Empress Xiaohuizhang
| Empress Xiaohuizhang | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Empress Dowager Renxian | |||||||||
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| Empress consort of the Qing dynasty | |||||||||
| Tenure | July/August 1654 – 5 February 1661 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Deposed Empress Jing | ||||||||
| Successor | Empress Xiaochengren | ||||||||
| Empress dowager of the Qing dynasty | |||||||||
| Tenure | 5 February 1661 – 7 January 1718 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Empress Dowager Xiaozhuang | ||||||||
| Successor | Empress Dowager Renshou | ||||||||
| Born | Borjigit (博爾濟吉特 博尔济吉特) 5 November 1641 (崇德六年 十月 三日) | ||||||||
| Died | 7 January 1718 (aged 76) (康熙五十六年 十二月 六日) Ningshou Palace, Forbidden City | ||||||||
| Burial | Xiao Mausoleum, Eastern Qing tombs | ||||||||
| Spouse | |||||||||
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| House | Borjigit (博爾濟吉特) | ||||||||
| Father | Chuo'erji | ||||||||
| Mother | Lady Aisin Gioro | ||||||||
| Empress Xiaohuizhang | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Chinese name | |||||||
| Traditional Chinese | 孝惠章皇后 | ||||||
| Simplified Chinese | 孝惠章皇后 | ||||||
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| Manchu name | |||||||
| Manchu script | ᡥᡳᠶᠣᠣᡧᡠᠩᡤᠠ ᡶᡠᠯᡝᡥᡠᠨ ᡝᠯᡩᡝᠮᠪᡠᡥᡝ ᡥᡡᠸᠠᠩᡥᡝᠣ | ||||||
| Romanization | hiyoošungga fulehun eldembuhe hūwangheo | ||||||
Empress Xiaohuizhang (5 November 1641 – 7 January 1718), of the Khorchin Mongol Borjigit clan, was the wife and second empress consort of Fulin, the Shunzhi Emperor. She was Empress consort of Qing from 1654 until her husband's death in 1661, after which she was honoured as Empress Dowager Renxian during the reign of her step-son, Xuanye, the Kangxi Emperor. She was posthumously honoured with the title Empress Xiaohuizhang.
Life
Family background
- Father: Chuo'erji (綽爾濟; d. 1670), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)
- Paternal grandfather: Chahan (查罕), held the title of a third rank prince (貝勒)
- Paternal great aunt: Primary consort Minhui (1609–1641)
- Paternal great aunt: Empress Xiaozhuangwen (1613–1688), the mother of the Shunzhi Emperor (1638–1661)
- Mother: Lady Aisin Gioro
- Maternal grandfather: Abatai (1589–1646)
- Seven brothers
- Two elder sisters and two younger sisters
- Fourth younger sister: Consort Shuhui (1642–1713)
Chongde era
Lady Borjigit was born on the third day of the tenth lunar month in the 16th year of the reign of Hong Taiji, which translates to 5 November 1641 in the Gregorian calendar.
Shunzhi era
On 25 October 1653, the Shunzhi Emperor deposed his first empress consort, Erdeni Bumba, who was also from the Borjigit clan. In June or July 1654, Alatan Qiqige entered the Forbidden City and became a concubine of the Shunzhi Emperor. In July or August 1654, she was officially designated as the empress to replace the deposed Erdeni Bumba.
However, the Shunzhi Emperor showed little interest in his new empress consort because he favoured Consort Donggo more than any other consort of his. Some historians believe that the Shunzhi Emperor made Alatan Qiqige his new empress consort because he wanted to reduce tensions between the Aisin Gioro and Borjigit clans after demoting his first empress consort. The Aisin Gioro and Borjigit clans had a long history of political marriages, so the emperor had to choose a Borjigit woman to be his empress consort in order to keep up with tradition.
Kangxi era
The Shunzhi Emperor died on 5 February 1661 and was succeeded by his third son, Xuanye, who was born to Lady Tunggiya. Xuanye was enthroned as the Kangxi Emperor, while Alatan Qiqige, as the empress consort of the previous emperor, was granted the title "Empress Dowager Renxian". She died on 7 January 1718 and was interred in a separate tomb in the Xiao Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs.
Titles
- During the reign of Hong Taiji (r. 1626–1643):
- Lady Borjigit (from 5 November 1641)
- During the reign of the Shunzhi Emperor (r. 1643–1661):
- Empress (皇后; from July/August 1654[1])
- During the reign of the Kangxi Emperor (r. 1661–1722):
- Empress Dowager Renxian (仁憲皇太后; from 5 February 1661[2])
- Empress Xiaohuizhang (孝惠章皇后; from 1718)
In fiction and popular culture
- Portrayed by Wang Ge in Xiaozhuang Mishi (2003)
- Portrayed by Yang Mingna in Chronicle of Life (2016)
See also
Notes
References
- Wan, Yi; Shuqing, Wang; Yanzhen, Lu; Scott, Rosemary E. (1988). Daily Life in the Forbidden City: The Qing Dynasty, 1644-1912 (Illustrated ed.). Viking. ISBN 0670811645.
- Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao) (in Chinese).