KAÇAR, N., KARACA, M., ÖNER, S. Z., & ERGİN, Ç. (2017). Dermanysus gallinae’nın (Takım: Mesostigmata) Neden Olduğu Saçlı Deride Kaşıntılı Olgu. ''Mikrobiyol Bul'', ''51''(3), 293-298.</ref>
* Washing their clothes with detergent at a temperature at high temperatures.<ref>ŞENGÜL, M., KAÇAR, N., KARACA, M., ÖNER, S. Z., & ERGİN, Ç. (2017). Dermanysus gallinae’nın (Takım: Mesostigmata) Neden Olduğu Saçlı Deride Kaşıntılı Olgu. ''Mikrobiyol Bul'', ''51''(3), 293-298.</ref>
* Reduce the relative humidity of their home below 55%.
* Reduce the relative humidity of their home below 55%.
* Shower frequently.
* Perform intensive vacuum cleaning.<ref name=":0" />
* Take preventative measures to stop birds returning to their nesting sites.<ref name=":3" />
* Take preventative measures to stop birds returning to their nesting sites.<ref name=":3" />


Line 41: Line 45:
Bites resulting in itching and urticaria can be treated with [[antihistamine]]s and topical [[corticosteroid]]s for temporary relief of symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dogramaci|first=Asena Cigdem|last2=Culha|first2=Gulnaz|last3=Ozçelik|first3=Semra|date=2010|title=Dermanyssus gallinae infestation: an unusual cause of scalp pruritus treated with permethrin shampoo|journal=The Journal of Dermatological Treatment|volume=21|issue=5|pages=319–321|doi=10.3109/09546630903287437|issn=1471-1753|pmid=20687864|via=}}</ref>
Bites resulting in itching and urticaria can be treated with [[antihistamine]]s and topical [[corticosteroid]]s for temporary relief of symptoms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dogramaci|first=Asena Cigdem|last2=Culha|first2=Gulnaz|last3=Ozçelik|first3=Semra|date=2010|title=Dermanyssus gallinae infestation: an unusual cause of scalp pruritus treated with permethrin shampoo|journal=The Journal of Dermatological Treatment|volume=21|issue=5|pages=319–321|doi=10.3109/09546630903287437|issn=1471-1753|pmid=20687864|via=}}</ref>


In the case of scalp infestation, treatments with 1% [[permethrin]] shampoo can be used to remove the mites.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2017-10-01|title=Gamasoidosis caused by the special lineage L1 of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae): A case of heavy infestation in a public place in Italy|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576916305578|journal=Parasitology International|language=en|volume=66|issue=5|pages=666–670|doi=10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.001|issn=1383-5769}}</ref> For ear canal infestation, aural toilet is recommended with a course of 1% permethrin to be used as ear drops and for infected wax to removed by a professional.<ref name=":4" />
In the case of scalp infestation, treatments with 1% [[permethrin]] shampoo can be used to remove the mites.<ref name=":10">{{Cite journal|date=2017-10-01|title=Gamasoidosis caused by the special lineage L1 of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae): A case of heavy infestation in a public place in Italy|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1383576916305578|journal=Parasitology International|language=en|volume=66|issue=5|pages=666–670|doi=10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.001|issn=1383-5769}}</ref> For ear canal infestation, aural toilet is recommended with a course of 1% permethrin to be used as ear drops and for infected wax to removed by a professional.<ref name=":4" />


Ineffective and often prolonged attempts to eradicate infestations commonly result in economic issues, due to a significant financial outlay when patients relocate and/or attempt to control these infestations.<ref name=":7" />
Ineffective and often prolonged attempts to eradicate infestations commonly result in economic issues, due to a significant financial outlay when patients relocate and/or attempt to control these infestations.<ref name=":7" />

Revision as of 19:25, 29 May 2018

Illustration of Dermanyssus gallinae feeding
Dermanyssus gallinae piercing skin with its long chelicerae to reach dermal capillaries (scale not accurate).

Gamasoidosis (also known as acariasis, avian-mite dermatitis or bird-mite dermatitis)[1] is a frequently unrecognized ectoparasitosis[2] occurring after contact with canaries,[3] sparrows, starlings, pigeons[4] and poultry[5] and caused by two genera of mites, Ornithonyssus and Dermanyssus.[6] Urban gamasoidosis is associated with window-sills, ventilation and air-conditioning intakes, which serve as shelters for nesting birds. In humans, the mites cause a non-specific dermatitis with intense itching.[7][8]

Symptoms

The most common symptoms are "itching and punctiform, erythematous papules"[7]. The associated intense itching and irritation is caused by the saliva that mites secrete when feeding.[9]

Bites are normally located in groups around the neck and body areas covered by clothes (waist, trunk, upper extremities and abdomen),[10][11] but can also be found on the legs.[7]

Dermanyssus gallinae is capable of infesting the ear canal, with symptoms including itching, internal inflammation and discharge.[12] It can also infest the scalp, with severe itching—particularly at night as the primary symptom.[13]

Additional symptoms include pinpricks, secondary infections, scarring/hyperpigmentation as well as psychological damage resulting in anxiety and depression.[14]

Diagnosis

Feral pigeon nest with eggs
Feral pigeon nests are common sources of bird mites[15]

Diagnosis and treatment of gamasoidosis can be difficult, the life cycle of the mite is important in diagnosis as positive identification of species is critical for recommendation of suitable treatment.[14] The tropical rat mite Ornithonyssus bacoti is also associated with human dermatitis.[10]

Due to it being an uncommon diagnosis, gamasoidosis may be misdiagnosed as scabies or pediculosis[15] or bites mistakenly identified as coming from bed bugs. In cases of unexplained bites, D. gallinae involvement should always be considered in residential areas.[7]

Hematophagic mites generally feed at night[16] but may also feed during the day if the room is sufficiently dark.[17] They may be commonly found in the bedroom or where the patient sleeps, as they prefer to stay close to their host for optimal feeding.[18] D. gallinae generally visit their host for 1-2 hours and leave after completing their blood meal.[7] They move extremely quickly,[19] and are capable of striking rapidly and are able to bite in less than 1 second, enough time to inject their saliva and to induce rash and itching.[7]

Physicians should bear in mind that immunocompromised patients, patients that take corticosteroids, and patients with dementia may have a more severe infestation than healthy patients.[14]

Dermatoscopy can help to exclude the diagnosis of delusional parasitosis.[2]

Treatment

Treatment of gamasoidosis can be difficult. Bird mites have developed resistance to multiple pesticides and the different species concerned display varied ecologies that necessitate divergent treatment approaches.[14]

For a patient to achieve full recovery, the mites must be eradicated from the person's environment through the removal of nests and appropriate disinfestation of infested areas.[8] Total eradication can be difficult to achieve as D. gallinae can survive for longer than 9 months without a blood meal[20][21] and is capable of both digesting[22] and completing its life cycle on human blood alone.[13]

Patients are advised to:

  • Clean the household items with effective acaricides.
  • Remove infected animal shelters, cages and nests.
  • Heat treat their residence - raising the temperature of their living space above 55 °C.
  • Washing their clothes with detergent at a temperature at high temperatures.[23]
  • Reduce the relative humidity of their home below 55%.
  • Shower frequently.
  • Perform intensive vacuum cleaning.[7]
  • Take preventative measures to stop birds returning to their nesting sites.[11]

Fluralaner, an effective acaricide, available commercially as Bravecto[24] may be administered to cats and dogs after consulting a vet.

Bites resulting in itching and urticaria can be treated with antihistamines and topical corticosteroids for temporary relief of symptoms.[25]

In the case of scalp infestation, treatments with 1% permethrin shampoo can be used to remove the mites.[16] For ear canal infestation, aural toilet is recommended with a course of 1% permethrin to be used as ear drops and for infected wax to removed by a professional.[12]

Ineffective and often prolonged attempts to eradicate infestations commonly result in economic issues, due to a significant financial outlay when patients relocate and/or attempt to control these infestations.[14]

Epidemiology

D. gallinae poses a significant threat to public health as the mite may be vector/reservoir of zoonotic pathogens, such as Chlamydia psittaci, Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, Salmonella spp., Mycobacterium spp., Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus, Eastern equine encephalitis virus, and fowl pox virus.[26]

See also

References

  1. ^ Kowalska, M.; Kupis, B. (1976). "Gamasoidosis (gamasidiosis)-not infrequent skin reactions, frequently unrecognized". Polish Medical Sciences and History Bulletin. 15–16 (4): 391–394. ISSN 0301-0236. PMID 826895.
  2. ^ a b Wambier, Carlos Gustavo; Wambier, Sarah Perillo de Farias (2012). "Gamasoidosis illustrated - from the nest to dermoscopy". Anais brasileiros de dermatologia. 87 (6): 926–927. doi:10.1590/S0365-05962012000600021. ISSN 0365-0596. PMC 3699918. PMID 23197219.
  3. ^ SULZBERGER, MARION B. (1936-01-01). "AVIAN ITCH MITES AS A CAUSE OF HUMAN DERMATOSES". Archives of Dermatology and Syphilology. 33 (1): 60. doi:10.1001/archderm.1936.01470070063006. ISSN 0096-6029.
  4. ^ Sparagano, O. a. E.; George, D. R.; Harrington, D. W. J.; Giangaspero, A. (2014). "Significance and control of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae". Annual Review of Entomology. 59: 447–466. doi:10.1146/annurev-ento-011613-162101. ISSN 1545-4487. PMID 24397522.
  5. ^ Sigognault Flochlay, Annie; Thomas, Emmanuel; Sparagano, Olivier (2017-08-01). "Poultry red mite (Dermanyssus gallinae) infestation: a broad impact parasitological disease that still remains a significant challenge for the egg-laying industry in Europe". Parasites & Vectors. 10: 357. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2292-4. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 5537931. PMID 28760144.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  6. ^ James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0.
  7. ^ a b c d e f g Cafiero, M. A., Galante, D., Raele, D. A., Nardella, M. C., & Piccirilli, E. (2017). Outbreaks of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari, Mesostigmata) Related Dermatitis in Humans in Public and Private Residences. Italy (2001-2017): An Expanding Skin Affliction. J Clin Case Rep, 7(1035), 2.
  8. ^ a b Cafiero, M. A., Camarda, A., Galante, D., Mancini, G., Circella, E., Cavaliere, N., ... & Lomuto, M. Outbreaks of Red Mite (Dermanyssus Gallinae) Dermatitis in City-dwellers: An Emerging Urban Epizoonosis. HYPOTHESES IN CLINICAL MEDICINE, 413.
  9. ^ Mentz, Márcia Bohrer; Silva, Guilherme Liberato da; Silva, Carlos Eugênio; Mentz, Márcia Bohrer; Silva, Guilherme Liberato da; Silva, Carlos Eugênio (2015-12). "Dermatitis caused by the tropical fowl mite Ornithonyssus bursa (Berlese) (Acari: Macronyssidae): a case report in humans". Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical. 48 (6): 786–788. doi:10.1590/0037-8682-0170-2015. ISSN 0037-8682. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  10. ^ a b Cafiero, M.A.; Raele, D.A.; Mancini, G.; Galante, D. (2015-04-24). "Dermatitis by Tropical Rat Mite,Ornithonyssus bacoti(Mesostigmata, Macronyssidae) in Italian city-dwellers: a diagnostic challenge". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology. 30 (7): 1231–1233. doi:10.1111/jdv.13162. ISSN 0926-9959.
  11. ^ a b de Oliveira Alves, Andreia; Bernardes Filho, Fred (2018). "Gamasoidosis (bird mite dermatitis): A case series in a family". Pediatrics & Neonatology. 59 (1): 102–103. doi:10.1016/j.pedneo.2017.08.001. ISSN 1875-9572.
  12. ^ a b Rossiter, A. (1997). "Occupational otitis externa in chicken catchers". The Journal of Laryngology and Otology. 111 (4): 366–367. ISSN 0022-2151. PMID 9176622.
  13. ^ a b Pampiglione, S.; Pampiglione, G.; Pagani, M.; Rivasi, F. (2001). "[Persistent scalp infestation by Dermanyssus gallinae in an Emilian country-woman]". Parassitologia. 43 (3): 113–115. ISSN 0048-2951. PMID 11921537.
  14. ^ a b c d e Sparagano, Olivier,; Finn, Robert,; Mul, Monique,; Annunziata, Giangaspero,; CAFIERO,, MARIA ASSUNTA; Willingham, Natalie,; Lyons, Kirstie,; GEORGE,, AIMEE LOVERS AND DAVID (2017). "The emergence of Dermanyssus gallinae as an arthropod pest in urban context and the "one Health" approach. Proceedings of the 9th International Conference on urban pests". {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)CS1 maint: extra punctuation (link) CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  15. ^ a b Regan, Anne Marie (1987-12-01). "Nosocomial Dermatitis and Pruritus Caused by Pigeon Mite Infestation". Archives of Internal Medicine. 147 (12): 2185. doi:10.1001/archinte.1987.00370120121021. ISSN 0003-9926.
  16. ^ a b "Gamasoidosis caused by the special lineage L1 of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acarina: Dermanyssidae): A case of heavy infestation in a public place in Italy". Parasitology International. 66 (5): 666–670. 2017-10-01. doi:10.1016/j.parint.2017.05.001. ISSN 1383-5769.
  17. ^ Bardach, H (1981/01). "[Acariasis due to dermanyssus gallinae (gamosoidosis) in Vienna (author's transl)]". Zeitschrift fur Hautkrankheiten. 56 (1). ISSN 0301-0481. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help)
  18. ^ Williams, Roger W. (1958-11-01). "An Infestation of a Human Habitation by Dermanyssus Gallinae (Degeer, 1778) (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in New York City Resulting in Sanguisugent Attacks upon the Occupants". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 7 (6): 627–629. doi:10.4269/ajtmh.1958.7.627. ISSN 0002-9637.
  19. ^ Lucky, Anne W.; Sayers, C. Paul; Argus, J. David; Lucky, Andrea (2001-02-01). "Avian Mite Bites Acquired From a New Source—Pet Gerbils: Report of 2 Cases and Review of the Literature". Archives of Dermatology. 137 (2). ISSN 0003-987X.
  20. ^ Nordenfors, H.; Höglund, J.; Uggla, A. (1999). "Effects of temperature and humidity on oviposition, molting, and longevity of Dermanyssus gallinae (Acari: Dermanyssidae)". Journal of Medical Entomology. 36 (1): 68–72. ISSN 0022-2585. PMID 10071495.
  21. ^ "Longevity of the mites Dermanyssus gallinae and Liponyssus sylviarum". Experimental Parasitology. 14 (3): 358–366. 1963-12-01. doi:10.1016/0014-4894(63)90043-2. ISSN 0014-4894.
  22. ^ Williams, R. W. (1958). "An infestation of a human habitation by Dermanyssus gallinae (Degeer, 1778) (Acarina: Dermanyssidae) in New York City resulting in sanguisugent attacks upon the occupants". The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 7 (6): 627–629. ISSN 0002-9637. PMID 13595207.
  23. ^ ŞENGÜL, M., KAÇAR, N., KARACA, M., ÖNER, S. Z., & ERGİN, Ç. (2017). Dermanysus gallinae’nın (Takım: Mesostigmata) Neden Olduğu Saçlı Deride Kaşıntılı Olgu. Mikrobiyol Bul, 51(3), 293-298.
  24. ^ Brauneis, Maria D.; Zoller, Hartmut; Williams, Heike; Zschiesche, Eva; Heckeroth, Anja R. (2017-12-02). "The acaricidal speed of kill of orally administered fluralaner against poultry red mites (Dermanyssus gallinae) on laying hens and its impact on mite reproduction". Parasites & Vectors. 10. doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2534-5. ISSN 1756-3305. PMC 5712167. PMID 29197422.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  25. ^ Dogramaci, Asena Cigdem; Culha, Gulnaz; Ozçelik, Semra (2010). "Dermanyssus gallinae infestation: an unusual cause of scalp pruritus treated with permethrin shampoo". The Journal of Dermatological Treatment. 21 (5): 319–321. doi:10.3109/09546630903287437. ISSN 1471-1753. PMID 20687864.
  26. ^ Cafiero, M. A.; Camarda, A.; Circella, E.; Santagada, G.; Schino, G.; Lomuto, M. (2008). "Pseudoscabies caused by Dermanyssus gallinae in Italian city dwellers: a new setting for an old dermatitis". Journal of the European Academy of Dermatology and Venereology: JEADV. 22 (11): 1382–1383. doi:10.1111/j.1468-3083.2008.02645.x. ISSN 1468-3083. PMID 18384564.
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