Kangal Shepherd Dog

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Kangal Shepherd
Other names
  • Kangal Shepherd
  • Kangal Çoban Köpeği
  • Turkish Kangal Dog[1]
OriginTurkey
Traits
Height Males
70–80 cm (28–31 in)
Females
63–75 cm (25–30 in)
Weight Males
48–60 kg (105–130 lb)
Females
40–50 kg (90–110 lb)
Coat thick, dense, usually short double coat, 3–7 cm (1–3 in) long
Colour fawn to wolf sable, with black mask
Kennel club standards
KIF (Cynology Federation Of Turkey) standard
Fédération Cynologique Internationale standard
Dog (domestic dog)

The Kangal Shepherd Dog or Kangal Çoban Köpeği is a historic Turkish breed of large livestock guardian dog native to eastern Turkey.[2] The breed name derives from that of the town and district of Kangal in Sivas Province, the easternmost province of the Central Anatolia Region. The coat colour varies from pale fawn to wolf grey, always with a black mask.

It is a traditional flock guardian dog, kept with flocks of sheep to fend off predators of all sizes, including wolves, bears and jackals.[3] It is thought to have the most powerful bite of all domestic dogs.[4]

Some have been exported to African countries such as Namibia and Kenya[5][6] where they successfully protect local herds from lions, cheetahs and similar indigenous big cats.[7]

History

File:Kangal in History.jpg
Kangal Shepherds.
Wearing a spiked wolf collar

The Kangal is a traditional working breed of Central Anatolia. The name derives from that of the town and district of Kangal in Sivas Province, the easternmost province of the Central Anatolia Region.[8] The Kangal has been used by shepherds for protection against wolves and other predators for centuries. A DNA study found that the dogs of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan and Afghanistan are genetically closest to Kangal dogs, and the researchers propose that the breed may have been brought from Central Asia by the nomadic Turks.[9]

In October 2012, The Kennel Club (UK) announced it would recognise the Kangal Shepherd Dog as a breed and classify it within the Pastoral Group. This allowed the breed to be exhibited at KC licensed events in the UK from July 2013.[10] In January 2013 an interim Breed standard for the breed was issued.[11][12]

On 25 June 2018, the Fédération Cynologique Internationale (FCI) published the official Kangal Shepherd Dog breed standard to replace the previous Anatolian Shepherd Dog standard due to the breed not being recognised in Turkey.

Around 300 Kangal Shepherd Dogs have been given to farmers in Namibia since 1994 by the Cheetah Conservation Fund (CCF) to help protect livestock from cheetah attacks, and the program has been extended to Kenya.[13] Since then, the number of cheetahs killed by farmers is calculated to have fallen from 19 per farmer annually to 2.4. Livestock losses have been cut significantly at more than 80% of the farms where the dogs have been adopted. The great majority of cheetahs that are still killed by farmers are killed after specific attacks on livestock. Previously, the cats were tracked and killed whenever they neared a farm.

Anatolian Shepherd

Anatolian Shepherd Dog is the name used in the United States to describe dogs descended from regional Turkish livestock guardian dogs, particularly the Kangal but also the Akbash, from the late 1960s.[14] In 1967 a US Navy Lieutenant who was stationed in Turkey, Robert Ballard, acquired two working livestock guardians Zorba and Peki, from breeders in the Ankara region, Zorba was a long-coated pinto-colored dog and Peki a short-coated buff-colored bitch.[14][15] In the late 1960s Ballard returned to the United States and took his dogs with him and in 1970 the pair bred their first litter, becoming the foundation stock of the breed in the United States. A breed club was quickly formed and further examples were imported from Turkey.[14] In developing the breed, the American enthusiasts acted without understanding of regional Turkish varieties of shepherd's dogs, with the result that the American dogs could be bred with various coat lengths, colors and color patterns whilst in Turkey the different breeds breed more true to a set coat type.[14] This was further exacerbated by most of these dogs being sourced in the intermediate zone between the main breeding centers of the Akbash and the Kangal, where examples of both types can be found.[14] Anatolian Shepherd is a mixed dog breed of all Turkish livestock guardian dogs. In subsequent years animosity developed between American breeders, who insisted their dogs were the true Turkish shepherd's dog, and Turkish breeders who believed, and stated, they were an amalgam of various Turkish breeds.[14] Insults and counter-insults were exchanged with American breeders accusing the Turks of marketing dogs of dubious ancestry as independent breeds and the Turks stating the Americans were breeding crossbred dogs.[14] The name Anatolian Shepherd Dog is unknown in Turkey and the breed is sometimes described as having the Turkish name of Çoban Köpeği which means 'shepherd's dog', or livestock guardian dog.[14][16] Since the 1980s Americans have almost exclusively imported Kangals and the Anatolian has increasingly conformed to that breed type. Despite this pups of mixed appearance are still whelped and Turkish authorities still refuse to recognise Anatolians as a purebred Turkish breed.[14]

Characteristics

Dogs usually stand between 72 and 78 cm (28 and 31 in) at the withers, bitches between 65 and 73 cm (26 and 29 in), with a 2-centimetre (1 in) tolerance either way for both sexes.[17][18]

The Kangal Shepherd Dog is not as heavy as some other Mastiff breeds, allowing it greater speed and agility than larger dogs. Kangal Shepherd Dogs can reach speeds of up to 56 km/h (35 mph).[19] The under-layer provides insulation against both severe Anatolian winters and the fierce summer sun, while the outer-layer repels water and snow. This combination of coat allows it to regulate its core temperature more efficiently, while the coat is dense enough to repel rupture from wolf bites.[19]

Use

When suspicious, a Kangal Shepherd Dog will stand with its tail and ears erect and give an alarm call, inciting the sheep to gather around it for protection. The Kangal Shepherd Dog's first instinct is to place itself between the perceived threat and the sheep or master. Once the sheep are safely behind it, the Kangal Shepherd Dog confronts the intruder. When faced with a wolf, the Kangal Shepherd Dog sometimes is successful in intimidating the enemy, but it will resort to a physical confrontation if the predator stands its ground.[19]

  • With cropped ears
    With cropped ears
  • Flock guardian
    Flock guardian

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kangal Çoban Köpeği.
  1. ^ Turkish Kangal Dog. London: The Kennel Club. Accessed August 2022.
  2. ^ Orhan., Yilmaz (2007). The Turkish kangal (karabash) shepherd dog : the national dog of Turkey. Impress Printing Co. ISBN 978-975-92133-7-4. OCLC 874356597.
  3. ^ "US researchers hope more assertive, foreign dog breeds can protect livestock from wolves and bears". Pri.org. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  4. ^ Ellis, Jennifer Lynn; Thomason, Jeffrey; Kebreab, Ermias; Zubair, Kasim; France, James (March 2009). "Cranial dimensions and forces of biting in the domestic dog". Journal of Anatomy. 214 (3): 362–373. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7580.2008.01042.x. ISSN 0021-8782. PMC 2673787. PMID 19245503.
  5. ^ "Guard dogs save Namibian cheetahs". BBC News. 31 December 2008. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  6. ^ Waldo (16 November 2013). "Namibia: Cheetah Fund Sends Kangal Dogs to Tanzania". Allafrica.com. Retrieved 11 December 2017.
  7. ^ "Kangal Dogs Save Cheetahs From Extinction In Africa". 20 April 2015. Archived from the original on 20 April 2015.
  8. ^ Wilson, R. T.; Yilmaz, O. (10 October 2013). "The domestic livestock resources of Turkey: Notes on rabbits and a review of the literature". Archives Animal Breeding. 56 (1): 18–27. doi:10.7482/0003-9438-56-003. ISSN 2363-9822.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  9. ^ Koban, Evren; Saraç, Çiğdem Gökçek; Açan, Sinan Can; Sovalainen, Peter; Togan, Inci (2009). "Genetic relationship between Kangal, Akbash and other dog populations". Discrete Applied Mathematics. 157 (10): 2335–2340. doi:10.1016/j.dam.2008.06.040. hdl:11511/28384.
  10. ^ "KC to recognise the Turkish Kangal Dog". Dog World. Archived from the original on 31 December 2013. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  11. ^ "Recognition of the Turkish Kangal dog". Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 11 October 2012. Retrieved 4 October 2012.
  12. ^ "Turkish Kangal Dog; proposed interim standard". The Kennel Club. Archived from the original on 23 April 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2013.
  13. ^ Smith, Lewis (26 December 2008). "How mans best friend is saving endangered big cat". The Times. London. Retrieved 16 June 2021.
  14. ^ a b c d e f g h i Morris, Desmond (2001). Dogs: the ultimate dictionary of over 1,000 dog breeds. North Pomfret, VT: Trafalgar Square Publishing. pp. 393–396. ISBN 1-57076-219-8.
  15. ^ Wilcox, Bonnie; Walkowicz, Chris (1995). Atlas of dog breeds of the world. Neptune City, N.J.: TFH Publications. pp. 123–124.
  16. ^ Yilmaz, Orhan (2007). Turkish kangal (Karabash) shepherd dog. Ankara: Impress Printing Comp. pp. 11–12.
  17. ^ FCI-Standard N° 331: Kangal Çoban Köpeği (Kangal Shepherd Dog). Fédération Cynologique Internationale. Accessed September 2022.
  18. ^ Kangal Çoban Köpeği (in Turkish). Köpek Irkları ve Kinoloji Federasyonu = Turkish Kennel Club. Accessed September 2022.
  19. ^ a b c "The Kangal Dog of Turkey". Retrieved 29 December 2010.
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