Pinales: Difference between revisions
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* {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=M. J. M. |authorlink1=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz|last2=Reveal |first2=J. L. |authorlink2=James Reveal|last3=Farjon |first3=A. |authorlink3=Aljos Farjon|last4=Gardner |first4=M. F. |last5=Mill |first5=R. R. |last6=Chase |first6=M. W. |authorlink6=M.W.Chase|title=A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |date=18 February 2011 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/28041/Christenhusz_2011_et_al_Phytotaxa19_Gymnosperms_55_70.pdf?sequence=2|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2011}}}} |
* {{cite journal |last1=Christenhusz |first1=M. J. M. |authorlink1=Maarten J. M. Christenhusz|last2=Reveal |first2=J. L. |authorlink2=James Reveal|last3=Farjon |first3=A. |authorlink3=Aljos Farjon|last4=Gardner |first4=M. F. |last5=Mill |first5=R. R. |last6=Chase |first6=M. W. |authorlink6=M.W.Chase|title=A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms |journal=[[Phytotaxa]] |date=18 February 2011 |volume=19 |issue=1 |pages=55–70 |doi=10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/28041/Christenhusz_2011_et_al_Phytotaxa19_Gymnosperms_55_70.pdf?sequence=2|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2011}}}} |
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* {{cite journal |last1=Farjon |first1=Aljos |authorlink=Aljos Farjon|title=The Kew Review: Conifers of the World |journal=[[Kew Bulletin]] |date=26 March 2018 |volume=73 |issue=1 |doi=10.1007/s12225-018-9738-5 |url=https://link.springer.com/article/}} |
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* {{cite encyclopedia |last1= Eckenwalder|first1=James Emory |title= Conifer |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/conifer|publisher=[[Encyclopedia Brittanica]] |accessdate=27 July 2020 |date=3 September 2008|ref=harv}} |
* {{cite encyclopedia |last1= Eckenwalder|first1=James Emory |title= Conifer |url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/conifer|publisher=[[Encyclopedia Brittanica]] |accessdate=27 July 2020 |date=3 September 2008|ref=harv}} |
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* {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |authorlink=Peter F. Stevens|date=2020|origyear= 2001 |title= Pinales |website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|AP Web v. 14]]|publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/conifers.html#Pinales|accessdate=28 July 2020|ref=harv}} (''see also'' [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]) |
* {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |authorlink=Peter F. Stevens|date=2020|origyear= 2001 |title= Pinales |website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|AP Web v. 14]]|publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/research/APweb/orders/conifers.html#Pinales|accessdate=28 July 2020|ref=harv}} (''see also'' [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]]) |
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Revision as of 21:36, 30 July 2020
| Pinales | |
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Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Gymnospermae |
| Division: | Pinophyta |
| Class: | Pinopsida |
| Subclass: | Pinidae |
| Order: | Pinales Gorozh.[1] |
| Families | |
(approximate number of species in parentheses) | |
The order Pinales in the division Pinophyta, class Pinopsida, comprises all the extant conifers. This order used to be known as the Coniferales. The distinguishing characteristic is the reproductive structure known as a cone produced by all Pinales. All of the extant conifers, such as cedar, celery-pine, cypress, fir, juniper, larch, pine, redwood, spruce, and yew, are included here. Some fossil conifers, however, belong to other distinct orders within the division Pinophyta.
Taxonomy
Gymnosperm taxonomy has been considered controversial, and lacks consensus.[2] In 2018, the Gymnosperm Phylogeny Group was established, analagous to the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, with the intention of reaching a consensus. The order Pinales has been considered with six extant families;
- Araucariaceae
- Cupressaceae (cypresses, juniper, redwood)
- Pinaceae (firs, pines, cedars, larch, spruce)
- Podocarpaceae
- Sciadopityaceae
- Taxaceae (yews)
The yews had been separated into a distinct order of their own (Taxales), but genetic evidence indicates yews are monophyletic with other conifers and they are now included in the Pinales. Cephalotaxaceae had previously been recognized as a separate family, but is now included in Taxaceae.[3]
Other classifications treat Pinales as a single family, Pinaceae.[3]
References
Bibliography
- Christenhusz, M. J. M.; Reveal, J. L.; Farjon, A.; Gardner, M. F.; Mill, R. R.; Chase, M. W. (18 February 2011). "A new classification and linear sequence of extant gymnosperms" (PDF). Phytotaxa. 19 (1): 55–70. doi:10.11646/phytotaxa.19.1.3.
- Farjon, Aljos (26 March 2018). "The Kew Review: Conifers of the World". Kew Bulletin. 73 (1). doi:10.1007/s12225-018-9738-5.
- Eckenwalder, James Emory (3 September 2008). Conifer. Encyclopedia Brittanica. Retrieved 27 July 2020.
{{cite encyclopedia}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) - Stevens, P.F. (2020) [2001]. "Pinales". AP Web v. 14. Missouri Botanical Garden. Retrieved 28 July 2020.
{{cite web}}: Invalid|ref=harv(help) (see also Angiosperm Phylogeny Website) - Earle, Christopher J. (2020). "The Gymnosperm Database".
