Common black hawk

Common black hawk
Common black hawk in Costa Rica
Conservation status
Least Concern  (IUCN 3.1)
Scientific classification
Domain:	Eukaryota
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Aves
Order:	Accipitriformes
Family:	Accipitridae
Genus:	Buteogallus
Species:	B. anthracinus
Binomial name
Buteogallus anthracinus (Deppe, 1830)
Subspecies
B. a. anthracinus - (Deppe, 1830) B. a. utilensis - Twomey, 1956 B. a. rhizophorae - Monroe, 1963 B. a. bangsi - (Swann, 1922) B. a. subtilis - (Thayer & Bangs, 1905)

The common black hawk (Buteogallus anthracinus) is a bird of prey in the family Accipitridae, which also includes the eagles, hawks, and Old World vultures.

Description

The adult common black-hawk is 43–53 cm (17–21 in) long and weighs 930 g (33 oz) on average. It has very broad wings, and is mainly black or dark gray. The short tail is black with a single broad white band and a white tip. The bill is black and the legs and cere are yellow. The adults resemble zone-tailed hawks, but have fewer white bars on their tail and are larger in size.

Sexes are similar, but immature birds are dark brown above with spotting and streaks. Their underparts are buff to whitish with dark blotches, and the tail has a number of black and white bars.

Subspecies

It formerly included the Cuban black-hawk (Buteogallus gundlachii) as a subspecies. The mangrove black hawk, traditionally considered a distinct species, is now generally considered a subspecies, B. a. subtilis, of the common black-hawk.

Distribution and habitat

The common black-hawk is a breeding bird in the warmer parts of the Americas, from the Southwestern United States through Central America to Venezuela, Peru, Trinidad, and the Lesser Antilles. It is a mainly coastal, resident bird of mangrove swamps, estuaries and adjacent dry open woodland, though there are inland populations, including a migratory population in north-western Mexico and Arizona.

Behaviour

Breeding

The bird builds a platform nest of sticks fifteen to one hundred feet above the ground in a tree, often a mangrove. Nests are often reused and tend to grow bigger. It lays one to three eggs (usually one), which are whitish with brown markings.

It has hybridized naturally with the red-shouldered hawk (Buteo lineatus) in Sonoma County, California, USA. This natural hybridization between different genera of hawks is rare.

Feeding

It feeds mainly on crabs (especially land crabs), but will also take small vertebrates (such as fish, frogs, snakes and young birds) and eggs. The common black hawk also supplements its diet with a variety of insects, including grasshoppers and caterpillars. This species is often seen soaring, with occasional lazy flaps, and has a talon-touching aerial courtship display. The call is a distinctive piping spink-speenk-speenk-spink-spink-spink.

Status and conservation

The common black hawk is protected in the far north of its range (in the USA) under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of 1918.

Bibliography

• Hilty, Steven L. (2003). Birds of Venezuela. Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-7136-6418-5.
• ffrench, Richard; O'Neill, John Patton; Eckelberry, Don R. (1991). A Guide to the Birds of Trinidad and Tobago (2nd ed.). Ithaca, N.Y.: Comstock Publishing. ISBN 0-8014-9792-2.
• Howell, Steve N.G.; Webb, Sophie (1995). A Guide to the Birds of Mexico and Northern Central America. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-854012-4.

External links

• "Common black hawk media". Internet Bird Collection.
• Common black hawk Stamps from the Grenadines of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines at bird-stamps.org
• Common Black-hawk photo gallery at VIREO (Drexel University)
• BirdLife species factsheet for Buteogallus anthracinus
• Common black hawk species account at Neotropical Birds (Cornell Lab of Ornithology)
• Interactive range map of Buteogallus anthracinus at IUCN Red List maps
• Audio recordings of Common black hawk on Xeno-canto.