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Artistic reactions to the 1981 Irish hunger strike

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Between 1 March 1976 and 3 October 1981, Irish republican prisoners in HM Prison Maze carried out a variety of protests against the withdrawal of Special Category Status for prisoners convicted of proscribed "terrorism" offences. These protests culminated in the 1981 Irish hunger strike in which ten prisoners died.

This article lists the various artistic responses to these protests, made at the time and subsequently by artists supportive or opposing the protestors, and by artists who were uninvolved in the conflict.

Street Art

See also: Murals in Northern Ireland
File:Bobby sands mural in belfast320.jpg
Mural depicting Bobby Sands, on the Sinn Féin offices[1]

Following the hunger strike, nationalist murals depicting those considered martyrs of the hungerstrike, such as Bobby Sands began to appear,[1] relying on images and iconography developed by prisoners who hand crafted works of art and decorated their cells with murals and painting.[2] Over one hundred murals were painted in 1981 by Catholic youth, with the lark in barbed wire as the most common secular symbolic image, due largely to Sands's use of the lark in his writings and as a pseudonym.[3] Other popular images included the H representing H-block, crosses and flags, with secular images predominating, many with mottos and poems, and many murals were copies of photographs, such as the firing squad at Bobby Sands funeral service.[3]

  • The People's Gallery is an area in the Bogside area of Derry, where a trio of artists known as the Bogside Artists have created a series of murals depicting events during the Troubles. The Raymond McCartney mural on Rossville street, Bogside, is dedicated to "The H Block & Armagh Prison Struggle And In Memory Of Bobby Sands, Kevin Lynch, Frank Hughes, Kieron Doherty, Raymond McCreesh, Tom McElwee, Patsy O'Hare, Michael Devine, Martin Hurson, Joe McDonnell."[4] This mural depicts Raymond McCarney alongside a woman who suffered during the hunger strike. In black and white, the man resembles Christ, and recalls both Christ's suffering at the hands of barbarians and his fasting in the desert.[5]
  • A mural depicting Bobby Sands still exists on the gable end of the headquarters building of Sinn Féin, on the Falls Road in Belfast.[1][6]
  • In the Ardoyne area of Belfast, a street mural dedicated to the 1981 hunger strikers on the 25th anniversary of Martin Hurson's death.[7]
  • In 2001 a mural dedicated to the memory Patsy O'Hara was created at Ardfoyle in Bishop Street.[8]
  • In 2008 Ógra Shinn Féin painted a mural in the town of Derry honouring the hunger strikers.[9]

Poetry

  • One of the hunger strikers, Bobby Sands wrote poetry throughout the protest.[10] His best known poems include Weeping Winds[11] and The Rhythm of Time[12][13] Sands's narratives and various poems appear in the anthology Skylark Sing Your Lonely Song,[14][15] and his poetry has been set to music by Seán Tyrell for his album A Message of Peace.[16]
  • Vincent Buckley, 'Hunger Strike', published in Last Poems 1991[17]
  • Award-winning poet Medbh McGuckian cites Bobby Sands's hunger strike as an influence on her poetry, saying "We moved into a house and I have a lot of moving-into-a-house poems around that time; but, they're all thinking about Bobby Sands. You wouldn't know they were about Bobby Sands because I made him into a kind of icon."[18] McGuckian also says that shortly following Sands's death, she was unable to write poetry to him, but commemorated the twenty-fifth anniversary of his death with The Sands of Saint Cyprien, a poetic depiction of the Saint Cyprien concentration camp.[19]
  • In Bobby Sands desfallece en el muro, Chilean poet Carmen Berenguer draws parallels between Chile under Pinochet and Northern Ireland of 1981, adopting Sands's voice in the first person.[14]
  • In Paula Meehan's poem Hunger Strike, a female voice refers to the prisoners in H-block, speaking in the first person plural, identifying with the community's rage at the authorities refusal to relent. The persona undertakes a "personal strike", adopting first personal singular and withdrawing from life, her garden untended, as the image of the dying Sands dominates the community's awareness. Towards the end, an old woman rescues the speaker, bring her bread and butter, and chiding her for her self-imposed alienation.[20]

Fiction

  • Hunger Strike - Reflections on the 1981 Republican Hunger Strike, edited by Danny Morrison, was published to commemorate the 25th anniversary of the hunger strike, and featured contributions, many of them specially commissioned, from well-known novelists and poets, former prisoners and activists.[22]
  • Everything in this country must by Colum McCann, published in 2006[23] features the novella "Hunger Strike" written from the perspective of a boy going through puberty at the same time as his uncle is in Long Kesh, taking part in a hunger strike. Asked why he had chosen to write about the hunger strike, he said "...as far as I know there has been no fictional examination of the wound that the Hunger Strikes left on all of us. Twenty years have passed, perhaps just long enough for us to begin to see this history a new light. I believe that fiction can capture the moment when the thorn enters the skin."[24]
  • The British/Irish novelist Marion Urch set her 1996 novel "Violent Shadows" (Headline Review 1996) in the year of the hunger strikes. The novel is included in many summaries of Troubles fiction including "Gangsters and Guerillas" Patrick Magee. 2001. It was also the subject of a PhD "Representing the Unnarratable -Feminist Terrorism" by Pamela Grieman (University of Southern California. 2010) An extract from the novel was shortlisted for the Irish Post short story competition in 1995. Adjudicator Patrick McCabe called it "powerful, it seems to document all the pain of Irish history in a few short pages."

Theatre

Bobby Sands, M.P. is a play written by Judy GeBauer.[25]

Films

Songs

A number of songs were written in response to the hunger strike by artists and groups such as Christy Moore[29] and the Wolfe Tones,[30] including some songs based on the poetry Sands wrote,[29] Some of the songs are memorials to specific participants in the strike, such as The Boy from Tamlaghduff, written by Christy Moore in 1983 in memory of Francis Hughes.[31] A few songs were written by Sands such as McIlhatton, a song about a moonshiner, and Back Home in Derry, a ballad about deportees.[32] The British government has at times banned some of these song, such as The Time has Come[33] and Joe McDonnell.[34] In 2006, a proposed bill which would outlaw promotion or glorification of terrorist or violent acts raised concerns that performance of Irish songs such as The H-Block Song, which had become an anthem of the Irish Republicans following the hunger strike,[35][36] could lead to imprisonment.

Many Irish rebel songs focus on a person or persons viewed as a martyr, with themes of endurance, daring, loyalty, and the artistic, moral and intellectual qualities of the subjects. The notion of endurance has been associated with the belief that sufferers, rather than those at whose hand they suffer, will ultimately triumph in seen in the songs about the ten hunger strikers.[37] In Bobby Sands, MP, Sands is portrayed as an artist and poet.[37] The theme of sacrifice also plays a role, such as the hunger striker asking his family to let him go in The Time has Come,[37] written by Christy Moore and Donal Lunny about the final meeting between Patsy O'Hara and his mother.[33]

References

  1. ^ a b c Silverman, Helaine (2 November 2010). Contested Cultural Heritage: Religion, Nationalism, Erasure, and Exclusion in a Global World. Springer. pp. 81–83. ISBN 978-1-4419-7304-7.
  2. ^ Jarman, Neil (1997). Material conflicts: parades and visual displays in Northern Ireland. Berg. p. 233. ISBN 1-85973-129-5.
  3. ^ a b Nordstrom, Carolyn; Martin, JoAnn (1992). The Paths to domination, resistance, and terror. University of California Press. pp. 196–202. ISBN 0-520-07315-0.
  4. ^ "The Bogside Artists: Raymond McCarthy mural". Cain Web service. Retrieved 26 November 2010.
  5. ^ Gregory, Derek; Pred, Allan Richard (2007). Violent geographies: fear, terror, and political violence. Routledge. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-415-95147-0.
  6. ^ "History of Sinn Fein". Official Sinn Féin website. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  7. ^ "Remembering 1981: Hurson Anniversary marked across the country". An Phoblacht. 20 July 2006.
  8. ^ "McCreesh and O'Hara remembered". An Phoblacht. 24 May 2001.
  9. ^ Moore, Dale (21 August 2008). "Towards a United Ireland". An Phoblacht.
  10. ^ Adams, Gerry. "Writings". Bobby Sands Trust.
  11. ^ Sands, Robert. "Weeping winds". Bobby Sands Trust. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  12. ^ Sands, Robert. "The Rhythm of Time". Bobby Sands Trust.
  13. ^ a b "Kelly addresses Republican commemoration". Mid-Ulster Mail. 6 August 2008.
  14. ^ a b Faught, David A. (2007). Subversive verse: Zurita, Lihn, Berenguer and post-coup Chilean poetry. University of California, Irvine. pp. 136–140.
  15. ^ Skylark Sing Your Lonely Song (Open Library). OL 8284361M.
  16. ^ O'Hara, Aidan (November 2009). "Seán Tyrell:A Message of Peace Own label, LMCD006, 2 CD's". Irish Music Magazine.
  17. ^ David, Pearce (2000). Irish writing in the twentieth century: a reader. Cork University Press. p. 1172. ISBN 978-1-85918-208-6.
  18. ^ Morris, Sawnie; McGuckian, Medbh (2001). "Under the North Window: An Interview with Medbh McGuckian". The Kenyon Review. New Series. 23 (3). Kenyon College: 64–74. JSTOR 4338244.
  19. ^ Lorenzo Modia, María Jesús (2010), "Invalids in War:Illness and the Irish Conflict in Medbh McGukian", in Clark, David; Álvarez, Rubén Jarazo (eds.), In the Wake of the Tiger:Irish Studies in the Twentieth-First Century, Netbiblo, S.L., ISBN 978-84-9745-547-3
  20. ^ Poloczek, Katarzyna (2009), "Individuality and Community in the Early Work of Paula Meehan", An Sionnach: A Journal of Literature, Culture, and the Arts, vol. 5, no. 1 & 2, University of Nebraska Press, pp. 75–89, ISSN 1554-8953
  21. ^ Cracken, Kathleen (1990), "Act of Defiance: The Poetry of Michael Davitt", The Antioch Review, vol. 48, no. 3, Antioch Review, Inc, pp. 372–380, ISSN 0003-5769, JSTOR 4612237
  22. ^ Danny Morrison, ed. (2006). Hunger strike - Reflections on the 1981 Republican Hunger strike. Brandon Books. ISBN 978-0-86322-359-4. Archived from the original on 5 December 2010. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  23. ^ Everything in this country must. ASIN 0805063986.
  24. ^ "Everything in this country must - Interview". Let the Great world spin (official website). Colum McCann. Archived from the original on 14 November 2010.
  25. ^ Gussow, Mel (1992). "Theater in Review". The New York Times.
  26. ^ Thorpe, Vanessa (11 May 2008). "Anger as new film of IRA hero Bobby Sands screens at Cannes". London: The Observer. Retrieved 14 May 2008.
  27. ^ "Festival de Cannes: Some Mother's Son". festival-cannes.com. Archived from the original on 6 October 2012. Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  28. ^ "H3 at the British Film Catalogue". Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  29. ^ a b Wright, Jade (9 October 2010). "Christy Moore: back to his roots". Liverpool Daily Echo. p. 8.
  30. ^ a b Staff Reporter (13 March 2010). "Man gets suspended prison term for playing The Wolfe Tones near Orange march". Irish News. p. 3.
  31. ^ a b Carton, Donna (5 November 2000). "Christy Moore: As long as the so entrenched RUC's attitude to policing remains there will never be decommissioning". Sunday Mirror. p. 20.
  32. ^ a b Harrington, Richard (4 December 1984). "Ireland's Minstrel Christy: Singer Moore Comes to the Birchmere". The Washington Post. p. B7.
  33. ^ a b "Tales of two singers surviving with pluck of the Irish; Frank O'Shea looks at the lives and songs of Christy Moore and Maire Brennan who have firmly written their names into folk-music lore". Canberra Times. 6 January 2001.
  34. ^ a b MacLennan, Rosalind (8 November 1996). "Cry of the Wolfe: Irish folk group is at war with their words". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette (Pennsylvania). p. 17.
  35. ^ a b Ingle, Roisin (26 July 2000). "Alma mater of Adams, Sands and Wright: Now almost empty, what's next for the North's largest prison?". The Irish Times. p. 9.
  36. ^ a b McKittrick, David (30 November 2005). "Leading Sinn Féin man held over 1972 bomb". The Independent. London. p. 9.
  37. ^ a b c Boyle, Mark (2002), "Edifying the rebellious Gael", in Harvey, David (ed.), Celtic geographies: old culture, new times, Routledge, pp. 173–191, ISBN 0-415-22396-2
  38. ^ "Christy Moore". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  39. ^ "Francis Hughes remembered: Don't mourn, organise, says McGuinness". An Phoblacht. 15 May 2003.
  40. ^ Breen, Suzanne (8 July 2004). "The time has come to focus on the life of Francis Hughes". Belfast News Letter (Northern Ireland). p. 18. 'He fought them every day he lived and he fought when he died,' Christy Moore sings in "The Boy From Tamlaghtduff".
  41. ^ "Christy Moore". Archived from the original on 25 November 2010. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  42. ^ Woodman, Tenley (17 March 2009). "Rebel yells: BC professor teaches Ireland's tumultuous history through its music". The Boston Herald. p. 31.
  43. ^ "Christy Moore". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  44. ^ "Christy Moore". Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  45. ^ a b Garvey, Anthony (26 October 2004). "Moore anger at being held under terrorism act". The Stage News.
  46. ^ Luke Bainbridge; Chris Cotttingham; Will Dean; Kitty Empire; Gareth Grundy; John Harris; Martin Horsfield; Tom Hughes; Colin Irwin; Caspar Llewellyn Smith; Sean O'Hagan; Paul MacInnes; et al. (18 March 2009). "1000 Songs Everyone Must Hear: Part 5: Protest and politics: Dick Gaughan to REM". The Guardian. p. 10.
  47. ^ "Triskelle - Rebel Song Lyrics: Roll of Honour". Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  48. ^ Canning, Margaret (14 August 2006). "Adams tells rally to be proud of hunger strikers". The Irish Times. Belfast. p. 7.
  49. ^ Duncan, Brad (23 May 2008). "Christy Moore: a retrospective on MP3". Green Left.
  50. ^ a b c O'Hearn, Denis (6 May 2006). "A Hunger for Justice". The Nation.
  51. ^ a b Campbell, Sean (2007). ""Pack Up Your Troubles": Politics & Popular Music in Pre- & Post-Ceasefire Ulster". Popular Musicology Online. ISSN 1357-0951.
  52. ^ The Undertones: A Look Back - 1 May 2001 - Ralph Heibutzki | Unofficial website of The Undertones|TheUndertones.net| Archived 14 November 2007 at the Wayback Machine
  53. ^ Martin, Gavin (29 March 2002). "Pop: Songs in the key of real life". The Independent. London. p. 15.
  54. ^ "Lyrics - The Sign" (PDF). Retrieved 1 December 2010.
  55. ^ "Comhaltas Archive | Cuardaigh' o%27hara hughes '".
  56. ^ "McElwee's Farewell Farewell To Bellaghy". Retrieved 27 November 2010.
  57. ^ Strong, Martin Charles (1999). The great indie discography. WS Bookwell. ISBN 1-84195-335-0.
  58. ^ "L.D.Eye - Crucifucks". Retrieved 27 November 2010.
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