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== Education ==
== Education ==
Tanja Bosak completed her [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] in [[geophysics]] from the [[University of Zagreb]], and her [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in geobiology at the [[California Institute of Technology]], where she worked with [[Dianne Newman]].<ref name=":0" /> Before her PhD, she completed a summer of research at the [[NASA]] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.simonsfoundation.org/team/simons-collaboration-on-the-origins-of-life-tanja-bosak/|title=Tanja Bosak {{!}} Simons Foundation|website=Simons Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-14}}</ref> She initially started her PhD with the intent of being focusing on [[planetary science]]s. During this time, she published with [[Andrew Ingersoll]] on [[Atmosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's atmosphere]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2002-08-01|title=Shear Instabilities as a Probe of Jupiter's Atmosphere|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103502968867|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=158|issue=2|pages=401–409|doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6886|issn=0019-1035}}</ref> She later focused on [[stromatolite]] genesis with Dianne Newman,<ref name=":1" /> and in 2005 completed her PhD dissertation, entitled "Laboratory models of microbial biosignatures in carbonate rocks".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4931/|title=Laboratory models of microbial biosignatures in carbonate rocks|last=Tanja|first=Bosak,|date=2005|website=thesis.library.caltech.edu|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref> She undertook [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral]] work as a Microbial Sciences Initiative Fellow, [[Harvard University]], working with Ann Pearson and [[Richard Losick]].<ref name=":2" />
Tanja Bosak completed her [[Bachelor of Science|B.Sc.]] in [[geophysics]] from the [[University of Zagreb]], and her [[Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in geobiology at the [[California Institute of Technology]], where she worked with [[Dianne Newman]].<ref name=":0" /> Before her PhD, she completed a summer of research at the [[NASA]] [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.simonsfoundation.org/team/simons-collaboration-on-the-origins-of-life-tanja-bosak/|title=Tanja Bosak {{!}} Simons Foundation|website=Simons Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2018-11-14|date=2014-06-23}}</ref> She initially started her PhD with the intent of being focusing on [[planetary science]]s. During this time, she published with [[Andrew Ingersoll]] on [[Atmosphere of Jupiter|Jupiter's atmosphere]].<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2002-08-01|title=Shear Instabilities as a Probe of Jupiter's Atmosphere|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0019103502968867|journal=Icarus|language=en|volume=158|issue=2|pages=401–409|doi=10.1006/icar.2002.6886|issn=0019-1035|last1=Bosak|first1=T.}}</ref> She later focused on [[stromatolite]] genesis with Dianne Newman,<ref name=":1" /> and in 2005 completed her PhD dissertation, entitled "Laboratory models of microbial biosignatures in carbonate rocks".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thesis.library.caltech.edu/4931/|title=Laboratory models of microbial biosignatures in carbonate rocks|last=Tanja|first=Bosak|date=2005|website=thesis.library.caltech.edu|access-date=2018-11-11}}</ref> She undertook [[Postdoctoral researcher|postdoctoral]] work as a Microbial Sciences Initiative Fellow, [[Harvard University]], working with Ann Pearson and [[Richard Losick]].<ref name=":2" />


== Work ==
== Work ==
Bosak's research has mainly been in the field of geobiology, notably in studying stromatolites, organic [[geochemistry]], and [[sedimentology]]. Her early work with Dianne Newman at CalTech studied the formation of stromatolites and their interpretation in the [[Geologic record|rock record]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Newman|first2=Dianne K.|date=2003|title=Microbial nucleation of calcium carbonate in the Precambrian|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/31/7/577/188319|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=31|issue=7|pages=577|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0577:MNOCCI>2.0.CO;2|issn=0091-7613}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Souza-Egipsy|first2=Virginia|last3=Corsetti|first3=Frank A.|last4=Newman|first4=Dianne K.|date=2004|title=Micrometer-scale porosity as a biosignature in carbonate crusts|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/32/9/781/103727|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=32|issue=9|pages=781|doi=10.1130/G20681.1|issn=0091-7613}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=T.|last2=Newman|first2=D. K.|date=2005-03-01|title=Microbial Kinetic Controls on Calcite Morphology in Supersaturated Solutions|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article-abstract/75/2/190/114188|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Research|language=en|volume=75|issue=2|pages=190–199|doi=10.2110/jsr.2005.015|issn=1527-1404}}</ref> In this work, she used the [[Sulfate-reducing microorganisms|sulfate reducing bacterium]] ''[[Desulfovibrio desulfuricans]]'' strain G20 to investigate microbial precipitation of [[Carbonate minerals|carbonates]]. She found that contrary to contemporary models, biotic sulfate reduction was not the cause of carbonate precipitation in [[Precambrian|pre-Cambrian]] ocean conditions.<ref name=":3" /> Her research suggested distinct carbonate microstructures as indicators of stromatolite [[Biogenesis|biogenicity]]<ref name=":4" /> and that microbial processes influence the shape of [[calcite]] crystals precipitated under [[Supersaturation|supersaturated]] conditions.<ref name=":5" /> In 2007, it was shown by her work that the [[Anoxygenic photosynthesis|anoxygenic photosynthetic]] bacterium ''[[Rhodopseudomonas palustris]]'' could cause stromatolite formation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=BOSAK|first=T.|last2=GREENE|first2=S. E.|last3=NEWMAN|first3=D. K.|date=2007|title=A likely role for anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes in the formation of ancient stromatolites|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00104.x|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=119–126|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00104.x|issn=1472-4677|pmc=2947360|pmid=20890383|via=}}</ref> This is in contrast to modern day biogenic stromatolites, which usually form through the action of [[Cyanobacteria]]. These results were interpreted as a potential mechanism for [[Archean|Archaean]] stromatolite formation, which pre-date the rise of [[Photosynthesis|oxygenic photosynthesis]].<ref name=":6" /> While working with Dianne Newman, Bosak also demonstrated that calcite [[Peloid (geology)|peloids]] can be abiotically formed while still resembling biogenic peloids, cautioning against assuming that all peloidal calcite structures in the rock record are biogenic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BOSAK|first=T.|last2=SOUZA-EGIPSY|first2=V.|last3=NEWMAN|first3=D. K.|date=2004|title=A laboratory model of abiotic peloid formation|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00031.x|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=189–198|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00031.x|issn=1472-4677|via=}}</ref>
Bosak's research has mainly been in the field of geobiology, notably in studying stromatolites, organic [[geochemistry]], and [[sedimentology]]. Her early work with Dianne Newman at CalTech studied the formation of stromatolites and their interpretation in the [[Geologic record|rock record]].<ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Newman|first2=Dianne K.|date=2003|title=Microbial nucleation of calcium carbonate in the Precambrian|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/31/7/577/188319|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=31|issue=7|pages=577|doi=10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0577:MNOCCI>2.0.CO;2|issn=0091-7613}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Souza-Egipsy|first2=Virginia|last3=Corsetti|first3=Frank A.|last4=Newman|first4=Dianne K.|date=2004|title=Micrometer-scale porosity as a biosignature in carbonate crusts|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/32/9/781/103727|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=32|issue=9|pages=781|doi=10.1130/G20681.1|issn=0091-7613}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=T.|last2=Newman|first2=D. K.|date=2005-03-01|title=Microbial Kinetic Controls on Calcite Morphology in Supersaturated Solutions|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article-abstract/75/2/190/114188|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Research|language=en|volume=75|issue=2|pages=190–199|doi=10.2110/jsr.2005.015|issn=1527-1404}}</ref> In this work, she used the [[Sulfate-reducing microorganisms|sulfate reducing bacterium]] ''[[Desulfovibrio desulfuricans]]'' strain G20 to investigate microbial precipitation of [[Carbonate minerals|carbonates]]. She found that contrary to contemporary models, biotic sulfate reduction was not the cause of carbonate precipitation in [[Precambrian|pre-Cambrian]] ocean conditions.<ref name=":3" /> Her research suggested distinct carbonate microstructures as indicators of stromatolite [[Biogenesis|biogenicity]]<ref name=":4" /> and that microbial processes influence the shape of [[calcite]] crystals precipitated under [[Supersaturation|supersaturated]] conditions.<ref name=":5" /> In 2007, it was shown by her work that the [[Anoxygenic photosynthesis|anoxygenic photosynthetic]] bacterium ''[[Rhodopseudomonas palustris]]'' could cause stromatolite formation.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=BOSAK|first=T.|last2=GREENE|first2=S. E.|last3=NEWMAN|first3=D. K.|date=2007|title=A likely role for anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes in the formation of ancient stromatolites|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=5|issue=2|pages=119–126|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00104.x|issn=1472-4677|pmc=2947360|pmid=20890383}}</ref> This is in contrast to modern day biogenic stromatolites, which usually form through the action of [[Cyanobacteria]]. These results were interpreted as a potential mechanism for [[Archean|Archaean]] stromatolite formation, which pre-date the rise of [[Photosynthesis|oxygenic photosynthesis]].<ref name=":6" /> While working with Dianne Newman, Bosak also demonstrated that calcite [[Peloid (geology)|peloids]] can be abiotically formed while still resembling biogenic peloids, cautioning against assuming that all peloidal calcite structures in the rock record are biogenic.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=BOSAK|first=T.|last2=SOUZA-EGIPSY|first2=V.|last3=NEWMAN|first3=D. K.|date=2004|title=A laboratory model of abiotic peloid formation|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=2|issue=3|pages=189–198|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00031.x|issn=1472-4677}}</ref>


Bosak's postdoctoral research with Richard Losick and Ann Pearson used organic geochemistry and [[genetics]] to understand microbial [[Evolutionary history of life|evolution]] and ancient Earth history. Through characterizing tetracyclic [[Terpenoid|isoprenoids]] (sporulenes) in spores of the bacterium ''[[Bacillus subtilis]],'' Bosak determined that these sporulenes were involved in protection against [[oxidative stress]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=T.|last2=Losick|first2=R. M.|last3=Pearson|first3=A.|date=2008-05-06|title=A polycyclic terpenoid that alleviates oxidative stress|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/18/6725|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=18|pages=6725–6729|doi=10.1073/pnas.0800199105|issn=0027-8424|pmid=18436644}}</ref> Derivative compounds of sporulenes are found in the rock record, and Bosak proposed that these molecules could be used as [[biomarker]]s of aerobic environments.
Bosak's postdoctoral research with Richard Losick and Ann Pearson used organic geochemistry and [[genetics]] to understand microbial [[Evolutionary history of life|evolution]] and ancient Earth history. Through characterizing tetracyclic [[Terpenoid|isoprenoids]] (sporulenes) in spores of the bacterium ''[[Bacillus subtilis]],'' Bosak determined that these sporulenes were involved in protection against [[oxidative stress]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=T.|last2=Losick|first2=R. M.|last3=Pearson|first3=A.|date=2008-05-06|title=A polycyclic terpenoid that alleviates oxidative stress|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/105/18/6725|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=105|issue=18|pages=6725–6729|doi=10.1073/pnas.0800199105|issn=0027-8424|pmid=18436644|pmc=2373358}}</ref> Derivative compounds of sporulenes are found in the rock record, and Bosak proposed that these molecules could be used as [[biomarker]]s of aerobic environments.


As a professor at MIT, Bosak's research has pursued multiple paths, including stromatolite biogenesis, microbial mats, sedimentology, and microbial stable [[isotope]] fractionation. With Alexander P. Petroff and others, Bosak's research demonstrated photosynthetic origins and features of stromatolites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Liang|first2=Biqing|last3=Sim|first3=Min Sub|last4=Petroff|first4=Alexander P.|date=2009-07-07|title=Morphological record of oxygenic photosynthesis in conical stromatolites|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/27/10939|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=106|issue=27|pages=10939–10943|doi=10.1073/pnas.0900885106|issn=0027-8424|pmid=19564621}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petroff|first=Alexander P.|last2=Sim|first2=Min Sub|last3=Maslov|first3=Andrey|last4=Krupenin|first4=Mikhail|last5=Rothman|first5=Daniel H.|last6=Bosak|first6=Tanja|date=2010-06-01|title=Biophysical basis for the geometry of conical stromatolites|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/22/9956|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=107|issue=22|pages=9956–9961|doi=10.1073/pnas.1001973107|issn=0027-8424|pmid=20479268}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=T.|last2=Liang|first2=B.|last3=Wu|first3=T.-D.|last4=Templer|first4=S. P.|last5=Evans|first5=A.|last6=Vali|first6=H.|last7=Guerquin-Kern|first7=J.-L.|last8=Klepac-Ceraj|first8=V.|last9=Sim|first9=M. S.|date=2012-06-19|title=Cyanobacterial diversity and activity in modern conical microbialites|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00334.x|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=10|issue=5|pages=384–401|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00334.x|issn=1472-4677}}</ref> Her group's findings also showed how wrinkle structure morphologies form in stromatolites,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mariotti|first=G.|last2=Pruss|first2=S. B.|last3=Perron|first3=J. T.|last4=Bosak|first4=T.|date=2014-08-31|title=Microbial shaping of sedimentary wrinkle structures|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2229|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=En|volume=7|issue=10|pages=736–740|doi=10.1038/ngeo2229|issn=1752-0894}}</ref> how stromatolite structures could be misinterpreted in the fossil record as signs of animal locomotion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mariotti|first=Giulio|last2=Pruss|first2=Sara B.|last3=Ai|first3=Xuyuan|last4=Perron|first4=J. Taylor|last5=Bosak|first5=Tanja|date=2016|title=Microbial Origin of Early Animal Trace Fossils?|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article-abstract/86/4/287/145517|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Research|language=en|volume=86|issue=4|pages=287–293|doi=10.2110/jsr.2016.19|issn=1527-1404|via=}}</ref> and how elongated [[microbial mat]] morphologies could be formed.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-07-01|title=Feedbacks between flow, sediment motion and microbial growth on sand bars initiate and shape elongated stromatolite mounds|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14002763|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|language=en|volume=397|pages=93–100|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.036|issn=0012-821X}}</ref>
As a professor at MIT, Bosak's research has pursued multiple paths, including stromatolite biogenesis, microbial mats, sedimentology, and microbial stable [[isotope]] fractionation. With Alexander P. Petroff and others, Bosak's research demonstrated photosynthetic origins and features of stromatolites.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Liang|first2=Biqing|last3=Sim|first3=Min Sub|last4=Petroff|first4=Alexander P.|date=2009-07-07|title=Morphological record of oxygenic photosynthesis in conical stromatolites|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/106/27/10939|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=106|issue=27|pages=10939–10943|doi=10.1073/pnas.0900885106|issn=0027-8424|pmid=19564621|pmc=2708726}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Petroff|first=Alexander P.|last2=Sim|first2=Min Sub|last3=Maslov|first3=Andrey|last4=Krupenin|first4=Mikhail|last5=Rothman|first5=Daniel H.|last6=Bosak|first6=Tanja|date=2010-06-01|title=Biophysical basis for the geometry of conical stromatolites|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/107/22/9956|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=107|issue=22|pages=9956–9961|doi=10.1073/pnas.1001973107|issn=0027-8424|pmid=20479268|pmc=2890478}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=T.|last2=Liang|first2=B.|last3=Wu|first3=T.-D.|last4=Templer|first4=S. P.|last5=Evans|first5=A.|last6=Vali|first6=H.|last7=Guerquin-Kern|first7=J.-L.|last8=Klepac-Ceraj|first8=V.|last9=Sim|first9=M. S.|date=2012-06-19|title=Cyanobacterial diversity and activity in modern conical microbialites|journal=Geobiology|language=en|volume=10|issue=5|pages=384–401|doi=10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00334.x|pmid=22713108|issn=1472-4677}}</ref> Her group's findings also showed how wrinkle structure morphologies form in stromatolites,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mariotti|first=G.|last2=Pruss|first2=S. B.|last3=Perron|first3=J. T.|last4=Bosak|first4=T.|date=2014-08-31|title=Microbial shaping of sedimentary wrinkle structures|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2229|journal=Nature Geoscience|language=En|volume=7|issue=10|pages=736–740|doi=10.1038/ngeo2229|issn=1752-0894}}</ref> how stromatolite structures could be misinterpreted in the fossil record as signs of animal locomotion<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mariotti|first=Giulio|last2=Pruss|first2=Sara B.|last3=Ai|first3=Xuyuan|last4=Perron|first4=J. Taylor|last5=Bosak|first5=Tanja|date=2016|title=Microbial Origin of Early Animal Trace Fossils?|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/sepm/jsedres/article-abstract/86/4/287/145517|journal=Journal of Sedimentary Research|language=en|volume=86|issue=4|pages=287–293|doi=10.2110/jsr.2016.19|issn=1527-1404|via=}}</ref> and how elongated [[microbial mat]] morphologies could be formed.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-07-01|title=Feedbacks between flow, sediment motion and microbial growth on sand bars initiate and shape elongated stromatolite mounds|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X14002763|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|language=en|volume=397|pages=93–100|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.036|issn=0012-821X|last1=Mariotti|first1=G.|last2=Perron|first2=J.T.|last3=Bosak|first3=T.}}</ref>


With Min Sub Sim and Shuhei Ono, Bosak found that biological sulfate reduction can produce large stable isotope fractionations of sulfur, similar to those seen in the rock record of early Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sim|first=Min Sub|last2=Bosak|first2=Tanja|last3=Ono|first3=Shuhei|date=November 11, 2018|title=Large Sulfur Isotope Fractionation Does Not Require Disproportionation|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6038/74|journal=Science|publisher=|volume=333|pages=74–77|via=}}</ref> The authors interpreted this as evidence that large sulfur isotope fractionations are not unequivocally indicative of [[sulfur]] metabolisms other than sulfate reduction on early Earth. Further studies suggested that microbial [[sulfate]] reduction and [[heterotroph]]y together, or that [[iron]] and [[nitrogen]] limitation could similarly lead to large sulfate isotopic fractionations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sim|first=Min Sub|last2=Ono|first2=Shuhei|last3=Bosak|first3=Tanja|date=2012-09-19|title=Effects of Iron and Nitrogen Limitation on Sulfur Isotope Fractionation during Microbial Sulfate Reduction|url=https://aem.asm.org/content/early/2012/09/17/AEM.01842-12|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol.|language=en|pages=AEM.01842–12|doi=10.1128/AEM.01842-12|issn=0099-2240|pmid=23001667}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sim|first=Min Sub|last2=Wang|first2=David T.|last3=Zane|first3=Grant M.|last4=Wall|first4=Judy D.|last5=Bosak|first5=Tanja|last6=Ono|first6=Shuhei|date=2013|title=Fractionation of sulfur isotopes by Desulfovibrio vulgaris mutants lacking hydrogenases or type I tetraheme cytochrome c3|url=https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2013.00171/full|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=English|volume=4|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2013.00171|issn=1664-302X}}</ref> Bosak also characterized [[Micropaleontology|microfossils]] in post-[[Sturtian glaciation|Sturtian]] and [[Cryogenian]] [[Carbonate rock|carbonates]] from [[Namibia]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Lahr|first2=Daniel J.G.|last3=Pruss|first3=Sara B.|last4=Macdonald|first4=Francis A.|last5=Gooday|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Dalton|first6=Lilly|last7=Matys|first7=Emily D.|date=2012|title=Possible early foraminiferans in post-Sturtian (716−635 Ma) cap carbonates|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/40/1/67/130716|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=67–70|doi=10.1130/G32535.1|issn=1943-2682|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=T.|last2=Macdonald|first2=F.|last3=Lahr|first3=D.|last4=Matys|first4=E.|date=2011|title=Putative Cryogenian ciliates from Mongolia|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/39/12/1123/130434|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=39|issue=12|pages=1123–1126|doi=10.1130/G32384.1|issn=1943-2682|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Mariotti|first2=Giulio|last3=MacDonald|first3=Francis A.|last4=Perron|first4=J. Taylor|last5=Pruss|first5=Sara B.|date=2013|title=Microbial Sedimentology of Stromatolites in Neoproterozoic Cap Carbonates|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-paleontological-society-papers/article/microbial-sedimentology-of-stromatolites-in-neoproterozoic-cap-carbonates/51473F289C4D95114FF907955A809828|journal=The Paleontological Society Papers|language=en|volume=19|pages=51–76|doi=10.1017/S1089332600002680|issn=1089-3326|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2011-08-01|title=Agglutinated tests in post-Sturtian cap carbonates of Namibia and Mongolia|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X1100313X|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|language=en|volume=308|issue=1-2|pages=29–40|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.030|issn=0012-821X}}</ref>
With Min Sub Sim and Shuhei Ono, Bosak found that biological sulfate reduction can produce large stable isotope fractionations of sulfur, similar to those seen in the rock record of early Earth.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sim|first=Min Sub|last2=Bosak|first2=Tanja|last3=Ono|first3=Shuhei|date=November 11, 2018|title=Large Sulfur Isotope Fractionation Does Not Require Disproportionation|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/333/6038/74|journal=Science|volume=333|pages=74–77|via=}}</ref> The authors interpreted this as evidence that large sulfur isotope fractionations are not unequivocally indicative of [[sulfur]] metabolisms other than sulfate reduction on early Earth. Further studies suggested that microbial [[sulfate]] reduction and [[heterotroph]]y together, or that [[iron]] and [[nitrogen]] limitation could similarly lead to large sulfate isotopic fractionations.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sim|first=Min Sub|last2=Ono|first2=Shuhei|last3=Bosak|first3=Tanja|date=2012-09-19|title=Effects of Iron and Nitrogen Limitation on Sulfur Isotope Fractionation during Microbial Sulfate Reduction|url=https://aem.asm.org/content/early/2012/09/17/AEM.01842-12|journal=Appl. Environ. Microbiol.|volume=78|issue=23|language=en|pages=AEM.01842–12|doi=10.1128/AEM.01842-12|issn=0099-2240|pmid=23001667|pmc=3497358}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sim|first=Min Sub|last2=Wang|first2=David T.|last3=Zane|first3=Grant M.|last4=Wall|first4=Judy D.|last5=Bosak|first5=Tanja|last6=Ono|first6=Shuhei|date=2013|title=Fractionation of sulfur isotopes by Desulfovibrio vulgaris mutants lacking hydrogenases or type I tetraheme cytochrome c3|journal=Frontiers in Microbiology|language=English|volume=4|pages=171|doi=10.3389/fmicb.2013.00171|pmid=23805134|pmc=3691511|issn=1664-302X}}</ref> Bosak also characterized [[Micropaleontology|microfossils]] in post-[[Sturtian glaciation|Sturtian]] and [[Cryogenian]] [[Carbonate rock|carbonates]] from [[Namibia]] and [[Mongolia]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Lahr|first2=Daniel J.G.|last3=Pruss|first3=Sara B.|last4=Macdonald|first4=Francis A.|last5=Gooday|first5=Andrew J.|last6=Dalton|first6=Lilly|last7=Matys|first7=Emily D.|date=2012|title=Possible early foraminiferans in post-Sturtian (716−635 Ma) cap carbonates|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/40/1/67/130716|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=40|issue=1|pages=67–70|doi=10.1130/G32535.1|issn=1943-2682|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=T.|last2=Macdonald|first2=F.|last3=Lahr|first3=D.|last4=Matys|first4=E.|date=2011|title=Putative Cryogenian ciliates from Mongolia|url=https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/39/12/1123/130434|journal=Geology|language=en|volume=39|issue=12|pages=1123–1126|doi=10.1130/G32384.1|issn=1943-2682|via=}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bosak|first=Tanja|last2=Mariotti|first2=Giulio|last3=MacDonald|first3=Francis A.|last4=Perron|first4=J. Taylor|last5=Pruss|first5=Sara B.|date=2013|title=Microbial Sedimentology of Stromatolites in Neoproterozoic Cap Carbonates|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-paleontological-society-papers/article/microbial-sedimentology-of-stromatolites-in-neoproterozoic-cap-carbonates/51473F289C4D95114FF907955A809828|journal=The Paleontological Society Papers|language=en|volume=19|pages=51–76|doi=10.1017/S1089332600002680|issn=1089-3326|via=|doi-broken-date=2019-01-25}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|date=2011-08-01|title=Agglutinated tests in post-Sturtian cap carbonates of Namibia and Mongolia|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X1100313X|journal=Earth and Planetary Science Letters|language=en|volume=308|issue=1–2|pages=29–40|doi=10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.030|issn=0012-821X|last1=Bosak|first1=T.|last2=Lahr|first2=D.J.G.|last3=Pruss|first3=S.B.|last4=MacDonald|first4=F.A.|last5=Dalton|first5=L.|last6=Matys|first6=E.}}</ref>


== Awards and honors ==
== Awards and honors ==

Revision as of 17:07, 25 January 2019

Tanja Bosak is a Croatian-American experimental geobiologist who is currently an associate professor in the Earth, Atmosphere, and Planetary Science department at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.[1] Her awards include the Subaru Outstanding Woman in Science Award from the Geological Society of America (2007),[2] the James B. Macelwane Medal from the American Geophysical Union[3] (2011), and was elected an AGU fellow (2011).[4] Bosak is recognized for her work understanding stromatolite genesis, in addition to her work in broader geobiology and geochemistry.

Education

Tanja Bosak completed her B.Sc. in geophysics from the University of Zagreb, and her PhD in geobiology at the California Institute of Technology, where she worked with Dianne Newman.[2] Before her PhD, she completed a summer of research at the NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory.[5] She initially started her PhD with the intent of being focusing on planetary sciences. During this time, she published with Andrew Ingersoll on Jupiter's atmosphere.[6] She later focused on stromatolite genesis with Dianne Newman,[4] and in 2005 completed her PhD dissertation, entitled "Laboratory models of microbial biosignatures in carbonate rocks".[7] She undertook postdoctoral work as a Microbial Sciences Initiative Fellow, Harvard University, working with Ann Pearson and Richard Losick.[3]

Work

Bosak's research has mainly been in the field of geobiology, notably in studying stromatolites, organic geochemistry, and sedimentology. Her early work with Dianne Newman at CalTech studied the formation of stromatolites and their interpretation in the rock record.[8][9][10] In this work, she used the sulfate reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio desulfuricans strain G20 to investigate microbial precipitation of carbonates. She found that contrary to contemporary models, biotic sulfate reduction was not the cause of carbonate precipitation in pre-Cambrian ocean conditions.[8] Her research suggested distinct carbonate microstructures as indicators of stromatolite biogenicity[9] and that microbial processes influence the shape of calcite crystals precipitated under supersaturated conditions.[10] In 2007, it was shown by her work that the anoxygenic photosynthetic bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris could cause stromatolite formation.[11] This is in contrast to modern day biogenic stromatolites, which usually form through the action of Cyanobacteria. These results were interpreted as a potential mechanism for Archaean stromatolite formation, which pre-date the rise of oxygenic photosynthesis.[11] While working with Dianne Newman, Bosak also demonstrated that calcite peloids can be abiotically formed while still resembling biogenic peloids, cautioning against assuming that all peloidal calcite structures in the rock record are biogenic.[12]

Bosak's postdoctoral research with Richard Losick and Ann Pearson used organic geochemistry and genetics to understand microbial evolution and ancient Earth history. Through characterizing tetracyclic isoprenoids (sporulenes) in spores of the bacterium Bacillus subtilis, Bosak determined that these sporulenes were involved in protection against oxidative stress.[13] Derivative compounds of sporulenes are found in the rock record, and Bosak proposed that these molecules could be used as biomarkers of aerobic environments.

As a professor at MIT, Bosak's research has pursued multiple paths, including stromatolite biogenesis, microbial mats, sedimentology, and microbial stable isotope fractionation. With Alexander P. Petroff and others, Bosak's research demonstrated photosynthetic origins and features of stromatolites.[14][15][16] Her group's findings also showed how wrinkle structure morphologies form in stromatolites,[17] how stromatolite structures could be misinterpreted in the fossil record as signs of animal locomotion[18] and how elongated microbial mat morphologies could be formed.[19]

With Min Sub Sim and Shuhei Ono, Bosak found that biological sulfate reduction can produce large stable isotope fractionations of sulfur, similar to those seen in the rock record of early Earth.[20] The authors interpreted this as evidence that large sulfur isotope fractionations are not unequivocally indicative of sulfur metabolisms other than sulfate reduction on early Earth. Further studies suggested that microbial sulfate reduction and heterotrophy together, or that iron and nitrogen limitation could similarly lead to large sulfate isotopic fractionations.[21][22] Bosak also characterized microfossils in post-Sturtian and Cryogenian carbonates from Namibia and Mongolia.[23][24][25][26]

Awards and honors

  • Subaru Outstanding Woman in Science Award from the Geological Society of America (2007)[2]
  • James B. Macelwane Medal from the American Geophysical Union (2011)[3]
  • AGU Fellow (2011)[4]
  • MIT Harold E. Edgerton Faculty Achievement Award (2011-2012)[27]
  • MIT UROP Outstanding Mentor - Faculty (2011-2012)[28]
  • Simons Collaboration on the Origins of Life Investigator (2014)[29]
  • Simons Early Career Investigator in Marine Microbial Ecology and Evolution Awards (2015): Project title "Record of Microbial and Geochemical Co-evolution in Cyanobacterial Genomes"[30]
  • GSA Geobiology and Geomicrobiology Division Award for Outstanding Research - Post-Tenure Award Recipient (2016)[31]

Citations

  1. ^ "Bosak, Tanja | MIT Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences". eapsweb.mit.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  2. ^ a b c "Geological Society of America - 2007 Subaru Outstanding Woman in Science Award". www.geosociety.org. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  3. ^ a b c "Tanja Bosak - Honors Program". Honors Program. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  4. ^ a b c "Bosak - Honors Program". Honors Program. Retrieved 2018-11-07.
  5. ^ "Tanja Bosak | Simons Foundation". Simons Foundation. 2014-06-23. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  6. ^ Bosak, T. (2002-08-01). "Shear Instabilities as a Probe of Jupiter's Atmosphere". Icarus. 158 (2): 401–409. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6886. ISSN 0019-1035.
  7. ^ Tanja, Bosak (2005). "Laboratory models of microbial biosignatures in carbonate rocks". thesis.library.caltech.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-11.
  8. ^ a b Bosak, Tanja; Newman, Dianne K. (2003). "Microbial nucleation of calcium carbonate in the Precambrian". Geology. 31 (7): 577. doi:10.1130/0091-7613(2003)031<0577:MNOCCI>2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0091-7613.
  9. ^ a b Bosak, Tanja; Souza-Egipsy, Virginia; Corsetti, Frank A.; Newman, Dianne K. (2004). "Micrometer-scale porosity as a biosignature in carbonate crusts". Geology. 32 (9): 781. doi:10.1130/G20681.1. ISSN 0091-7613.
  10. ^ a b Bosak, T.; Newman, D. K. (2005-03-01). "Microbial Kinetic Controls on Calcite Morphology in Supersaturated Solutions". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 75 (2): 190–199. doi:10.2110/jsr.2005.015. ISSN 1527-1404.
  11. ^ a b BOSAK, T.; GREENE, S. E.; NEWMAN, D. K. (2007). "A likely role for anoxygenic photosynthetic microbes in the formation of ancient stromatolites". Geobiology. 5 (2): 119–126. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2007.00104.x. ISSN 1472-4677. PMC 2947360. PMID 20890383.
  12. ^ BOSAK, T.; SOUZA-EGIPSY, V.; NEWMAN, D. K. (2004). "A laboratory model of abiotic peloid formation". Geobiology. 2 (3): 189–198. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4677.2004.00031.x. ISSN 1472-4677.
  13. ^ Bosak, T.; Losick, R. M.; Pearson, A. (2008-05-06). "A polycyclic terpenoid that alleviates oxidative stress". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (18): 6725–6729. doi:10.1073/pnas.0800199105. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2373358. PMID 18436644.
  14. ^ Bosak, Tanja; Liang, Biqing; Sim, Min Sub; Petroff, Alexander P. (2009-07-07). "Morphological record of oxygenic photosynthesis in conical stromatolites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 106 (27): 10939–10943. doi:10.1073/pnas.0900885106. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2708726. PMID 19564621.
  15. ^ Petroff, Alexander P.; Sim, Min Sub; Maslov, Andrey; Krupenin, Mikhail; Rothman, Daniel H.; Bosak, Tanja (2010-06-01). "Biophysical basis for the geometry of conical stromatolites". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (22): 9956–9961. doi:10.1073/pnas.1001973107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2890478. PMID 20479268.
  16. ^ Bosak, T.; Liang, B.; Wu, T.-D.; Templer, S. P.; Evans, A.; Vali, H.; Guerquin-Kern, J.-L.; Klepac-Ceraj, V.; Sim, M. S. (2012-06-19). "Cyanobacterial diversity and activity in modern conical microbialites". Geobiology. 10 (5): 384–401. doi:10.1111/j.1472-4669.2012.00334.x. ISSN 1472-4677. PMID 22713108.
  17. ^ Mariotti, G.; Pruss, S. B.; Perron, J. T.; Bosak, T. (2014-08-31). "Microbial shaping of sedimentary wrinkle structures". Nature Geoscience. 7 (10): 736–740. doi:10.1038/ngeo2229. ISSN 1752-0894.
  18. ^ Mariotti, Giulio; Pruss, Sara B.; Ai, Xuyuan; Perron, J. Taylor; Bosak, Tanja (2016). "Microbial Origin of Early Animal Trace Fossils?". Journal of Sedimentary Research. 86 (4): 287–293. doi:10.2110/jsr.2016.19. ISSN 1527-1404.
  19. ^ Mariotti, G.; Perron, J.T.; Bosak, T. (2014-07-01). "Feedbacks between flow, sediment motion and microbial growth on sand bars initiate and shape elongated stromatolite mounds". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 397: 93–100. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2014.04.036. ISSN 0012-821X.
  20. ^ Sim, Min Sub; Bosak, Tanja; Ono, Shuhei (November 11, 2018). "Large Sulfur Isotope Fractionation Does Not Require Disproportionation". Science. 333: 74–77.
  21. ^ Sim, Min Sub; Ono, Shuhei; Bosak, Tanja (2012-09-19). "Effects of Iron and Nitrogen Limitation on Sulfur Isotope Fractionation during Microbial Sulfate Reduction". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 78 (23): AEM.01842–12. doi:10.1128/AEM.01842-12. ISSN 0099-2240. PMC 3497358. PMID 23001667.
  22. ^ Sim, Min Sub; Wang, David T.; Zane, Grant M.; Wall, Judy D.; Bosak, Tanja; Ono, Shuhei (2013). "Fractionation of sulfur isotopes by Desulfovibrio vulgaris mutants lacking hydrogenases or type I tetraheme cytochrome c3". Frontiers in Microbiology. 4: 171. doi:10.3389/fmicb.2013.00171. ISSN 1664-302X. PMC 3691511. PMID 23805134.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  23. ^ Bosak, Tanja; Lahr, Daniel J.G.; Pruss, Sara B.; Macdonald, Francis A.; Gooday, Andrew J.; Dalton, Lilly; Matys, Emily D. (2012). "Possible early foraminiferans in post-Sturtian (716−635 Ma) cap carbonates". Geology. 40 (1): 67–70. doi:10.1130/G32535.1. ISSN 1943-2682.
  24. ^ Bosak, T.; Macdonald, F.; Lahr, D.; Matys, E. (2011). "Putative Cryogenian ciliates from Mongolia". Geology. 39 (12): 1123–1126. doi:10.1130/G32384.1. ISSN 1943-2682.
  25. ^ Bosak, Tanja; Mariotti, Giulio; MacDonald, Francis A.; Perron, J. Taylor; Pruss, Sara B. (2013). "Microbial Sedimentology of Stromatolites in Neoproterozoic Cap Carbonates". The Paleontological Society Papers. 19: 51–76. doi:10.1017/S1089332600002680 (inactive 2019-01-25). ISSN 1089-3326.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of January 2019 (link)
  26. ^ Bosak, T.; Lahr, D.J.G.; Pruss, S.B.; MacDonald, F.A.; Dalton, L.; Matys, E. (2011-08-01). "Agglutinated tests in post-Sturtian cap carbonates of Namibia and Mongolia". Earth and Planetary Science Letters. 308 (1–2): 29–40. doi:10.1016/j.epsl.2011.05.030. ISSN 0012-821X.
  27. ^ "MIT Office of the Provost, Institutional Research". web.mit.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  28. ^ "Faculty | Awards Convocation". awards.mit.edu. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  29. ^ "SCOL Team | Simons Foundation". Simons Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  30. ^ "Simons Early Career Investigator in Marine Microbial Ecology and Evolution Awards | Simons Foundation". Simons Foundation. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
  31. ^ Martindale, Rowan (2016-09-19). "GSA Geobiology and Geomicrobiology: 2016 Division Awards for outstanding research". GSA Geobiology and Geomicrobiology. Retrieved 2018-11-14.
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