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1982 VFL season

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1982 VFL premiership season
Teams12
PremiersCarlton
14th premiership
Minor premiersRichmond
8th minor premiership
Night seriesSwans
1st Night series win
Brownlow MedallistBrian Wilson
Melbourne (23 votes)
Coleman MedallistMalcolm Blight
North Melbourne (94 goals)
Attendance
Matches played138
Total attendance3,681,556 (26,678 per match)
Highest107,536
← 1981
1983 →

The 1982 VFL season was the 86th season of the Victorian Football League (VFL), the highest level senior Australian rules football competition in Victoria. The season featured twelve clubs, ran from 20 March until 25 September, and comprised a 22-game home-and-away season followed by a finals series featuring the top five clubs.

The season saw the VFL establish its first permanent interstate presence, as the South Melbourne Football Club (which was known after June just as the Swans, being renamed Sydney the following year) played all of its home games on Sunday afternoons in Sydney, New South Wales.

The premiership was won by the Carlton Football Club for the 14th time and second time consecutively, after it defeated Richmond by 18 points in the VFL Grand Final.

Notable events

  • South Melbourne, affected by limited finances and loss of its inner-city support base ever since World War II, relocated to Sydney after experimental matches played by the VFL there since 1979. Early in the season, the team was still formally known as South Melbourne, although it marketed itself as 'Sydney Swans' in Sydney; on 2 June, the team formally became known as 'the Swans' for the remainder of the season,[1] before formally becoming the 'Sydney Swans' in 1983.[2]
  • The VFL's new headquarters at 120 Jolimont Road, Jolimont was officially opened by the recently appointed Victorian Governor Sir Brian Murray at a special dinner on 17 March in the function room of the building. The dinner, which was attended by over 120 invited guests, also served as the launch of the VFL season.[3]
  • Looking to build on the previous season's successful first outing for premiership points at The Gabba,[4] the VFL had hoped that the Round 7 match between St Kilda and Richmond, originally scheduled at VFL Park, could be relocated to Brisbane without needing a replacement match played at Waverley. However, League officials were unable to get approval from the clubs to remove the stipulation that required a replacement game at VFL Park if a premiership game was to be played at The Gabba. Essendon, who had played in the previous season's historic first game at the Gabba for premiership points, had been approached about transferring their home game against Collingwood from Windy Hill to Waverley, but refused.[5] Football fans in Brisbane would have to wait until 1991 for the next League game played at the Gabba for premiership points.
  • Round 3 - the split Easter round - set a number of VFL records on and off the field; the total gate takings for the round was regarded as the highest on record at the time, officially reported as $486,652, paid by 213,199 people.[6]
  • From 4 May, patrons were banned from bringing alcoholic beverages into VFL matches, and were limited to purchasing at most two pre-opened cans at a time from vendors at the ground.[7]
  • Owing to the extreme drought and consequent firm grounds, the 1982 season remains the highest-scoring on record. Among the records were:
    • an average game score of 112 points; the next highest average score in a season was 106 points in 1979 and 1983
    • St Kilda and Footscray became the only teams ever to concede 3,000 points in one season
    • 66 scores of 20 goals occurred, a record equalled only in 1991
    • 57 matches where both teams scored more than 100 points - no other season had more than fifty such matches
    • Round 10 is the only round in VFL/AFL history in which every team scored 100 or more points.
  • In Round 16 against North Melbourne, Hawthorn set record scores of 13.3 (81) for the first quarter and 20.7 (127) for the first half. The former record stood until 2011, and the latter stood until 2004.
  • After a negative response from the players since its introduction in 1980, the VFL abandoned the practice of presenting runners-up medals to the losing team as part of the Grand Final post-match presentation.[8]
  • In Round 18, Leigh Matthews ran into and broke a behind post at Windy Hill.
  • Early in the season, the VFL arranged for the Grand Finalists to play a rematch as a demonstration sport at the 1982 Commonwealth Games, held in Brisbane shortly after the season was finished.[9] Carlton and Richmond played the exhibition match at the Gabba on Wednesday, 6 October, and Richmond won the high-scoring match 28.16 (184) to 26.10 (166).[10]

Night series

The Swans defeated North Melbourne 13.12 (90) to 8.10 (58) in the final.

Premiership season

Round 1

Round 1
Saturday, 27 March (2:10 pm) Carlton 16.17 (113) drew with Fitzroy 17.11 (113) Princes Park (crowd: 26,669)
Saturday, 27 March (2:10 pm) Collingwood 7.16 (58) def. by Geelong 21.20 (146) VFL Park (crowd: 53,549)
Saturday, 27 March (2:10 pm) Essendon 29.16 (190) def. Footscray 11.15 (81) Windy Hill (crowd: 26,456)
Saturday, 27 March (2:10 pm) St Kilda 12.16 (88) def. by Hawthorn 17.17 (119) Moorabbin Oval (crowd: 19,719)
Saturday, 27 March (2:10 pm) Richmond 18.14 (122) def. North Melbourne 15.14 (104) MCG (crowd: 38,864)
Sunday, 28 March (2:10 pm) Swans 20.17 (137) def. Melbourne 16.12 (108) SCG (crowd: 15,764)

Round 2

Round 2
Saturday, 20 March (2:10 pm) Fitzroy 13.11 (89) def. by Richmond 20.10 (130) VFL Park (crowd: 38,686) Report
Saturday, 3 April (2:10 pm) Carlton 8.17 (65) def. by Essendon 13.13 (91) VFL Park (crowd: 60,208) Report
Saturday, 3 April (2:10 pm) Footscray 14.8 (92) def. by Collingwood 15.14 (104) Western Oval (crowd: 27,266) Report
Saturday, 3 April (2:10 pm) Hawthorn 13.19 (97) def. Geelong 11.12 (78) Princes Park (crowd: 15,600) Report
Saturday, 3 April (2:10 pm) Melbourne 20.26 (146) def. St Kilda 16.10 (106) MCG (crowd: 25,467) Report
Saturday, 3 April (2:10 pm) North Melbourne 24.13 (157) def. Swans 16.21 (117) Arden Street Oval (crowd: 14,097) Report

Round 3

Round 3
Saturday, 10 April (2:10 pm) Collingwood 13.16 (94) def. by Carlton 20.8 (128) Victoria Park (crowd: 34,055) Report
Saturday, 10 April (2:10 pm) Fitzroy 14.16 (100) def. by North Melbourne 25.14 (164) Junction Oval (crowd: 21,888) Report
Saturday, 10 April (2:10 pm) St Kilda 17.14 (116) def. by Swans 20.22 (142) Moorabbin Oval (crowd: 17,811) Report
Monday, 12 April (2:10 pm) Richmond 25.22 (172) def. Essendon 16.14 (110) MCG (crowd: 90,564) Report
Monday, 12 April (2:10 pm) Hawthorn 28.26 (194) def. Footscray 7.9 (51) VFL Park (crowd: 22,209) Report
Monday, 12 April (2:10 pm) Geelong 21.12 (138) def. Melbourne 5.16 (46) Kardinia Park (crowd: 24,672) Report

Round 4

Round 4
Saturday, 17 April (2:10 pm) Carlton 21.22 (148) def. Hawthorn 12.15 (87) Princes Park (crowd: 29,654) Report
Saturday, 17 April (2:10 pm) Richmond 15.17 (107) def. Collingwood 10.15 (75) VFL Park (crowd: 59,472) Report
Saturday, 17 April (2:10 pm) Essendon 12.19 (91) def. by North Melbourne 14.24 (108) Windy Hill (crowd: 27,190) Report
Saturday, 17 April (2:10 pm) Melbourne 19.12 (126) def. by Footscray 19.19 (133) MCG (crowd: 19,832) Report
Saturday, 17 April (2:10 pm) St Kilda 16.9 (105) def. Geelong 13.14 (92) Moorabbin Oval (crowd: 17,148) Report
Sunday, 18 April (2:10 pm) Swans 24.18 (162) def. Fitzroy 14.22 (106) SCG (crowd: 13,617) Report

Round 5

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Hawthorn 13.22 (100) Richmond 10.22 (82) Princes Park 20,110 24 April 1982
Geelong 12.12 (84) Swans 11.16 (82) Kardinia Park 20,770 24 April 1982
Footscray 15.20 (110) St Kilda 20.9 (129) Western Oval 18,526 24 April 1982
Fitzroy 18.19 (127) Essendon 15.12 (102) Junction Oval 18,268 24 April 1982
North Melbourne 19.22 (136) Collingwood 18.11 (119) Arden Street Oval 23,405 24 April 1982
Melbourne 9.12 (66) Carlton 9.22 (76) VFL Park 26,950 24 April 1982

Round 6

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Collingwood 13.10 (88) Fitzroy 12.19 (91) Victoria Park 27,052 1 May 1982
Richmond 18.8 (116) Melbourne 15.16 (106) MCG 31,438 1 May 1982
Geelong 17.20 (122) Footscray 7.22 (64) Kardinia Park 18,791 1 May 1982
St Kilda 11.14 (80) Carlton 16.22 (118) Moorabbin Oval 26,185 1 May 1982
North Melbourne 15.11 (101) Hawthorn 19.21 (135) VFL Park 34,921 1 May 1982
Swans 15.21 (111) Essendon 18.9 (117) SCG 15,461 2 May 1982

Round 7

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Melbourne 22.11 (143) North Melbourne 28.12 (180) MCG 25,704 8 May 1982
Footscray 15.20 (110) Swans 20.11 (131) Western Oval 11,487 8 May 1982
Fitzroy 19.15 (129) Hawthorn 17.15 (117) Junction Oval 14,675 8 May 1982
Carlton 15.20 (110) Geelong 7.7 (49) Princes Park 28,736 8 May 1982
Essendon 17.20 (122) Collingwood 9.13 (67) Windy Hill 25,510 8 May 1982
St Kilda 17.12 (114) Richmond 21.14 (140) VFL Park 33,222 8 May 1982

Round 8

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
North Melbourne 23.18 (156) St Kilda 6.16 (52) Arden Street Oval 16,258 15 May 1982
Geelong 12.15 (87) Richmond 11.23 (89) Kardinia Park 28,403 15 May 1982
Hawthorn 15.15 (105) Essendon 16.15 (111) Princes Park 26,865 15 May 1982
Footscray 11.11 (77) Carlton 14.22 (106) Western Oval 17,903 15 May 1982
Fitzroy 13.21 (99) Melbourne 25.14 (164) VFL Park 25,856 15 May 1982
Swans 15.25 (115) Collingwood 13.19 (97) SCG 20,905 16 May 1982

Round 9

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Essendon 19.19 (133) Melbourne 12.13 (85) Windy Hill 22,403 22 May 1982
Collingwood 13.14 (92) Hawthorn 17.12 (114) Victoria Park 24,904 22 May 1982
Carlton 27.23 (185) Swans 12.11 (83) Princes Park 23,954 22 May 1982
Richmond 21.13 (139) Footscray 14.14 (98) MCG 22,493 22 May 1982
St Kilda 16.19 (115) Fitzroy 25.12 (162) Moorabbin Oval 15,140 22 May 1982
Geelong 15.19 (109) North Melbourne 9.9 (63) VFL Park 25,237 22 May 1982

Round 10

Round 10
Saturday, 29 May (2:10 pm) Carlton 18.16 (124) def. Richmond 16.11 (107) Princes Park (crowd: 35,372) Report
Saturday, 29 May (2:10 pm) Melbourne 16.24 (120) def. Collingwood 17.11 (113) MCG (crowd: 52,169) Report
Saturday, 29 May (2:10 pm) Essendon 22.17 (149) def. St Kilda 18.11 (119) VFL Park (crowd: 36,736) Report
Saturday, 29 May (2:10 pm) Fitzroy 25.11 (161) def. Geelong 19.18 (132) Junction Oval (crowd: 16,256) Report
Saturday, 29 May (2:10 pm) Footscray 15.10 (100) def. by North Melbourne 23.20 (158) Western Oval (crowd: 15,686) Report
Sunday, 30 May (2:10 pm) Swans 15.13 (103) def. by Hawthorn 24.13 (157) SCG (crowd: 15,420) Report
  • On the Thursday following Footscray's 58-point loss to North Melbourne, their ninth defeat in ten games, Royce Hart was dismissed as senior coach and demoted to the position of assistant coach. Reserve team coach and Hart's predecessor Don McKenzie returned to stand in as caretaker until a new coach was appointed.[11]

Round 11

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Richmond 20.14 (134) Swans 18.25 (133) MCG 28,216 5 June 1982
Hawthorn 26.22 (178) Melbourne 14.15 (99) Princes Park 14,087 5 June 1982
Collingwood 26.16 (172) St Kilda 21.10 (136) Victoria Park 26,657 5 June 1982
Geelong 10.11 (71) Essendon 17.9 (111) Kardinia Park 29,884 5 June 1982
North Melbourne 13.18 (96) Carlton 15.15 (105) Arden Street Oval 26,206 5 June 1982
Footscray 16.12 (108) Fitzroy 23.22 (160) VFL Park 13,908 5 June 1982

Round 12

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Richmond 23.18 (156) Fitzroy 17.16 (118) MCG 43,474 12 June 1982
St Kilda 14.11 (95) Melbourne 19.24 (138) Moorabbin Oval 19,385 12 June 1982
Swans 15.15 (105) North Melbourne 16.15 (111) SCG 14,523 13 June 1982
Geelong 6.17 (53) Hawthorn 17.10 (112) VFL Park 38,086 14 June 1982
Collingwood 24.19 (163) Footscray 14.13 (97) Victoria Park 29,075 14 June 1982
Essendon 19.12 (126) Carlton 8.18 (66) Windy Hill 33,800 14 June 1982

Round 13

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Footscray 16.11 (107) Hawthorn 12.20 (92) Western Oval 10,530 19 June 1982
Carlton 12.26 (98) Collingwood 9.17 (71) Princes Park 30,346 19 June 1982
Melbourne 21.8 (134) Geelong 10.10 (70) MCG 23,365 19 June 1982
North Melbourne 13.10 (88) Fitzroy 11.21 (87) Arden Street Oval 16,000 19 June 1982
Essendon 10.5 (65) Richmond 12.10 (82) VFL Park 64,319 19 June 1982
Swans 30.19 (199) St Kilda 15.13 (103) SCG 10,034 20 June 1982

Round 14

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Geelong 17.8 (110) St Kilda 10.3 (63) Kardinia Park 15,107 26 June 1982
Fitzroy 16.16 (112) Swans 20.13 (133) Junction Oval 12,300 26 June 1982
Collingwood 10.12 (72) Richmond 13.16 (94) Victoria Park 25,409 26 June 1982
Hawthorn 17.14 (116) Carlton 12.10 (82) Princes Park 23,354 26 June 1982
Footscray 14.8 (92) Melbourne 13.16 (94) VFL Park 18,947 26 June 1982
North Melbourne 14.13 (97) Essendon 15.15 (105) MCG 47,656 26 June 1982

Round 15

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Essendon 21.13 (139) Fitzroy 7.12 (54) Windy Hill 20,059 3 July 1982
Carlton 18.20 (128) Melbourne 16.15 (111) Princes Park 21,871 3 July 1982
Richmond 17.14 (116) Hawthorn 22.14 (146) MCG 48,338 3 July 1982
St Kilda 20.11 (131) Footscray 18.12 (120) Moorabbin Oval 15,958 3 July 1982
Collingwood 13.11 (89) North Melbourne 16.13 (109) VFL Park 32,812 3 July 1982
Swans 18.18 (126) Geelong 12.15 (87) SCG 12,221 4 July 1982

Round 16

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Hawthorn 32.14 (206) North Melbourne 15.22 (112) Princes Park 18,760 10 July 1982
Footscray 25.7 (157) Geelong 17.13 (115) Western Oval 14,004 10 July 1982
Carlton 21.13 (139) St Kilda 9.9 (63) VFL Park 27,829 10 July 1982
Melbourne 9.18 (72) Richmond 23.9 (147) MCG 36,161 17 July 1982
Essendon 12.10 (82) Swans 17.13 (115) Windy Hill 22,278 17 July 1982
Fitzroy 10.24 (84) Collingwood 9.10 (64) VFL Park 26,105 17 July 1982

Round 17

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Richmond 28.17 (185) St Kilda 14.18 (102) MCG 22,749 24 July 1982
Collingwood 15.18 (108) Essendon 17.17 (119) Victoria Park 24,487 24 July 1982
North Melbourne 22.14 (146) Melbourne 16.17 (113) Arden Street Oval 10,887 24 July 1982
Geelong 16.19 (115) Carlton 11.9 (75) Kardinia Park 19,892 24 July 1982
Hawthorn 18.15 (123) Fitzroy 27.8 (170) VFL Park 24,760 24 July 1982
Swans 14.27 (111) Footscray 15.8 (98) SCG 11,289 25 July 1982

Round 18

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Essendon 12.10 (82) Hawthorn 15.10 (100) Windy Hill 22,991 31 July 1982
Collingwood 12.13 (85) Swans 13.12 (90) Victoria Park 20,636 31 July 1982
Carlton 30.21 (201) Footscray 10.12 (72) Princes Park 17,514 31 July 1982
St Kilda 14.12 (96) North Melbourne 22.18 (150) Moorabbin Oval 10,955 31 July 1982
Melbourne 13.15 (93) Fitzroy 24.19 (163) MCG 18,649 31 July 1982
Richmond 24.19 (163) Geelong 11.13 (79) VFL Park 23,237 31 July 1982

Round 19

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Footscray 7.8 (50) Richmond 16.16 (112) Western Oval 16,259 7 August 1982
Fitzroy 21.16 (142) St Kilda 11.12 (78) Junction Oval 9,987 7 August 1982
North Melbourne 22.18 (150) Geelong 11.16 (82) Arden Street Oval 11,634 7 August 1982
Hawthorn 20.20 (140) Collingwood 16.22 (118) Princes Park 18,699 7 August 1982
Melbourne 14.17 (101) Essendon 20.17 (137) VFL Park 28,379 7 August 1982
Swans 15.16 (106) Carlton 9.18 (72) SCG 25,601 8 August 1982

Round 20

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Hawthorn 18.18 (126) Swans 8.14 (62) Princes Park 15,743 14 August 1982
Collingwood 17.12 (114) Melbourne 25.18 (168) Victoria Park 20,702 14 August 1982
Geelong 5.18 (48) Fitzroy 15.15 (105) Kardinia Park 14,597 14 August 1982
St Kilda 10.16 (76) Essendon 13.12 (90) Moorabbin Oval 15,705 14 August 1982
Richmond 9.10 (64) Carlton 13.14 (92) MCG 71,203 14 August 1982
North Melbourne 17.16 (118) Footscray 16.8 (104) VFL Park 11,133 14 August 1982

Round 21

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
Fitzroy 19.17 (131) Footscray 12.11 (83) Junction Oval 8,280 21 August 1982
Essendon 14.12 (96) Geelong 12.13 (85) Windy Hill 17,587 21 August 1982
Carlton 26.24 (180) North Melbourne 17.8 (110) Princes Park 28,309 21 August 1982
Melbourne 14.8 (92) Hawthorn 14.19 (103) MCG 26,049 21 August 1982
St Kilda 22.16 (148) Collingwood 16.16 (112) VFL Park 25,816 21 August 1982
Swans 16.14 (110) Richmond 19.13 (127) SCG 21,083 22 August 1982

Round 22

Home team Home team score Away team Away team score Venue Crowd Date
North Melbourne 11.13 (79) Richmond 15.8 (98) Arden Street Oval 19,135 28 August 1982
Melbourne 25.13 (163) Swans 22.16 (148) MCG 27,521 28 August 1982
Hawthorn 23.23 (161) St Kilda 11.7 (73) Princes Park 13,116 28 August 1982
Footscray 9.8 (62) Essendon 32.16 (208) Western Oval 21,575 28 August 1982
Geelong 18.13 (121) Collingwood 18.18 (126) Kardinia Park 20,950 28 August 1982
Fitzroy 17.9 (111) Carlton 23.12 (150) VFL Park 46,130 28 August 1982

Ladder

1982 VFL ladder
Pos Team Pld W L D PF PA PP Pts
1 Richmond 22 18 4 0 2682 2125 126.2 72 Finals
2 Hawthorn 22 17 5 0 2828 2149 131.6 68
3 Carlton (P) 22 16 5 1 2561 2008 127.5 66
4 Essendon 22 16 6 0 2576 2057 125.2 64
5 North Melbourne 22 14 8 0 2693 2458 109.6 56
6 Fitzroy 22 12 9 1 2614 2550 102.5 50
7 Swans[a] 22 12 10 0 2621 2537 103.3 48
8 Melbourne 22 8 14 0 2488 2752 90.4 32
9 Geelong 22 7 15 0 2073 2293 90.4 28
10 Collingwood 22 4 18 0 2201 2575 85.5 16
11 St Kilda 22 4 18 0 2188 3052 71.7 16
12 Footscray 22 3 19 0 2066 3035 68.1 12
Source: VFL ladder
Rules for classification: 1) points; 2) percentage; 3) number of points for.
(P) Premiers
Notes:
  1. ^ In 1982, Sydney were officially known as the Swans[12]

Finals series

Week one

Qualifying final
Saturday, 4 September (2:30 pm) Hawthorn 16.9 (105) def. by Carlton 25.13 (163) MCG (crowd: 70,552) Report
Elimination final
Saturday, 4 September (2:30 pm) Essendon 16.19 (115) def. by North Melbourne 19.14 (128) VFL Park (crowd: 50,537) Report

Week two

Semi-finals
SF1: Saturday, 11 September (2:30 pm) Hawthorn 24.22 (166) def. North Melbourne 18.6 (114) MCG (crowd: 61,729) Report
SF2: Saturday, 11 September (2:30 pm) Richmond 16.17 (113) def. Carlton 13.12 (90) VFL Park (crowd: 65,611) Report

Week three

Preliminary final
Saturday, 18 September (2:30 pm) Carlton 13.16 (94) def. Hawthorn 8.15 (63) VFL Park (crowd: 61,307) Report

Week four

Grand final
Saturday, 25 September (2:50 pm) Richmond 12.13 (85) def. by Carlton 14.19 (103) MCG (crowd: 107,536)

See also

Notes

References

  1. ^ Simunovich, Peter (3 June 1982). "The Swans – officially". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne. p. 67.
  2. ^ Sydney - Part 2 Archived 7 January 2009 at the Wayback Machine Full Points Footy
  3. ^ "VFL HAS A NEW HOME". The Football Record. Vol. 71, no. 3. 20 March 1982. p. 3.
  4. ^ Gill, Shannon (20 October 2020). "How a pear-shaped novelty became the Grand Final stage". ESPN.
  5. ^ Carter, Ron (18 March 1982). "Saints v Tigers here : 'Gabba game is KO'd". The Age. No. 39, 568. p. 34.
  6. ^ "VFL's day of records". The Age. No. 39, 589. 13 April 1982. p. 1.
  7. ^ Simunovich, Peter (17 June 1982). "Victory in VFL's booze battle". The Sun News-Pictorial. Melbourne. p. 76.
  8. ^ Simunovich, Peter (22 July 1982). "VFL: no medals for runners-up". The Sun News-Pictorial (Final ed.). Melbourne. p. 63.
  9. ^ Sheahan, Mike (3 March 1982). "Games Grand Final replay". The Herald (Final ed.). Melbourne. p. 44.
  10. ^ Reed, Ron (7 October 1982). "Grace Gabba the crowd grabba". The Sun News-Pictorial (Final ed.). Melbourne. p. 66.
  11. ^ "Coach sacked by Footscray". The Canberra Times. Vol. 56, no. 17, 051. Australian Capital Territory, Australia. 4 June 1982. p. 18. Retrieved 24 June 2021 – via National Library of Australia.
  12. ^ "Fullpointsfooty.net".
  13. ^ Gerry Carmen (27 September 1982). "Geelong's hat-trick". The Age. Melbourne, VIC. p. 27.

Bibliography

  • Stephen Rogers and Ashley Brown (1998). Every Game Ever Played. 6th ed. Victoria: Penguin Books.