Geum triflorum
| Geum triflorum | |
|---|---|
| |
| Geum triflorum (Olympic National Park) | |
Scientific classification 
| |
| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Rosids |
| Order: | Rosales |
| Family: | Rosaceae |
| Genus: | Geum |
| Species: | G. triflorum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Geum triflorum | |
Geum triflorum, prairie smoke, three-flowered avens, or old man's whiskers, is a spring-blooming perennial herbaceous plant of North America from northern Canada to California and east to New York. The flowers bloom from mid-spring to early summer.
Description
The plant spreads by short underground rhizomes, and the leaves and flowers grow from a caudex.[1] The plant has pinnately divided leaves with 7–17 primary leaflets, resembling fern leaves;[2] there are also a few smaller secondary leaflets between some of the primary leaflets.[3] They are arranged in a rosette at ground level and are semi-evergreen; some basal leaves remain over the winter and often turn reddish purple.[3]
Blooming in spring, the inflorescence is arranged in umbels of 3 to 5 flowers[4] on short reddish purple-tinged stems 15 to 41 cm (6 to 16 in) high.[5][3] The stems are bare other than a couple of small dissected leaves about halfway up the main stem or on those of individual flowers.[2] At the base of the umbel are leaflike green to reddish purple bracts. While blooming, the flowers nod downwards and remain mostly closed and bud-like, except for a tiny opening at the bottom. The five petals are cream to yellowish, suffused with pink or purple, but are mostly covered by the five red, fused sepals.[5][2] Between the sepals are five narrow bractlets.[4] Hidden within the flower are a central cluster of pistils and a ring of many stamens around them.
Pollinated flowers turn upwards and open up. The pistils in the middle of the flower develop into heads of seeds with long fuzzy hairs that point upwards.[3] The hairs resemble mauve smoke, hence the name prairie smoke.[6]
Distribution and habitat
In the United States, Geum triflorum occurs in the west, midwest, and the state of New York. In Canada it is reported as growing in every province west of Ontario as well as the Yukon and Northwest Territories.[7]
The species prefers to grow in dry, well-drained soils in full sun in most of its native range. It prefers cool summer climates, but it is intolerant of wet soils during the winter.[8]
Ecology
The flowers produce both nectar and pollen. They are visited mainly by bumblebees, which are able to force their way into the mostly closed flowers and reach the nectar.[3] They also buzz-pollinate to dislodge pollen from the stamens and gather it to feed their young. Smaller bees such as sweat bees from the genus Lasioglossum feed on pollen grains from the opening of the flower.[9] Bumblebees are the only effective cross-pollinators.[3] Various insects chew holes in the top of the flower, near the stem, to reach the nectar.[9]
Uses
Some Native Americans once made a tea from the plant's roots,[10] which have a sassafras-like flavor.[2] Some Plateau Indian tribes used three-flowered avens to treat tuberculosis.[11]
References
- ^ Munger, Gregory T. (2006). "Geum triflorum". Fire Effects Information System (FEIS). US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Forest Service (USFS), Rocky Mountain Research Station, Fire Sciences Laboratory.
- ^ a b c d Taylor, Ronald J. (1994) [1992]. Sagebrush Country: A Wildflower Sanctuary (rev. ed.). Missoula, MT: Mountain Press Pub. Co. p. 124. ISBN 0-87842-280-3. OCLC 25708726.
- ^ a b c d e f Hilty, John (2020). "Prairie Smoke (Geum triflorum)". Illinois Wildflowers.
- ^ a b Rohrer, Joseph R. (2014). "Geum triflorum". In Flora of North America Editorial Committee (ed.). Flora of North America North of Mexico (FNA). Vol. 9. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press – via eFloras.org, Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, MO & Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, MA.
- ^ a b Chayka, Katy; Dziuk, Peter (2016). "Geum triflorum (Prairie Smoke)". Minnesota Wildflowers.
- ^ Schillo, Rebecca (2011). Nina Cummings (ed.). Native Landscaping Takes Root in Chicago. p. 13.
- ^ "Plants Profile for Geum triflorum (old man's whiskers)". plants.usda.gov. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- ^ "Geum triflorum - Plant Finder". www.missouribotanicalgarden.org. Retrieved 2020-05-09.
- ^ a b Heather Holm (2014). Pollinators on Native Plants. Minnetonka, MN: Pollinator Press. pp. 80–81.
- ^ Niering, William A.; Olmstead, Nancy C. (1985) [1979]. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region. Knopf. p. 751. ISBN 0-394-50432-1.
- ^ Hunn, Eugene S. (1990). Nch'i-Wana, "The Big River": Mid-Columbia Indians and Their Land. University of Washington Press. p. 353. ISBN 0-295-97119-3.
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