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'''''Mahonia''''' is a [[genus]] of approximately 70 species of [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s and rarely small [[tree]]s in the family [[Berberidaceae]], native to eastern [[Asia]], the [[Himalaya]], [[North America|North]] and [[Central America]].<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=119469 Flora of China Vol. 19 Page 772 十大功劳属 shi da gong lao shu ''Mahonia'' Nuttall, Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 211. 1818. ]</ref> They are closely related to the genus ''[[Berberis]]'' and botanists disagree on whether to recognize a separate ''Mahonia''.<ref>{{GRIN}}</ref> Some authorities argue ''Mahonia'' should be included in ''Berberis'' because several species in both genera are able to [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridize]], and because when the two genera are looked at as a whole, no consistent morphological separation exists except simple versus compound leaves.<ref>{{cite web | url = http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=103816 | title = Berberis Linnaeus | work = [[Flora of North America]] }}</ref> However, recent [[DNA]]-based [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] studies support recognition of ''Mahonia'', though after the removal of several species into the newly-described genera ''[[Alloberberis]]'' (formerly ''Mahonia'' section ''Horridae'') and ''[[Moranothamnus]]'' (formerly ''Mahonia claireae'').<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Chih-Chieh|last2=Chung|first2=Kuo-Fang|date=2017-12-22|title=Why Mahonia? Molecular recircumscription of Berberis s.l., with the description of two new genera, Alloberberis and Moranothamnus|journal=Taxon|volume=66|issue=6|pages=1371–1392|doi=10.12705/666.6}}</ref> ''Mahonia'' species typically have large, pinnate [[leaf|leaves]] {{convert|10–50|cm|abbr=on}} long with five to 15 leaflets, and [[flower]]s in [[raceme]]s which are {{convert|5–20|cm|abbr=on}} long.
'''''Mahonia''''' is a [[genus]] of approximately 70 species of [[evergreen]] [[shrub]]s and rarely small [[tree]]s in the family [[Berberidaceae]], native to eastern [[Asia]], the [[Himalaya]], [[North America|North]] and [[Central America]].<ref>[http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=119469 Flora of China Vol. 19 Page 772 十大功劳属 shi da gong lao shu ''Mahonia'' Nuttall, Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 211. 1818. ]</ref> They are closely related to the genus ''[[Berberis]]'' and botanists disagree on whether to recognize a separate ''Mahonia''.<ref>{{GRIN}}</ref> Many botanists prefer to classify ''Mahonia'' as a part of ''Berberis''<ref name="eflorasorg1">{{cite web|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500229|title=''Berberis fremontii'' in Flora of North America @ efloras.org|website=www.efloras.org}}</ref><ref>Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of ''Berberidaceae'' and ''Ranunculales'' (Magnoliidae). ''Systematic Botany'' 14:565-579.</ref><ref>Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from ''Mahonia'' to ''Berberis''. ''Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science'' 30(1):53-55.</ref><ref>Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from ''Mahonia'' to ''Berberis''. ''Botanicheskii Zhurnal'' 82(9):96-99.</ref> because several species in both genera are able to [[Hybrid (biology)|hybridize]], and because there are no consistent morphological differences between the two groups other than the leaf [[pinnation]] (''Berberis sensu stricto'' appear to have simple leaves, but these are in reality compound with a single leaflet; they are termed "unifoliolate"; additionally their branched spines are compound leaves<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pabón-Mora|first=Natalia|last2=González|first2=Favio|date=2012|title= Leaf development, metamorphic heteroblasty and heterophylly in ''Berberis s. l.'' (Berberidaceae)|journal=The Botanical Review|volume=78|issue=4|pages=463–489|doi= 10.1007/s12229-012-9107-2}}</ref>). However, a recent [[DNA]]-based [[Phylogenetics|phylogenetic]] study retains the two separate [[Genus|genera]], by clarifying that unifoliolate-leaved ''Berberis s.s.'' is derived from within a [[paraphyly|paraphyletic]] group of shrubs bearing imparipinnate evergreen leaves, which the paper then divides into three genera: ''Mahonia'', ''[[Alloberberis]]'' (formerly ''Mahonia'' section ''Horridae''), and ''[[Moranothamnus]]'' (formerly ''Mahonia claireae''); it confirms that a broadly-circumscribed ''Berberis'' (that is, including ''Mahonia'', ''Alloberberis'', and ''Moranothamnus'') is [[monophyly|monophyletic]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Yu|first=Chih-Chieh|last2=Chung|first2=Kuo-Fang|date=2017|title=Why Mahonia? Molecular recircumscription of ''Berberis'' s.l., with the description of two new genera, ''Alloberberis'' and ''Moranothamnus''|journal=Taxon|volume=66|issue=6|pages=1371–1392|doi=10.12705/666.6}}</ref>


Several species are popular [[garden]] shrubs, grown for their ornamental, often spiny, evergreen foliage, yellow (or rarely red) flowers in autumn, winter and early spring, and blue-black [[Berry (botany)|berries]]. The flowers are borne in terminal clusters or spreading racemes, and may be among the earliest flowers to appear in the growing season.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> The berries are edible, and rich in [[vitamin C]], though with a very sharp flavor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Mahonia Oregon Grape, Hollyleaved barberry, Oregon Holly Grape, Oregon Holly PFAF Plant Database|url = http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Mahonia|website = www.pfaf.org|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> Although edible, the plants contain [[berberine]], a compound found in many ''Berberis'' and ''Mahonia'' species, which can cause vomiting, lowered blood pressure, reduced heart rate, lethargy, and other ill effects when consumed in large quantities.<ref name=":0" />
''Mahonia'' species bear pinnate [[leaf|leaves]] {{convert|10–50|cm|abbr=on}} long with 3 to 15 leaflets, and [[flower]]s in [[raceme]]s which are {{convert|5–20|cm|abbr=on}} long. Several species are popular [[garden]] shrubs, grown for their ornamental, often spiny, evergreen foliage, yellow (or rarely red) flowers in autumn, winter and early spring, and blue-black [[Berry (botany)|berries]]. The flowers are borne in terminal clusters or spreading racemes, and may be among the earliest flowers to appear in the growing season.<ref name=RHSAZ>{{cite book|title=RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants|year=2008|publisher=Dorling Kindersley|location=United Kingdom|isbn=978-1405332965|pages=1136}}</ref> The berries are edible, and rich in [[vitamin C]], though with a very sharp flavor.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title = Mahonia Oregon Grape, Hollyleaved barberry, Oregon Holly Grape, Oregon Holly PFAF Plant Database|url = http://www.pfaf.org/user/plant.aspx?latinname=Mahonia|website = www.pfaf.org|access-date = 2016-02-17}}</ref> Although edible, the plants contain [[berberine]], a compound found in many ''Berberis'' and ''Mahonia'' species, which can cause vomiting, lowered blood pressure, reduced heart rate, lethargy, and other ill effects when consumed in large quantities.<ref name=":0" />


The genus name, ''Mahonia'', derives from [[Bernard McMahon]], one of the stewards of the plant collections from the [[Lewis and Clark expedition]]. The type species of the genus is ''[[Mahonia aquifolium]]'', ([[Oregon-grape]]) from the [[Pacific coast]] of North America.
The genus name, ''Mahonia'', derives from [[Bernard McMahon]], one of the stewards of the plant collections from the [[Lewis and Clark expedition]]. The type species of the genus is ''[[Mahonia aquifolium]]'', ([[Oregon-grape]]) from the [[Pacific coast]] of North America.

Revision as of 00:50, 26 February 2020

For the Oregon Governor's mansion, see Mahonia Hall.

Mahonia
Mahonia aquifolium fruit
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Order: Ranunculales
Family: Berberidaceae
Genus: Mahonia
Nutt.
Type species
Mahonia aquifolium
Species

See List of Berberis and Mahonia species

Mahonia is a genus of approximately 70 species of evergreen shrubs and rarely small trees in the family Berberidaceae, native to eastern Asia, the Himalaya, North and Central America.[1] They are closely related to the genus Berberis and botanists disagree on whether to recognize a separate Mahonia.[2] Many botanists prefer to classify Mahonia as a part of Berberis[3][4][5][6] because several species in both genera are able to hybridize, and because there are no consistent morphological differences between the two groups other than the leaf pinnation (Berberis sensu stricto appear to have simple leaves, but these are in reality compound with a single leaflet; they are termed "unifoliolate"; additionally their branched spines are compound leaves[7]). However, a recent DNA-based phylogenetic study retains the two separate genera, by clarifying that unifoliolate-leaved Berberis s.s. is derived from within a paraphyletic group of shrubs bearing imparipinnate evergreen leaves, which the paper then divides into three genera: Mahonia, Alloberberis (formerly Mahonia section Horridae), and Moranothamnus (formerly Mahonia claireae); it confirms that a broadly-circumscribed Berberis (that is, including Mahonia, Alloberberis, and Moranothamnus) is monophyletic.[8]

Mahonia species bear pinnate leaves 10–50 cm (3.9–19.7 in) long with 3 to 15 leaflets, and flowers in racemes which are 5–20 cm (2.0–7.9 in) long. Several species are popular garden shrubs, grown for their ornamental, often spiny, evergreen foliage, yellow (or rarely red) flowers in autumn, winter and early spring, and blue-black berries. The flowers are borne in terminal clusters or spreading racemes, and may be among the earliest flowers to appear in the growing season.[9] The berries are edible, and rich in vitamin C, though with a very sharp flavor.[10] Although edible, the plants contain berberine, a compound found in many Berberis and Mahonia species, which can cause vomiting, lowered blood pressure, reduced heart rate, lethargy, and other ill effects when consumed in large quantities.[10]

The genus name, Mahonia, derives from Bernard McMahon, one of the stewards of the plant collections from the Lewis and Clark expedition. The type species of the genus is Mahonia aquifolium, (Oregon-grape) from the Pacific coast of North America.

Species

The following list includes all currently recognized species of the genus Mahonia as accepted by Tropicos, Missouri Botanical Garden as of February 2016, sorted alphabetically. For each, binomial name is followed by author citation.[11][12]


Gallery


References

  1. ^ Flora of China Vol. 19 Page 772 十大功劳属 shi da gong lao shu Mahonia Nuttall, Gen. N. Amer. Pl. 1: 211. 1818.
  2. ^ "Mahonia". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
  3. ^ "Berberis fremontii in Flora of North America @ efloras.org". www.efloras.org.
  4. ^ Loconte, H., & J. R. Estes. 1989. Phylogenetic systematics of Berberidaceae and Ranunculales (Magnoliidae). Systematic Botany 14:565-579.
  5. ^ Marroquín, Jorge S., & Joseph E. Laferrière. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Journal of the Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science 30(1):53-55.
  6. ^ Laferrière, Joseph E. 1997. Transfer of specific and infraspecific taxa from Mahonia to Berberis. Botanicheskii Zhurnal 82(9):96-99.
  7. ^ Pabón-Mora, Natalia; González, Favio (2012). "Leaf development, metamorphic heteroblasty and heterophylly in Berberis s. l. (Berberidaceae)". The Botanical Review. 78 (4): 463–489. doi:10.1007/s12229-012-9107-2.
  8. ^ Yu, Chih-Chieh; Chung, Kuo-Fang (2017). "Why Mahonia? Molecular recircumscription of Berberis s.l., with the description of two new genera, Alloberberis and Moranothamnus". Taxon. 66 (6): 1371–1392. doi:10.12705/666.6.
  9. ^ RHS A-Z encyclopedia of garden plants. United Kingdom: Dorling Kindersley. 2008. p. 1136. ISBN 978-1405332965.
  10. ^ a b "Mahonia Oregon Grape, Hollyleaved barberry, Oregon Holly Grape, Oregon Holly PFAF Plant Database". www.pfaf.org. Retrieved 2016-02-17.
  11. ^ "Mahonia". Tropicos. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 17 February 2016.
  12. ^ "Mahonia". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Retrieved 17 February 2016. Note that this website has been superseded by World Flora Online

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mahonia.
Wikispecies has information related to Mahonia.
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