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Gros Ventre

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This is an old revision of this page, as edited by Arctic Circle System (talk | contribs) at 22:51, 29 October 2022 (→20th century: Added cn tags to unreferenced statements). The present address (URL) is a permanent link to this revision, which may differ significantly from the current revision.

For other uses, see Gros Ventre (disambiguation).
"Atsina" redirects here. For other uses, see Atsina (disambiguation).
Aaniiih
ʔɔʔɔɔ̋ɔ́niinénnɔh
Assiniboin Boy, a Gros Ventre man, photo by Edward S. Curtis
Total population
3,682 (2000 census)
Regions with significant populations
United States (Montana)[1]
Languages
English, Gros Ventre
Religion
Roman Catholicism, Sun Dance,[2] traditional religion[3]
Related ethnic groups
Arapaho, Cheyenne

The Gros Ventre (US: /ˈɡroʊvɒnt/ GROH-vont, French: [ɡʁo vɑ̃tʁ]; meaning "big belly"),[1] also known as the Aaniiih, A'aninin, Haaninin, Atsina, and White Clay,[4] are a historically Algonquian-speaking Native American tribe located in north central Montana. Today the Gros Ventre people are enrolled in the Fort Belknap Indian Community of the Fort Belknap Reservation of Montana, a federally recognized tribe with 3,682 enrolled members, that also includes Assiniboine people or Nakoda people, the Gros Ventre's historical enemies. The Fort Belknap Indian Reservation is in the northernmost part of Montana, just south of the small town of Harlem, Montana. Chiefs: The Belly Government Council

Name

The tribal self-name ʔɔʔɔɔ̋ɔ́niinénnɔh (adapted as A'aninin, Aaniiih, or Haaninin) means "White Clay People".[5]

The French used the term Gros Ventre, which was mistakenly interpreted from their sign language. They were once known as the Gros Ventres of the Prairies, while the Hidatsa people were once called the Gros Ventres of the Missouri.[1]

The Piegan Blackfoot, enemies of the Gros Ventre throughout most of history, called the Aaniiih Piksííksiinaa, which translates as "snakes". According to the Piegan Institute, the contemporary Blackfoot name for the Gros Ventre is Assinee meaning "big bellies",[citation needed] similar to the falsely translated label applied by the French. Atsina, possibly the same Blackfoot word in another dialect, is said to translate to either "gut people" or "like a Cree". The word used by all Blackfoot-speaking tribes for "Cree" is Assinaa,[6][7] making this etymology more likely, but further clarification of the name is required. After the division of peoples, their relations the Arapaho, who considered them inferior, called them Hitúnĕna, meaning "beggars".[8] Other interpretations of the term have been "hunger", "waterfall", and "big bellies".

History

The Gros Ventres are believed to have lived in the western Great Lakes region 3000 years ago, where they lived an agrarian lifestyle, cultivating maize.[9] With the ancestors of the Arapaho, they formed a single, large Algonquian-speaking people who lived along the Red River valley in northern present-day Minnesota and in Manitoba, Canada.[1] They were closely associated with the ancestors of the Cheyenne. They spoke the now nearly extinct Gros Ventre language (Atsina), a similar Plains Algonquian language like their kin the Arapaho and grouped therefore as an Arapahoan language (Arapaho-Atsina). There is evidence that, together with bands of Northern Arapaho, a southern tribal group, the Staetan, spoke the Besawunena dialect, which had speakers among the Northern Arapaho as recently as the late 1920s.

18th century

In the early 18th century, the large tribe split into two, forming the Gros Ventres and the Arapaho. These, with the Cheyenne, were among the last to migrate into Montana, due to pressure from the Ojibwe.[1] After they migrated to Montana, the Arapaho moved southwards to the Wyoming and Colorado area. The Cheyenne who migrated with the Gros Ventre and Arapaho also migrated onwards. The Gros Ventres were reported living in two north-south tribal groups – the so-called Fall Indians (Canadian or northern group, Hahá-tonwan) of 260 tipis (2,500 population) traded with the North West Company on the Upper Saskatchewan River[clarification needed] and roamed between the Missouri and Bow River, and the so-called Staetan tribe (American or southern group) of 40 tipis (400 population) living in close contact with bands (which would become the later Northern Arapaho) and roamed the headwaters of the Loup branch of the North Platte River (Lewis and Clark 1806).[10]

The Gros Ventres acquired horses in the mid-18th century.[1] The earliest known contact of Gros Ventres with settlers was around 1754, between the north and south forks of the Saskatchewan River. Exposure to smallpox severely reduced their numbers about this time. Around 1793, in response to attacks by well-armed Cree and Assiniboines, large groups of Gros Ventres burned two Hudson's Bay Company trading posts that were providing guns to the Cree and Assiniboine tribes in what is now Saskatchewan.

19th century

In 1832, the Gros Ventres made contact with the German explorer and naturalist, Prince Maximilian. Along with the naturalist painter Karl Bodmer, the Europeans painted portraits and recorded their meeting with the Gros Ventres, near the Missouri River in Montana.

Camp of the Gros Ventres of the Prairies on the upper Missouri. (circa 1832): aquatint by Karl Bodmer from the book "Maximilian, Prince of Wied’s Travels in the Interior of North America, during the years 1832–1834"

The Gros Ventres joined the Blackfoot Confederacy. After allying with the Blackfoot, the Gros Ventres moved to north-central Montana and southern Canada. In 1855, Isaac Stevens, Governor of the Washington Territory, concluded a treaty (Stat., L., XI, 657) to provide peace between the United States and the Blackfoot, Flathead and Nez Perce tribes. The Gros Ventres signed the treaty as part of the Blackfoot Confederacy, whose territory near the Three Fork area became a common hunting ground for the Flathead, Nez Perce, Kootenai, and Crow Indians. A common hunting ground north of the Missouri River on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation included the Assiniboine and Sioux. In 1861, the Gros Ventres left the Blackfoot Confederacy.[11]

Allying with the Crow, the Gros Ventres fought the Blackfoot but in 1867, they were defeated.[1]

In 1868, the United States government established a trading post called Fort Browning near the mouth of Peoples Creek on the Milk River. This trading post was built for the Gros Ventres and Assiniboines, but because it was on a favorite hunting ground of the Sioux, it was abandoned in 1871. The government then built Fort Belknap, which was established on the south side of the Milk River, about one mile southwest of the present town site of Harlem, Montana. Fort Belknap was a substation post, with half of the structure being a trading post. A block house stood to the left of the stockade gate. At the right was a warehouse and an issue building, where the tribe received their rations and annuity goods.

In 1876, the fort was discontinued and the Gros Ventre and Assiniboine people receiving annuities at the post were instructed to go to the agency at Fort Peck and Wolf Point. The Assiniboines did not object to going to Wolf Point and readily went about moving; but the Gros Ventres refused to go. If they did, they would come into contact with the Sioux, with whom they could not ride together in peace. They forfeited their annuities rather than move to Fort Peck. In 1878, the Fort Belknap Agency was re-established, and the Gros Ventres, and remaining Assiniboines were again allowed to receive supplies at Fort Belknap.

White Eagle, "the last major Chief of the Gros Ventre people", died "at the mouth of the Judith River" on February 9, 1881.[12]

Gros Ventre moving camp with travois.

In 1884, gold was discovered in the Little Rocky Mountains. Pressure from miners and mining companies forced the tribes to cede sections of the mountains in 1885. Jesuits came to Fort Belknap in 1862 to convert the Gros Ventre people to Roman Catholicism. In 1887, St. Paul's Mission was established at the foot of the Little Rocky Mountains, near Hays. Much of the traditional ceremonies were lost through the course of time following the establishment of the mission. However, the two sacred pipes, The Feathered Pipe and The Flat Pipe, remain central to the traditional spiritual beliefs of the Gros Ventres.

In 1888, at this site, the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation was established. By an act of Congress on May 1, 1888, (Stat., L., XXV, 113), the Blackfoot, Gros Ventre, and Assiniboine tribes ceded 17,500,000 acres of their joint reservation and agreed to live on three smaller reservations. These are now known as the Blackfoot Confederacy, the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation. Fort Belknap was named for William W. Belknap, who was Secretary of War at that time.

20th century

By 1904, there were only 535 A'ani tribe members remaining.[citation needed] Since then, the tribe has revived, with a substantial increase in population.[citation needed]

21st century

In March 2012, 63 American bison from Yellowstone National Park were transferred to the Fort Peck Indian Reservation prairie, to be released to a 2,100-acre game preserve 25 miles north of Poplar. There are many other bison herds outside Yellowstone, but this is one of the very few genetically pure ones, not cross-bred with cattle. Native Americans celebrated the move, which came over a century after bison were nearly wiped out by hunters and the government. The Assiniboine and Gros Ventre tribes at the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation will also receive a portion of this herd.[13]

Government

Historically, Gros Ventres had twelve independent bands, each governed by a chief.[1] The current reservation government has an elected council, which includes four officers, as well as four members from each tribe. Today, the tribe belongs to the Fort Belknap Indian Community, whose constitution and by-laws were ratified in 1935. The tribal council has six elected Gros Ventre members, as well as six elected Assiniboine members, and three appointed members.[3]

Notable Gros Ventre people

See also

Notes

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h Pritzker 319
  2. ^ Pritzker 304
  3. ^ a b Pritzker 320
  4. ^ Cowell, A.; Taylor, A.; Brockie, T. (2016). "Gros Ventre ethnogeography and place names: A diachronic perspective". Anthropological Linguistics. 58 (2): 132–170. doi:10.1353/anl.2016.0025. S2CID 151520012. The term White Clay is commonly used in English today at Fort Belknap, along with Gros Ventre.
  5. ^ Wied, Maximilian, Prinz von. 2010. The North American Journals of Prince Maximilian of Wied. Edited by Stephen S. Witte & Marsha V. Gallagher. Volume 2, page 443 n. 37 (footnote provided by Allan R. Taylor). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press.
  6. ^ Tims, J. W. (John William) (1889). Grammar and dictionary of the Blackfoot language in the Dominion of Canada [microform] : for the use of missionaries, school-teachers, and others. Canadiana.org. London : Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge. ISBN 978-0-665-30658-7.
  7. ^ "Blackfoot: online dictionary: Home". dictionary.blackfoot.atlas-ling.ca. Retrieved 2021-12-08.
  8. ^ "Canadian Indian Tribes." Archived 2009-10-12 at the Portuguese Web Archive Access Genealogy. (retrieved 1 Nov 2011)
  9. ^ Pritzker 297
  10. ^ Loretta Fowler: Shared Symbols, Contested Meanings: Gros Ventre Culture and History, 1778–1984, ISBN 0801494508, Cornell University Press, page 45]
  11. ^ Pritzker 303
  12. ^ Smith, Jeffrey J. (2003). Montana Book of Days-365 Days-365 Stories-The Short Course in Montana History. Missoula, MT: Historic Montana Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 0966335562.
  13. ^ "Yellowstone bison return to tribal land". Great Falls Tribune. 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2012-03-23.
  14. ^ "Blackfoot Culture and History." Native Languages. (retrieved 1 Nov 2011)
  15. ^ "Joseph P. Gone – Professor of Anthropology and of Global Health and Social Medicine at Harvard University". Retrieved 2021-11-08.

References

  • Pritzker, Barry M. A Native American Encyclopedia: History, Culture, and Peoples. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. ISBN 978-0-19-513877-1
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Atsina.
Wikisource has the text of the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article "Gros Ventres".
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