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Schisandra chinensis

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Schisandra chinensis
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Order: Austrobaileyales
Family: Schisandraceae
Genus: Schisandra
Species:
S. chinensis
Binomial name
Schisandra chinensis
Synonyms

Kadsura chinensis Turcz.[1][2]
Maximowiczia amurensis Rupr.
Maximowiczia chinensis (Turcz.) Rupr.[2]
Maximowiczia japonica (A.Gray) K.Koch
Schisandra chinensis var. leucocarpa P.H.Huang & L.H.Zhuo
Schisandra nigra f. viridicarpa (Y.N.Lee) M.Kim
Schisandra repanda f. viridicarpa (Y.N.Lee) M.Kim
Schisandra japonica (Siebold. & Zucc. ex A. Gray) Hance.[2]
Sphaerostema japonicum A.Gray

Schisandra chinensis, whose fruit is called magnolia berry[3] or five-flavor fruit (Chinese: 五味子; pinyin: wǔwèizǐ, in Korean: 오미자, romanized: omija, Japanese: ゴミシ, romanized: gomishi),[4][1][5] is a vine plant native to forests of Northern China, the Russian Far East and Korea.[6] Wild varieties are also found in Japan.[7] It is hardy in USDA Zone 4. The fruits are red berries in dense clusters around 10 centimetres (3.9 in) long.

Names

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Common names for S. chinensis are magnolia-vine, Chinese magnolia-vine, and just schisandra.[1]

The 'five flavour' name comes from the fact that its berries possess five basic flavors: salty, sweet, sour, pungent (spicy), and bitter.[8][5] Sometimes, it is more specifically called běi wǔwèizi (北五味子; 'northern five-flavor berry') to distinguish it from another schisandraceous plant, Kadsura japonica, that grows only in subtropical areas.[citation needed] Another species of schisandra berry, Schisandra sphenanthera, has a similar but different biochemical profile. The Chinese Pharmacopeia distinguishes between S. chinensis and S. sphenanthera (南五味子; nán wǔwèizi; 'southern five-flavor berry').[7]

Taxonomy

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The genus Schisandra was first published by André Michaux in 1803, the name deriving from the Greek words schizein ('to split') and andros ('man'), referring to the separate anther cells on the stamens.[9][10]

In the 21st century, Schisandra chinensis belongs to the family of Schisandraceae. In earlier years, it was assumed that the species belonged to the family of Magnoliaceae, hence the name Chinese magnolia-vine. However, many differences in plant phenology between  Schisandra and members of Magnoliaceae led to the formation of Schisandraceae.[11]

Description

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Vegetative plant organs

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Schisandra chinensis is a perennial, deciduous woody vine plant found at high latitudes and in cool climatic conditions. It commonly grows in natural coniferous or mixed forests or along streams and climbs up other trees or shrubs to reach optimal light conditions.[12] In Russia, Schisandra chinensis is also called Limonnik or Maximowich's red grape. The name Limonnik comes from the lemony smell of different plant organs, especially the leaves.[6] The prostrate woody stems usually grow 8–9 metres (26–30 ft) tall,[12] but can reach a length of up to 25m.[6] They are dark brown in colour and can reach 1.5–2 cm in thickness.[13]

New shoots are typically short, but they continue their growth after flowering until late in the season.[9] The leaves are simple, oval-shaped (5–11 cm long and 3–7 cm wide) and alternating and the petioles have a slight red colouring.[13][12] Multicellular trichomes are located on the abaxial leaf lamina. Stomata show a irregular, random distribution.[9]

The roots of Schisandra chinensis are branched and stay close to the soil surface.[7] Nodes located on the stems can also produce roots.[9]

Generative plant organs

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The flowers of Schisandra are unisexual and the species itself is dioecious.[12] The plant is therefore not self-fertile, hence flowers on a female plant will only produce fruit when fertilized with pollen from a male plant. However, a hybrid selection titled 'Eastern Prince' has perfect flowers and is self-fertile. Seedlings of 'Eastern Prince' are sometimes sold under the same name, but are typically single-sex plants.

The female flowers are white or cream-coloured and turn slightly reddish to the end of the flowering season.[13] They have 5–12 waxy, spirally arranged tepals forming the perianth and 12–120 pistils.[12] The tepals show a transition in colour from green for the outer tepals to more pigmentation for the inner ones.[12] The flowers typically grow out of the leaf axils in clusters, later forming grape clusters with berries, but can also be found solitary.[9][14] The male flower has 5 stamens with filaments of different lengths[12][14] The flowers of S. chinensis are important for various pollinators such as bees, beetles and small moths.[9] The fruits of Schisandra chinensis are red berries which are smooth and shiny, have a spherical shape and reach 5–10 mm in diameter.[13][15][14] They grow in dense hanging clusters of 2–5 berries which reach a length of about 6–8 cm. Each berry usually contains 1–2 brownish yellow kidney-shaped seeds.[13][15][14] The seeds have the capacity to stay dormant and to form seed banks. Distribution of seeds mainly occurs through birds.[9]

Climate and soil requirements

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Wild plants of Schisandra chinensis mostly grow in mixed forests, valleys and open forest spaces. The plant can grow in wet environments and tolerates cold temperatures to −30 °C. Its optimal growing temperature is at 20–25 °C. Schisandra grows in acidic (pH of 6.5 – 6.8), deep and loose sandy loam soils.[16] Furthermore, Schisandra cannot withstand dense and compact soils and prefers soils rich in humus.[17] The plant grows in shade with moist, well-drained soil.

Cultivation

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Schisandra is native to northern and northeastern China (Manchuria).[citation needed] Major cultivation of Schisandra is located in Korea and China. The production however declined continuously due to the increased deforestation in Asia.[16] Schisandra can be integrated in agroforestry farming systems as it climbs up trees to get better light conditions.[18] On a large-scale production Schisandra plants are grown similar to grape vines and are tied up on stakes in vertical columns. Therefore, cultivation requirements are thought to be similar to those of grapes.[19]

The species itself is dioecious, requiring flowers of a female plant to be fertilized with pollen from a male plant.[20] A hybrid selection titled 'Eastern Prince' has flowers and is self-fertile (monoecious). Seedlings of 'Eastern Prince' are sometimes sold under the same name, but are typically single-sex plants. Another monoecious cultivar mainly planted in China is "Hong-zhen-zhu". This cultivar is next to "Bai Wu-wei-zi", "Chang-bai-hong", and "Da-chuan-hong" one of the main cultivars in China used for germplasm resources.[21]

Plants can be propagated by seed or by layering in spring or autumn, or in the summer time by using semi-ripe cuttings.[20] Schisandra seeds are planted in early May (the seasons mentioned in here refer to China), sprout after 15–20 days and the plants grow until late September. The seeds are sown at a density of 30 g/m2 and are then covered with fine soil and straw, pine needles or a grass mat. Alternatively, the seeds can be cultivated in pots and then transplanted to the field. The soil should be kept humid for the seeds to soak up with water.[22] Three years after sowing, the plants will blossom for the first time. Normally, the plants start flowering from middle or late May to early June. As the flowers are prone to frost damage, they are best grown in areas where the chances for frost in May and June are low. Starting from June to July the fruits develop and ripen from August to September.[21] In spring, summer or fall pruning of Schisandra vines is necessary to improve ventilation and light conditions, ensure an endogenous nutrition status and increase the number of female flowers and thus overall fruit yield. Furthermore, sprouting tillers that compete for nutrition with the main Schisandra vine should be cut away.[23]

Fertilization

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For the cultivation of young Schisandra plants a nutrient rich soil is required, wherefore mostly manure is applied as organic fertilizer. Organic high-N and high-H fertilizer should be applied at the embryonic stage and later on it should be fertilized with high-P and high-K. During key growth stages it is best to undertake a foliar fertilization to ensure normal fruit production.[24] As the quantity of female flowers is a key point to increase Schisandra berry yields, barax, ammonium molybdate, and lanthanum nitrate fertilizers can be applied in July as foliar fertilizer.[25]

Pests and diseases

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Temperature dependent damage to Schisandra involve sun scald or frost damage.[23] Sun scald from heat can lead to pathogenic infections. Sun scald can be controlled by applying more organic fertilizers, promoting vertical rooting, keeping an appropriate branch-fruit ratio and leaf-fruit ratio. These prevention measures enhance the plant's tolerance to drought and prevent the direct exposure of the fruits to the sun. Furthermore, irrigation can help to lower surface temperatures on the fruits. Frost damages can cause necrotic leaves and weakens the vitality of the plant. Frost damages can be prevented by covering the roots, maintaining temperatures through smoke or irrigation, applying antifreeze fluid and P-K fertilizers (i.e. phosphorus and potassium fertilizers).

Pests of Schisandra
Pathogenic pests Insect pests
root and stem rot (Fusarium)[23] Serica orientalis Motschulsky[23]
leaf blight and fruit rot (Botrytis cinerea)[26] Diaphania pyloalis[23]
leaf spot disease (Phoma glomerata)[27] Pseudaulacaspis pentagona[23]
leaf blotch (Alternaria tenuissima)[28] Eupoecilia ambiguella[23]
powdery mildew[23] Phassus excrescens[23]
downy mildew[23]

Pest control

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To control weeds, the herbicides paraquat, pendimethalin and glufosinate can be applied.[29]

To control fungal diseases on Schisandra different fungicides are applied such as pyraclostrobin, fluquinconazole, triforine, fenarimol, fenbuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, mancozeb, metalaxyl, benomyl and hexaconazole.[29] Prior to fungicidal application, prevention measures should be applied to lower the risk for fungal outbreaks. Only if economic thresholds are exceeded one should apply fungicides. Prevention measures in Schisandra cultivation could be:

  • no transplantation of infected seedlings,
  • use of fresh soil,
  • appropriate increase of P and K fertilizers (increased plant resistance to disease),
  • avoid complete coverage of frame areas and a too high plant density,
  • maintain a sufficient ventilation and light transmittance,
  • remove dead leaves from the ground in the fall and
  • avoid excessive watering.[23]

Insects such as wireworms and nematodes can be controlled with e.g. ethoprophos and aphids can be controlled with e.g. endosulfan.[29] Prevention measures to control insects in Schisandra cultures could be:

  • remove the insects by hand if they appear in small numbers,
  • remove dead leaves and injured branches (sources of insects),
  • use insect traps and
  • biological control agents (e.g. parasitic wasps).[23]

To lower infections of soil-borne diseases carbendazol hydratable powder or amobam can be applied after sowing.[22]

Harvesting

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The first fruit harvest of the Schisandra plant usually takes place 4–5 years after planting.[citation needed] In China, the ripe fruits are harvested in September.[11][30] The berries in Europe may ripen earlier, possibly in August.[15]

Uses

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Its berries are used in traditional medicine. Chemical constituents include the lignans schisandrin, deoxyschizandrin, gomisins, and pregomisin.[7] When crushed, the leaves release a lemony smell and can be used as a vegetable.[31][32]

Koreans make the berries known as omija (Hangul: 오미자) into a cordial drink called omija-cha, meaning "omija tea"; see Korean tea. The Ainu people indigenous to Japan used this plant (called repnihat) as a remedy for colds and sea-sickness.[33]

Interest in limonnik (S. chinensis) in Russia was associated with investigations by Soviet scientists on berries and seeds.[6]

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In 1998, Russia released a postage stamp depicting S. chinensis.[34]

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References

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  1. ^ a b c d "Schisandra chinensis". Germplasm Resources Information Network. Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 19 February 2008.
  2. ^ a b c "Schisandra chinensis – Plants For A Future database report". Plants for a Future (PFAF). 2012. Retrieved 24 January 2017.
  3. ^ Moskin J, Fabricant F, Wells P, Fox N (29 November 2011). "The Year's Notable Cookbooks". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 20 January 2017.
  4. ^ Yoon, Sook-ja (Summer 2005). "Hwachae: Refreshing Beverages to Beat the Summer Heat" (PDF). Koreana. No. 19. pp. 76–79. Archived from the original (PDF) on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 29 June 2017.
  5. ^ a b See:
    • 勝山輝男 (2000). 樹に咲く花 離弁花1. 山と渓谷社. p. 389. ISBN 4-635-07003-4.
    • 平野隆久, ed. (1997). 樹木ガイドブック. Nagaokashoten. p. 242. ISBN 4-522-21557-6.
  6. ^ a b c d Panossian A, Wikman G (July 2008). "Pharmacology of Schisandra chinensis Bail.: an overview of Russian research and uses in medicine". Journal of Ethnopharmacology. 118 (2): 183–212. doi:10.1016/j.jep.2008.04.020. PMID 18515024.
  7. ^ a b c Lu Y, Chen DF (March 2009). "Analysis of Schisandra chinensis and Schisandra sphenanthera". Journal of Chromatography A. 1216 (11): 1980–90. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2008.09.070. PMID 18849034.
  8. ^ Agbor, Nnehkai (16 March 2017). "8 Healthy Korean Teas To Enjoy Throughout The Year". 10 Magazine. Retrieved 28 June 2017.
  9. ^ a b c d e f g Saunders RM (2000). "Monograph of Schisandra (Schisandraceae)". Systematic Botany Monographs. 58: 1–146. doi:10.2307/25027879. JSTOR 25027879.
  10. ^ Li RT, Han QB, Zhao AH, Sun HD (October 2003). "Micranoic acids A and B: two new octanortriterpenoids from Schisandra micrantha". Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 51 (10): 1174–6. doi:10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00102-1. PMID 14519924.
  11. ^ a b Ko KM. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun, Qin, Chuixin. Singapore. pp. 32–33. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223.
  12. ^ a b c d e f g Ko, Kam-Ming (2015). Schisandra Chinensis: An Herb of North Eastern China Origin. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing. pp. 1–10. ISBN 978-981-4651-22-6. OCLC 903482579.
  13. ^ a b c d e Nina C, Elisaveta O, Ion R, Adelina D, Doina C, Alexandru F (2011). "The Biology of the Propagation of Species Schisandra Chinensis (Turcz.) Baill". Journal of Plant Development. 18.
  14. ^ a b c d World Health Organization. "WHO monographs on selected medicinal plants. Vol. 3" (PDF). Retrieved 7 November 2020.
  15. ^ a b c Szopa A, Ekiert R, Ekiert H (2017). "Schisandra chinensis (Turcz.) Baill. (Chinese magnolia vine) as a medicinal plant species: a review on the bioactive components, pharmacological properties, analytical and biotechnological studies". Phytochemistry Reviews. 16 (2): 195–218. doi:10.1007/s11101-016-9470-4. PMC 5378736. PMID 28424569.
  16. ^ a b Ko, Kam-Ming. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun, Qin, Chuixin. Singapore. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223.
  17. ^ CIORCHINĂ, NINA (2011). "THE BIOLOGY OF THE PROPAGATION OF SPECIES SCHISANDRA CHINENSIS (TURCZ.) BAILL" (PDF). Plant Development: 17–26.
  18. ^ Ko, Kam-Ming. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun, Qin, Chuixin. Singapore. pp. 11–12. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223.
  19. ^ "Magnolia vine". Bay Flora. 2016.
  20. ^ a b Bown D (1995). Encyclopedia of herbs & their uses. Montréal: RD Press. ISBN 0888503342. OCLC 32547547.
  21. ^ a b Ko, Kam-Ming. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun, Qin, Chuixin. Singapore. pp. 14–15. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223.
  22. ^ a b Ko, Kam-Ming. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun, Qin, Chuixin. Singapore. p. 24. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223.
  23. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Ko, Kam-Ming. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun, Qin, Chuixin. Singapore. pp. 25–32. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223.
  24. ^ Ko, Kam-Ming. Schisandra chinensis : an herb of north eastern China origin. Yin, Jun, Qin, Chuixin. Singapore. p. 22. ISBN 978-981-4635-93-6. OCLC 900633223.
  25. ^ Peng, Wei (2010). "Effects of Barax, Ammonium molybdate and Lanthanum nitrate Trace Fertilizers on Blossom and Yields of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.) Baill". Journal of Anhui Agricultural Sciences: 21–23.
  26. ^ Yu, R. H.; Gao, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, X. (2011). "First Report of Botrytis Leaf Blight and Fruit Rot on Schisandra chinensis Caused by Botrytis cinerea in China". Plant Disease. 95 (6): 769. doi:10.1094/PDIS-02-11-0086. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30731931.
  27. ^ Wang, X.; Wang, J.; Gao, J.; Yang, L. (2012). "First Report of Leaf Spot Disease on Schisandra chinensis Caused by Phoma glomerata in China". Plant Disease. 96 (2): 289. doi:10.1094/PDIS-09-11-0760. ISSN 0191-2917. PMID 30731837.
  28. ^ Guan Tianshu, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Zhu Maoshan, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Li Baihong, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences (2009). "Biological characteristics of the pathogen of schisandra chinensis leaf blotch, alternaria tenuissima". Journal of Shenyang Agricultural University (in Chinese). ISSN 1000-1700.
  29. ^ a b c Jeong, Hye Ran; Lim, Sung Jin; Cho, Jae Young (2012). "Monitoring and risk assessment of pesticides in fresh omija (Schizandra chinensis Baillon) fruit and juice". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 50 (2): 385–389. doi:10.1016/j.fct.2011.10.064. PMID 22079148.
  30. ^ Wang H (2012). "Study of the Optimum Harvest Time of Schisandra Chinensis". Modern Chinese Medicine. 1: 12.
  31. ^ Wiart C (11 May 2012). Medicinal Plants of China, Korea, and Japan. CRC Press. doi:10.1201/b12046. ISBN 978-0-429-11259-1.
  32. ^ "Schisandra chinensis - (Turcz.) Baill". Plants for a Future. Retrieved 5 November 2020.
  33. ^ Batchelor J, Miyabe K (1893). "Ainu economic plants". Transactions of the Asiatic Society of Japan. 51. R. Meiklejohn & Co: 198–240.
  34. ^ "Russian stamp: Schisandra chinensis". 1998.
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