1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii
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The 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi stripped the Hawaiian monarchy of much of its authority, disenfranchising most of the native population and initiating a transfer of power to American, European and native Hawaiian elites. It became widely known as the Bayonet Constitution for the use of intimidation by the armed militia which forced King Kalākaua to sign it or be deposed. The document created a constitutional monarchy like that of the United Kingdom, stripping the King of most of his personal authority, empowering the Legislature and establishing cabinet government.[1]
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[edit] Rebellion of 1887
The Constitution for the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi, dated July 6, 1887, was written by Lorrin A. Thurston. A mass meeting of 3,000 residents including the armed militia of the Honolulu Rifles and politicians who later formed the Reform Party of the Hawaiian Kingdom demanded David Kalākaua sign it or be deposed. Most were also associated with a society called the Hawaiian League, which was actually in favor of ending the Kingdom and annexation by the United States. The document was signed and created a constitutional monarchy like that of the United Kingdom, stripping the King of most of his personal authority, empowering the Legislature and establishing cabinet government. Thurston then became the powerful Interior Minister.[2]
It has since become widely known as the "Bayonet Constitution", a nickname coined by its opponents because of the threat of force used to gain Kalākaua's cooperation. At the time Kalākaua had been forced to sign the constitution under threat of arms, military rifles were commonly fixed with bayonets.[1]
[edit] Provisions
Asians, including subjects who previously enjoyed the right to vote, were specifically denied suffrage simply on the basis of race. Only Hawaiian, American, and European males in Hawaiʻi were granted full voting rights if they met the economic and literacy thresholds. At the time this constitution came into effect, native Hawaiians, both full and part, accounted for less than one-half of the total population, yet enjoyed significant electoral advantage because of the disenfranchisement of Asians.
When the Hawaiian government of Queen Liliʻuokalani was overthrown in 1893 by Thurston and his co-conspirators, about 75% of ethnic Hawaiians could not vote at all because of the gender, literacy, property, and age requirements. However, because of the racial disenfranchisement of Asians, ethnic Hawaiians still amounted to about two-thirds of the electorate for representatives and about one-third of the electorate for Nobles.[3] The rest of the voters were male residents of European or American ancestry.
The 1887 Constitution imposed a very strict threshold for voter eligibility, by requiring that individuals generate annual income of at least US$600 (approximately $13,500 in 2008 dollars), or own private property worth at least US$3,000 (approximately $68,000 in 2008 dollars). This rule was very effective in limiting voter eligibility to wealthy businessmen and landowning Hawaiian elites. The 1887 Constitution also removed the monarch's power to appoint members of the House of Nobles (the upper house of the legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom).
A comparison between the 1864 and 1887 Constitutions is illustrative:
1864 Constitution
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- Article 62.
- Every male subject of the Kingdom, who shall have paid his taxes, who shall have attained the age of twenty years, and shall have been domiciled in the Kingdom for one year immediately preceding the election; and shall be possessed of Real Property in this Kingdom, to the value over and above all incumbrances of One Hundred and Fifty Dollars or of a Lease-hold property on which the rent is Twenty-five Dollars per year—or of an income of not less than Seventy-five Dollars per year, derived from any property or some lawful employment, and shall know how to read and write, if born since the year 1840, and shall have caused his name to be entered on the list of voters of his District as may be provided by law, shall be entitled to one vote for the Representative or Representatives of that District. Provided, however, that no insane or idiotic person, nor any person who shall have been convicted of any infamous crime within this Kingdom, unless he shall have been pardoned by the King, and by the terms of such pardon have been restored to all the rights of a subject, shall be allowed to vote.
1887 Constitution
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- ARTICLE 59.
- Every male resident of the Hawaiian Islands of Hawaiian, American or European birth or descent, who shall have attained the age of twenty years, and shall have paid his taxes, and shall have caused his name to be entered on the list of voters for Nobles for his District, shall be an elector of Nobles, and shall be entitled to vote at any election of Nobles, provided:
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- First: That he shall have resided in the country not less than three years, and in the district in which he offers to vote, not less than three months immediately preceding the election at which he offers to vote;
- Second: That he shall own and be possessed, in his own right, of taxable property in this country of the value of not less than three thousand dollars over and above all encumbrances, or shall have actually received an income of not less than six hundred dollars during the year next preceding his registration for such election;
- Third: That he shall be able to read and comprehend an ordinary newspaper printed in either the Hawaiian, English or some European language:
- Fourth: That he shall have taken an oath to support the Constitution and laws, such oath to be administered by any person authorized to administer oaths, or by an Inspector of Elections;
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- Provided, however, that the requirements of a three years residence and of ability to read and comprehend an ordinary newspaper, printed in the Hawaiian, English or some European language, shall not apply to persons residing in the Kingdom at the time of the promulgation of this Constitution, if they shall register and vote at the first election which shall be held under this Constitution.
[edit] References
- ^ a b David W. Forbes (2003). Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780-1900. University of Hawaii Press. p. 232.
- ^ Stephen Kinzer (2006). Overthrow: America's Century of Regime Change from Hawaii to Iraq. Times Books. p. 16. ISBN 978-0805078619. http://books.google.com/books?id=Q3o2BaNiJksC.
- ^ Ralph S. Kuykendall (1967). Hawaiian Kingdom 1874-1893, the Kalakaua Dynasticism. University of Hawaii Press. p. 453. ISBN 978-0870224331.
[edit] External links
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Wikisource has original text related to this article: |
- 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii (scanned images)
- 1887 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaii (Full text, with access to the English translation, and other resources)
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