Concentrated disadvantage
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A concentrated disadvantage is a sociological term for neighborhoods with high percentages of residents of low socioeconomic status. It is expressed as the percent of households located in census tracts with high levels of concentrated disadvantage.[1]
Associations and effects
Concentrated disadvantage has been found to be positively related to homicide rates and reduces probability of high school completion.[2][3] A positive association between concentrated disadvantage and rates of violence more generally has also been found; this relationship is mediated primarily by collective efficacy.[4] There is also evidence that juvenile court officials perceive more disadvantaged neighborhoods as more dangerous, and so are less likely to release youth from such neighborhoods into their communities.[5] Child development is enhanced the most in neighborhoods with approximately equal amounts of concentrated disadvantage and affluence.[6]
Calculation
According to one formula, concentrated disadvantage is calculated based on five metrics. These metrics are:
- Percent of individuals below the povertyline
- Percent of individuals on public assistance
- Percent female-headed households,
- Percent unemployed, and
- Percent less than age 18.[1] Another measure of concentrated disadvantage is based on "welfare receipt, poverty, unemployment, female-headed households, racial composition (percentage black), and density of children."[7]
References
- ^ a b "Life Course Indicator: Concentrated Disadvantage" (PDF). Association of Maternal & Child Health Programs.
- ^ Wodtke, Geoffrey T.; Harding, David J.; Elwert, Felix (2011-10-01). "Neighborhood Effects in Temporal Perspective: The Impact of Long-Term Exposure to Concentrated Disadvantage on High School Graduation". American Sociological Review. 76 (5): 713–736. doi:10.1177/0003122411420816. ISSN 0003-1224. PMC 3413291. PMID 22879678.
- ^ Becker, Jacob H. (2016-03-01). "The Dynamics of Neighborhood Structural Conditions: The Effects of Concentrated Disadvantage on Homicide over Time and Space". City & Community. 15 (1): 64–82. doi:10.1111/cico.12152. ISSN 1540-6040.
- ^ Sampson, Robert J.; Raudenbush, Stephen W.; Earls, Felton (1997-08-15). "Neighborhoods and Violent Crime: A Multilevel Study of Collective Efficacy". Science. 277 (5328): 918–924. doi:10.1126/science.277.5328.918. ISSN 0036-8075. PMID 9252316.
- ^ Rodriguez, Nancy (2013-05-01). "Concentrated Disadvantage and the Incarceration of Youth: Examining How Context Affects Juvenile Justice". Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency. 50 (2): 189–215. doi:10.1177/0022427811425538. ISSN 0022-4278. S2CID 145172633.
- ^ Carpiano, Richard M.; Lloyd, Jennifer E. V.; Hertzman, Clyde (2009-08-01). "Concentrated affluence, concentrated disadvantage, and children's readiness for school: A population-based, multi-level investigation". Social Science & Medicine. 69 (3): 420–432. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2009.05.028. PMID 19540643.
- ^ Sampson, Robert J.; Sharkey, Patrick; Raudenbush, Stephen W. (2008-01-22). "Durable effects of concentrated disadvantage on verbal ability among African-American children". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 105 (3): 845–852. doi:10.1073/pnas.0710189104. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2242679. PMID 18093915.
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