Jump to content

Great Britain at the 1984 Summer Paralympics

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Tassedethe (talk | contribs) at 20:13, 1 February 2022. The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

Great Britain at the
1984 Summer Paralympics
IPC codeGBR
NPCBritish Paralympic Association
Websitewww.paralympics.org.uk
in Stoke Mandeville/New York
Competitors227 in 15 sports
Medals
Ranked 2nd
Gold
107
Silver
112
Bronze
112
Total
331
Summer Paralympics appearances (overview)

Great Britain was the co-host of the 1984 Summer Paralympics in Stoke Mandeville, United Kingdom and New York City, United States. It was represented by 227 athletes competing in archery, athletics, boccia, cycling, equestrian, football, lawn bowls, powerlifting, shooting, snooker, swimming, table tennis, volleyball, wheelchair basketball, and wheelchair fencing. It finished second in the overall medal count, with a total of 331 medals.[1][2]

By hosting the Games in Stoke Mandeville, Britain was returning them to their roots. The Paralympic Games had grown out of the Stoke Mandeville Games, founded in 1948.[3]

At the 1984 Games, Great Britain won the most medals among all Les Autres events. They claimed 55. Spain was second with 38 and the United States was third with 26.[4]

Medalists

Gold medalists

Medal Name Sport Event
 Gold Philip Thorne Archery Men's double FITA round C3/C6
 Gold Helen Hilderley Archery Women's FITA round division 3
 Gold Colin Keay Athletics Men's 60m C6
 Gold John Welsh Athletics Men's 60m L1
 Gold Derek Nixon Athletics Men's 100m L5
 Gold Colin Keay Athletics Men's 400m C6
 Gold John Fisher Athletics Men's 400m L4
 Gold Robert Matthews Athletics Men's 800m B1
 Gold James Brown Athletics Men's 800m B3
 Gold Colin Keay Athletics Men's 1000m cross country C6
 Gold Robert Matthews Athletics Men's 1500m B1
 Gold James Brown Athletics Men's 1500m B3
 Gold Robert Matthews Athletics Men's 5000m B1
 Gold Gary Gardner
Darren Rabin
Gerard McConnell
Paul Taylor
Athletics Men's 4 × 100 m relay C7-8
 Gold Norman Burns Athletics Men's club throw C4
 Gold Anthony Griffin Athletics Men's club throw C6
 Gold John Harris Athletics Men's discus throw 5
 Gold Robert Tee Athletics Men's discus throw L2
 Gold Eric Pearce Athletics Men's discus throw L3
 Gold Robert Lowe Athletics Men's discus throw L4
 Gold Kevin McGee Athletics Men's discus throw L6
 Gold Norman Burns Athletics Men's javelin throw C4
 Gold Anthony Griffin Athletics Men's javelin throw C6
 Gold Derek Nixon Athletics Men's javelin throw L6
 Gold Tom O'Brien Athletics Men's shot put L1
 Gold Robert Lowe Athletics Men's shot put L4
 Gold Barry Antonio Athletics Men's shot put L6
 Gold Merle Whiteley Athletics Men's pentathlon B3
 Gold Aileen Harper Athletics Women's 60m C3
 Gold Loraine Charters Athletics Women's 60m C6
 Gold Wilma Lawrie Athletics Women's 100m L2
 Gold Brenda Woodcock Athletics Women's 200m C8
 Gold Brenda Woodcock Athletics Women's 400m C8
 Gold Wilma Lawrie Athletics Women's 400m L2
 Gold Julia Scarlett Athletics Women's 800m A6
 Gold Brenda Woodcock Athletics Women's 1000m cross country C8
 Gold Catherine Welsby Athletics Women's high jump B1
 Gold Evelyn Dicks Athletics Women's long jump A2
 Gold Valerie Smith Athletics Women's club throw C2
 Gold Aileen Harper Athletics Women's club throw C3
 Gold Jane Peters Athletics Women's club throw C5
 Gold Lisa Barker Athletics Women's club throw L1
 Gold Barbara Joscelyne Athletics Women's discus throw A6
 Gold Amanda Kyffin Athletics Women's discus throw C6
 Gold Mary McCann Athletics Women's discus throw L2
 Gold Kim White Athletics Women's discus throw L3
 Gold Margaret Heald Athletics Women's discus throw L6
 Gold Anne Swann Athletics Women's distance C2
 Gold Dzaier Neil Athletics Women's javelin throw 1B
 Gold Janice Moores Athletics Women's javelin throw B1
 Gold Linda Fyfe Athletics Women's javelin throw C3
 Gold Susan Stevenson Athletics Women's javelin throw C4
 Gold Jane Peters Athletics Women's javelin throw C5
 Gold Mary McCann Athletics Women's javelin throw L2
 Gold Kim White Athletics Women's javelin throw L3
 Gold Amanda Beverley Little Athletics Women's precision throw C1
 Gold Dorothy Ripley Athletics Women's shot put 3
 Gold Karen Davidson Athletics Women's shot put A1
 Gold Anne Swann Athletics Women's shot put C2
 Gold Linda Fyfe Athletics Women's shot put C3
 Gold Irene Hotchin Athletics Women's shot put L2
 Gold Kim White Athletics Women's shot put C5
 Gold Anne Swann Athletics Women's medicine ball thrust C2
 Gold Aileen Harper Athletics Women's slalom C3
 Gold Clovee Fox Athletics Women's slalom C4
 Gold Carol Johnson Boccia Women's individual C1
 Gold Jane Stidever Equestrian Dressage - Elementary walk/trot C4-5
 Gold Richard Coates
Anthony Prowse
Lawn bowls Men's pairs A6/8
 Gold Richard Coates Lawn bowls Men's singles A6/8
 Gold K. Ellison Lawn bowls Men's singles tetraplegic
 Gold R. Thompson
T. Ure
Lawn bowls Mixed pairs paraplegic
 Gold A. Smith Lawn bowls Women's singles A2/4
 Gold Yvonne Hawtin Lawn bowls Women's singles paraplegic
 Gold Peter Haslam Shooting Men's air rifle kneeling 1A-1C
 Gold Isabel Barr Shooting Women's air pistol 1A-1C
 Gold Peter Haslam Snooker Men's tetraplegic
 Gold Mike Kenny Swimming Men's 25m backstroke 1A
 Gold Kenneth Cairns Swimming Men's 25m backstroke 1B
 Gold Mike Kenny Swimming Men's 25m breaststroke 1A
 Gold Kenneth Cairns Swimming Men's 25m breaststroke 1B
 Gold Mike Kenny Swimming Men's 25m freestyle 1A
 Gold Kenneth Cairns Swimming Men's 25m freestyle 1B
 Gold Robin Surgeoner Swimming Men's 50m backstroke C4
 Gold Martin Mansell Swimming Men's 50m backstroke C5
 Gold Chris Hallam Swimming Men's 50m breaststroke 2
 Gold Robin Surgeoner Swimming Men's 50m freestyle C4
 Gold Peter Aldous Swimming Men's 100m butterfly A2
 Gold James Muirhead Swimming Men's 100m butterfly B1
 Gold Mike Kenny Swimming Men's 100m freestyle 1A
 Gold Kenneth Cairns Swimming Men's 100m freestyle 1B
 Gold Robin Surgeoner Swimming Men's 100m freestyle C4
 Gold Robin Surgeoner Swimming Men's 200m freestyle C4
 Gold Mike Kenny Swimming Men's 3x25m individual medley 1B
 Gold Men's relay team Swimming Men's 4x50m freestyle relay C1-C8
 Gold Isabel Barr Swimming Women's 25m breaststroke 1B
 Gold Isabel Barr Swimming Women's 25m butterfly 1B
 Gold Diane Wiscombe Swimming Women's 25m freestyle C2
 Gold Valerie Smith Swimming Women's 25m freestyle with aids C2
 Gold Janice Burton Swimming Women's 50m breaststroke B1
 Gold Mary Ann Low Swimming Women's 50m freestyle B1
 Gold Isabel Barr Swimming Women's 3x25m individual medley 1B
 Gold Women's relay team Swimming Women's 3x50m medley relay 2-4
 Gold Jane Blackburn Table tennis Women's singles 1bB
 Gold Becker Table tennis Women's singles 1C
 Gold Women's team Table tennis Women's 1A-C
 Gold Brian Stones Weightlifting Men's 57kg paraplegic
 Gold Kevin Davies Wheelchair fencing Men's sabre individual 4-5

Silver medalists

Medal Name Sport Event
 Silver Beverley Leaper Archery Women's double FITA round division 3
 Silver Peter Williams Athletics Men's 100m L6
 Silver John Watson Athletics Men's 400m A6
 Silver Noel Thatcher Athletics Men's 400m B3
 Silver Gordon Robertson Athletics Men's 400m C6
 Silver Gary Gardner Athletics Men's 1500m cross country C7
 Silver Peter Williams Athletics Men's 1500m L6
 Silver Neil Pearson Athletics Men's 5000m B3
 Silver Norman Burns
Michael Hipkin
Anthony Honour
Paul Williams
Athletics Men's 4 × 100 m relay C4
 Silver Anthony Willis Athletics Men's high jump A2
 Silver Ronald West Athletics Men's high jump A5
 Silver John Simpson Athletics Men's club throw C3
 Silver Paul McGinty Athletics Men's club throw C5
 Silver Philip Sadler Athletics Men's discus throw A9
 Silver John Simpson Athletics Men's discus throw C3
 Silver Gerard McConnell Athletics Men's discus throw C8
 Silver Tom O'Brien Athletics Men's discus throw L1
 Silver Derek Nixon Athletics Men's discus throw L6
 Silver Leslie Jones Athletics Men's javelin throw 4
 Silver Philip Sadler Athletics Men's javelin throw A9
 Silver John Simpson Athletics Men's javelin throw C3
 Silver Kevan McNicholas Athletics Men's shot put 2
 Silver John Simpson Athletics Men's shot put C3
 Silver Robert Tee Athletics Men's shot put L2
 Silver Eric Pearce Athletics Men's shot put L3
 Silver Amanda Kyffin Athletics Women's 60m C6
 Silver Barbara Joscelyne Athletics Women's 100m A6
 Silver Amanda Kyffin Athletics Women's 200m C6
 Silver Anne Trotman Athletics Women's club throw C3
 Silver Susan Stevenson Athletics Women's club throw C4
 Silver Isabel Barr Athletics Women's discus throw 1B
 Silver Dorothy Ripley Athletics Women's discus throw 3
 Silver Karen Davidson Athletics Women's discus throw A1
 Silver Michelle Message Athletics Women's discus throw B2
 Silver Jane Peters Athletics Women's discus throw C5
 Silver Irene Hotchin Athletics Women's discus throw L2
 Silver Amanda Beverley Little Athletics Women's distance throw C1
 Silver Maria Brooks Athletics Women's distance throw C2
 Silver Dorothy Ripley Athletics Women's javelin throw 3
 Silver Mary Clark Athletics Women's javelin throw B2
 Silver Anne Trotman Athletics Women's javelin throw C3
 Silver Helen Hilderley Athletics Women's javelin throw C4
 Silver Isabel Barr Athletics Women's shot put 1B
 Silver Barbara Joscelyne Athletics Women's shot put A6
 Silver Michelle Message Athletics Women's shot put B2
 Silver Valerie Smith Athletics Women's shot put C2
 Silver Susan Stevenson Athletics Women's shot put C4
 Silver Jane Peters Athletics Women's shot put C5
 Silver Amanda Kyffin Athletics Women's shot put C6
 Silver Mary McCann Athletics Women's shot put L2
 Silver Maria Brooks Athletics Women's medicine ball thrust C2
 Silver Maria Brooks Athletics Women's slalom (leg) C2
 Silver Valerie Smith Athletics Women's slalom C2
 Silver Anne Trotman Athletics Women's slalom C3
 Silver Diane Wiscombe Boccia Women's individual C2
 Silver Carol Johnson
Alin Kerwin
Paula Monzani
Boccia Mixed team
 Silver J. Gladman
Bernard Wessier
Lawn bowls Men's pairs A2/4
 Silver Paul Hubball Lawn bowls Men's singles paraplegic
 Silver Isabel Barr Lawn bowls Men's singles tetraplegic
 Silver Ken Bridgeman
Yvonne Hawtin
Lawn bowls Mixed pairs paraplegic
 Silver Yvonne Hawtin
R. Thompson
Lawn bowls Women's pairs paraplegic
 Silver R. Thompson Lawn bowls Women's singles paraplegic
 Silver Anthony Griffin Powerlifting Men's 52kg
 Silver Peter Haslam Shooting Men's air rifle prone 1A-1C
 Silver Men's team Shooting Men's pistol team 1A-6
 Silver Anne Picot Shooting Women's air rifle integrated
 Silver Deanna Coates Shooting Women's air rifle kneeling 2-6
 Silver Deanna Coates Shooting Women's air rifle standing 2-6
 Silver Peter Haslam Shooting Mixed air rifle 3 positions 1A-1C
 Silver Jim Buchanan Snooker Men's paraplegic
 Silver K. Ellison Snooker Men's tetraplegic
 Silver William Maxwell McKay Swimming Men's 25m backstroke C6
 Silver Mark Chard Swimming Men's 25m freestyle C2
 Silver Steven Varden Swimming Men's 25m freestyle with aids C2
 Silver Ronald West Swimming Men's 50m breaststroke A5
 Silver Peter Williams Swimming Men's 50m breaststroke L3
 Silver Gordon Crowe Swimming Men's 50m freestyle L3
 Silver Martin Mansell Swimming Men's 100m backstroke C5
 Silver Chris Hampshire Swimming Men's 100m backstroke C7
 Silver Kevin McGee Swimming Men's 100m backstroke L6
 Silver James Muirhead Swimming Men's 100m freestyle B1
 Silver Martin Mansell Swimming Men's 100m freestyle C5
 Silver Martin Mansell Swimming Men's 200m freestyle C5
 Silver Anthony Stickland Swimming Men's 200m individual medley A2
 Silver Kenneth Cairns
Chris Davies
Mike Kenny
Swimming Men's 3x25m freestyle relay 1A-1C
 Silver Kenneth Cairns Swimming Men's 3x25m individual medley 1B
 Silver Men's relay team Swimming Men's 4x50m freestyle relay L1-L6
 Silver Tara Flood Swimming Women's 25m backstroke L1
 Silver Mary McCann Swimming Women's 25m backstroke L2
 Silver Mary McCann Swimming Women's 25m freestyle L2
 Silver D. Smith Swimming Women's 50m breaststroke 23
 Silver Mary Ann Low Swimming Women's 50m breaststroke B1
 Silver Irene Hotchin Swimming Women's 50m breaststroke L3
 Silver Jane Lawson Swimming Women's 50m freestyle B3
 Silver Janice Burton Swimming Women's 100m backstroke B1
 Silver Jenny Orpwood Swimming Women's 100m breaststroke 4
 Silver Isabel Barr Swimming Women's 100m freestyle 1B
 Silver Jane Stidever Swimming Women's 100m freestyle C4
 Silver Lorraine Robinson Swimming Women's 400m breaststroke B1
 Silver Jenny Orpwood Swimming Women's 400m freestyle 4
 Silver Janice Burton Swimming Women's 400m individual medley B1
 Silver Women's relay team Swimming Women's 4x50m freestyle relay 2-6
 Silver Women's relay team Swimming Women's 4x50m freestyle L1-L6
 Silver Women's relay team Swimming Women's 4x50m medley relay L1-L6
 Silver Tony Edge Table tennis Men's singles 1B
 Silver Allen Francis Table tennis Men's singles C1
 Silver Dzaier Neil Table tennis Women's singles 1C
 Silver J. Petersen Table tennis Women's singles C3
 Silver Margaret Heald Table tennis Women's singles L3
 Silver Chris Wood Weightlifting Men's 57kg paraplegic
 Silver Anthony Bishop Weightlifting Men's 95kg integrated
 Silver Ralph Rowe Weightlifting Men's 95kg paraplegic

Bronze medalists

Medal Name Sport Event
 Bronze Ernest Arnold Archery Men's double advanced metric round tetraplegic
 Bronze Jim Buchanan
Michael Harvey-Murray
Sandy Gregory
Archery Men's double FITA round team 1A-6
 Bronze Ernest Arnold
Kevin Bowser
James Martin
Archery Men's short metric round team 1A-6
 Bronze Anne Gray Archery Women's double short metric round paraplegic
 Bronze Edwin Moore Athletics Men's 60m C2
 Bronze Gordon Robertson Athletics Men's 60m C6
 Bronze Keith Whiley Athletics Men's 100m L3
 Bronze Robert Love Athletics Men's 100m L6
 Bronze Edwin Moore Athletics Men's 200m C2
 Bronze Graham Salmon Athletics Men's 400m B1
 Bronze John Grant Athletics Men's 400m L3
 Bronze Peter Williams Athletics Men's 400m L6
 Bronze John Grant Athletics Men's 800m L3
 Bronze Paul Taylor Athletics Men's 1500m cross country C8
 Bronze Robert Love Athletics Men's 1500m L6
 Bronze Anthony Willis Athletics Men's long jump A2
 Bronze Robert Latham Athletics Men's triple jump B2
 Bronze Edwin Moore Athletics Men's club throw C2
 Bronze Eric Green Athletics Men's club throw C5
 Bronze Tom O'Brien Athletics Men's club throw L1
 Bronze Jason Beasley Athletics Men's discus throw C3
 Bronze David Pearce Athletics Men's distance throw C1
 Bronze Peter Barnes Athletics Men's javelin throw A3
 Bronze Eric Pearce Athletics Men's javelin throw L3
 Bronze Leslie Jones Athletics Men's shot put 4
 Bronze Steven Varden Athletics Men's shot put C2
 Bronze Paul Taylor Athletics Men's shot put C8
 Bronze Christopher McKeown Athletics Men's shot put L5
 Bronze Derek Nixon Athletics Men's shot put L6
 Bronze Terry Hudson Athletics Men's slalom C1
 Bronze Jason Beasley Athletics Men's slalom C3
 Bronze Norman Burns Athletics Men's slalom C4
 Bronze Valerie Smith Athletics Women's 20m (arm) C2
 Bronze Susan Stevenson Athletics Women's 100m C4
 Bronze Loraine Charters Athletics Women's 200m C6
 Bronze D. Smith Athletics Women's marathon 3
 Bronze Catherine Welsby Athletics Women's long jump B1
 Bronze Linda Fyfe Athletics Women's club throw C3
 Bronze Helen Hilderley Athletics Women's club throw C4
 Bronze Paula Knapper Athletics Women's club throw C5
 Bronze Anne Trotman Athletics Women's discus throw C3
 Bronze Helen Hilderley Athletics Women's discus throw C4
 Bronze Dawn McDade Athletics Women's discus throw L5
 Bronze Karen Davidson Athletics Women's javelin throw A1
 Bronze Amanda Kyffin Athletics Women's javelin throw C6
 Bronze Dzaier Neil Athletics Women's shot put 1B
 Bronze Helen Hilderley Athletics Women's shot put C4
 Bronze Mary Clark Athletics Women's pentathlon B2
 Bronze Jason Beasley
Maria Brooks
Anne Trotman
Athletics Mixed 3x60m relay C2-3
 Bronze Terry Hudson Boccia Men's individual C1
 Bronze Mark Chard Boccia Men's individual C2
 Bronze Men's CP football 7-a-side team Football 7-a-side Men's CP tournament
 Bronze Men's wheelchair football 7-a-side team Football 7-a-side Men's wheelchair tournament
 Bronze John Gronow
Paul Hubball
Lawn bowls Men's pairs paraplegic
 Bronze Chris Gibson Lawn bowls Men's singles paraplegic
 Bronze Tommy Taylor Lawn bowls Men's singles tetraplegic
 Bronze Keith Bell Powerlifting Men's 75kg
 Bronze Peter Haslam Shooting Men's air rifle standing 1A-1C
 Bronze Deanna Coates Shooting Women's air rifle 3 positions 2-6
 Bronze Mike Langley Snooker Men's paraplegic
 Bronze Tommy Taylor Snooker Men's tetraplegic
 Bronze J. Murray Swimming Men's 25m backstroke C6
 Bronze Chris Hampshire Swimming Men's 50m backstroke C7
 Bronze Alastair Fairweather Swimming Men's 50m freestyle B1
 Bronze Scott Smith Swimming Women's 50m freestyle B3
 Bronze Anthony Stickland Swimming Men's 100m backstroke A2
 Bronze James Muirhead Swimming Men's 100m backstroke B1
 Bronze Andrew Gilbert Swimming Men's 100m backstroke L4
 Bronze Gareth Thomas Swimming Men's 100m backstroke L6
 Bronze Andrew Gilbert Swimming Men's 100m freestyle L4
 Bronze James Muirhead Swimming Men's 200m individual medley B1
 Bronze James Muirhead Swimming Men's 400m freestyle B1
 Bronze Men's relay team Swimming Men's 4x50m medley relay L1-L6
 Bronze Isabel Barr Swimming Women's 25m backstroke 1B
 Bronze Lisa Barker Swimming Women's 25m backstroke L1
 Bronze Isabel Barr Swimming Women's 25m freestyle 1B
 Bronze Anna Blake Swimming Women's 25m freestyle C6
 Bronze Tara Flood Swimming Women's 25m freestyle L1
 Bronze Carol Johnson Swimming Women's 25m freestyle with aids C2
 Bronze Beverley Leaper Swimming Women's 50m backstroke C7
 Bronze Heather Taylor Swimming Women's 50m breaststroke B2
 Bronze Jane Stidever Swimming Women's 50m freestyle C4
 Bronze Anna Blake Swimming Women's 50m freestyle C6
 Bronze Brenda Woodcock Swimming Women's 50m freestyle C8
 Bronze Irene Hotchin Swimming Women's 50m freestyle L3
 Bronze Jenny Orpwood Swimming Women's 100m backstroke 4
 Bronze Wendy Mason Swimming Women's 100m backstroke A2
 Bronze Lorraine Robinson Swimming Women's 100m breaststroke B1
 Bronze Kelly Carroll Swimming Women's 100m breaststroke B2
 Bronze Heather Taylor Swimming Women's 100m butterfly B2
 Bronze Jenny Orpwood Swimming Women's 100m freestyle 4
 Bronze Janice Burton Swimming Women's 100m freestyle B1
 Bronze Kelly Carroll Swimming Women's 100m freestyle B2
 Bronze Jane Stidever Swimming Women's 200m freestyle C4
 Bronze Karen Davidson Swimming Women's 200m individual medley A1
 Bronze Lorraine Robinson Swimming Women's 400m individual medley B1
 Bronze Women's relay team Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay A1-A9
 Bronze Women's relay team Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m freestyle relay B1-B3
 Bronze Women's relay team Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m medley relay A1-A9
 Bronze Women's relay team Swimming Women's 4 × 100 m medley relay B1-B3
 Bronze John Welsh Table tennis Men's singles L1
 Bronze Mick Dolan
Brian Smith
Table tennis Men's teams 1A
 Bronze Tony Edge
James Munkley
Tom Doughty
Table tennis Men's teams 1B
 Bronze A. Smith Table tennis Women's singles L4
 Bronze Women's team Table tennis Women's teams 2
 Bronze Alper Ali Weightlifting Men's 65kg integrated
 Bronze Fred McKenzie Weightlifting Men's 85kg integrated
 Bronze Barry Travis Wheelchair fencing Men's foil individual 1B
 Bronze John Clarke Wheelchair fencing Men's foil individual 4-5
 Bronze John Clarke
Kevin Davies
David Hickson
Jim Parkinson
Wheelchair fencing Men's foil team
 Bronze Brian Dickinson Wheelchair fencing Men's sabre individual 2-3
 Bronze Kevin Davies
Brian Dickinson
Tom Killin
Terry Willett
Wheelchair fencing Men's sabre team

Medals by sport

Medals by sport
Sport Total
Athletics 63 53 45 161
Swimming 26 33 39 98
Lawn Bowls 6 6 3 15
Table tennis 3 5 5 13
Shooting 2 6 2 10
Archery 2 1 4 7
Weightlifting 1 3 2 6
Boccia 1 2 2 5
Snooker 1 2 2 5
Wheelchair Fencing 1 0 5 6
Equestrian 1 0 0 1
Powerlifting 0 1 1 2
Football 7-a-side 0 0 2 2
Total 107 112 112 331

See also

References

  1. ^ Great Britain at the 1984 Summer Paralympics, International Paralympic Committee
  2. ^ NPCs at the 1984 Summer Paralympics, International Paralympic Committee
  3. ^ "Britain's golden pioneer", BBC, September 13, 2004
  4. ^ Thomas, Nigel (2002). "Sport and Disability" (PDF). pp. 105–124. Retrieved August 1, 2016.