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Karl von Wedel

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His Serene Highness
The Prince of Wedel
Photograph by Anton Huber, c. 1907
4th Imperial Lieutenant of Alsace–Lorraine
In office
27 October 1907 – 18 April 1914
MonarchWilhelm II
Preceded byHermann, Prince of Hohenlohe-Langenburg
Succeeded byJohann von Dallwitz
Personal details
Born
Karl Leo Julius von Wedel

(1842-02-05)5 February 1842
Ostenburg, Oldenburg, Grand Duchy of Oldenburg
Died30 December 1919(1919-12-30) (aged 77)
Eskilstuna, Södermanland, Sweden
Spouse
Stephanie von Platen
​
​
(m. 1894)​
OccupationSoldier • diplomat • politician
AwardsLangensalza Medal [de]
Order of the Black Eagle
Iron Cross
Military service
Allegiance Kingdom of Hanover
Kingdom of Prussia
 German Empire
Branch/serviceKingdom of Hanover Hanoverian Army
 Prussian Army
Imperial German Army
Years of service1859–1894
RankGeneral der Cavallerie
Commands2nd Guards Uhlans
1st Guards Cavalry
Battles/warsSecond Schleswig War
Austro-Prussian War Franco-Prussian War

Karl, Prince of Wedel (Template:Lang-de; 5 February 1842 – 30 December 1919), born Karl Leo Julius Graf[a] von Wedel, was a Prussian general and diplomat who served as the fourth Imperial Lieutenant (Template:Lang-de) of the Reichsland of Alsace–Lorraine from 27 October 1907 until his resignation on 18 April 1914.[1][2]

Formerly a soldier in the Hanoverian Army, Wedel entered the service of the Prussian Army after Hanover's defeat in the Austro-Prussian War, subsequently rising through the ranks. In addition to his military roles, he also served in various governmental posts before eventually succeeding Prince Hermann zu Hohenlohe-Langenburg as Reichsstatthalter. Wedel inherited from his predecessor a province troubled by conflict between French and German nationalists and the question of its place in the empire, though his open-minded disposition did much to ingratiate himself towards the Alsatians. It was under his auspices that the Constitution of 1911—which granted semi-statehood to Alsace–Lorraine—was enacted.

Wedel was forced to resign following the Zabern Affair, the incident severely damaging relations between Alsace–Lorraine and the rest of the German states, as well as tarnishing the reputation of the Kaiser and, by extension, Prussian militarism.[3] He continued to carry out his diplomatic duties until Germany's defeat in the First World War and the November Revolution, after which he retired with his wife to Stora Sundby Castle in Sweden, where he died the following year.[4] He is remembered as a liberal ruler and conciliator in the same vein as Edwin von Manteuffel and Prince Chlodwig zu Hohenlohe-Schillingsfürst.

Family

Born into the ancient Holsteinian noble family of Wedel, he was the youngest child and son of Count Friedrich Wilhelm von Wedel [de] (1798–1872), a lieutenant general in the Oldenburg army who was head of the Department of Military Affairs and chief of staff to Grand Duke Peter II, and his wife Baroness Wilhelmine Bertha Sophie von Glaubitz (1802–1887).[5] His father's family had branches in Denmark and Norway; among his relatives were Wilhelm von Wedell-Piesdorf, Baroness Charlotte Wedell-Wedellsborg, and Baron Fritz Wedel-Jarlsberg.[6]

In 1894, Wedel married in Stockholm the prominent Countess Stephanie Augusta von Platen, née Hamilton af Hageby (1852–1937), a member of the Swedish branch of the Scottish Clan Hamilton; the marriage was childless. Stephanie was widely-known for her accommodating and empathic nature, as well as her contributions to charity and animal welfare; for this she was included among Europe's "grand dames".[4]

Career

In service to Hanover

Wedel enlisted in the Hanoverian Army's Guards Regiment in May 1859 before transferring to the Kronprinz Dragoner-Regiment [de] in June of that year as a first lieutenant, first seeing action in the Second Schleswig-Holstein War.[7] During the Austro-Prussian War, Hanover fought on the side of Austria; Wedel took part in the Battle of Langensalza, for which he was awarded the Langensalza Medal by King George V.[8] After Prussia's victory and its annexation of Hanover, which resulted in the absorption of the Hanoverian Army into its armed forces, Wedel was commissioned as an officer for a second time by patent in the service of Prussia in November 1866. He joined the 8th (1st Westphalian) Hussars Regiment,[9][b] and by January 1870 had risen to the rank of Rittmeister.

In service to Prussia

When war broke out between Prussia and France in July 1870, Wedel was an active participant as an adjutant in the 25th Hessian Cavalry Brigade, which saw him awarded the Iron Cross 2nd Class. He was later appointed adjutant on General Count Wilhelm zu Stolberg-Wernigerode's staff of the VII Army Corps' General Command at Münster, before being promoted to major and transferred to the German General Staff in 1876. While serving as a military observer at Russian headquarters during the Russo-Turkish War, he was appointed military attaché to the German embassy in Vienna; in that time he was made aide-de-camp to Kaiser Wilhelm I in 1879 and promoted to colonel in 1886. At the signing of the Treaty of San Stefano in 1878, he was part of the German legation, overseeing the negotiations over the borders between the newly-created Principality of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia.

As a member of the Kaiser's inner circle, Wedel found himself involved in various court intrigues. In 1885 he met with Alexander, Prince of Bulgaria, who was in Vienna to observe the ongoing military exercises at Pilsen. During their conversation, Alexander mentioned—as Wedel recounted in his letter to Friedrich von Holstein, then-Councilor of Legation in the German Foreign Office—the proposed betrothal made four years ago between him and the crown prince's daughter Princess Viktoria, and how he had made an official declaration renouncing the betrothal under the Kaiser's orders, with Viktoria allegedly making a similar declaration.[10] This incurred the wrath of the crown prince couple and exacerbated the already deep enmity between them and the Bismarcks, as they assumed Wedel had written the letter under Herbert von Bismarck's instigation.[11] The crown princess herself would later refer to Wedel, among others, as "dreadful", "selfish", "ambitious", "dangerous", and "very pernicious".[12]

Upon his return from Vienna in March 1887, Wedel was given command of the 2nd Guards Uhlans and later, the 1st Guards Cavalry Regiments. In 1889, in addition to his promotion to major general, he was appointed Flügeladjutant and made general à la Suite in the court of the new Kaiser, Wilhelm II. During that time he was sent to various courts in Europe on diplomatic matters until 1891, when he was transferred to the German Foreign Office. He later recounted that he initially felt like "a fifth wheel" and hoped that he would soon be assigned an ambassadorial post.[13]

Count Wedel in his office as ambassador to Vienna, c.1903.

In 1892, Wedel was promoted again to lieutenant general and raised to adjutant general to the Kaiser. Under Philipp zu Eulenberg and Holstein, he was sent as an envoy to Stockholm in order to mediate in the steadily escalating conflicts in the Swedish-Norwegian union.[13] A year later he would also organize the Kaiser's first trip to Scandinavia on board the new imperial yacht, the SMY Hohenzollern—which, out of diplomatic considerations at Wedel's advice, did not visit the Norwegian coast, instead heading to Sweden and visiting Gotland, among other places.[14] It was during his stay in Sweden that he met his future wife; after their marriage, he went into temporary retirement from the military. He was recalled to active service in 1897, whereupon he was promoted to General of the Cavalry and appointed Governor of Berlin.

For the next few years he would serve as an ambassador for Germany, firstly to Italy in 1899 and later to Austria-Hungary in 1902. While in Vienna, he met and mentored the future Foreign Minister of the Weimar Republic, Ulrich von Brockdorff-Rantzau, at that time a worker at the embassy.

Reichstatthalter of Alsace-Lorraine

In 1907, Count Wedel was appointed viceroy of Alsace-Lorraine by the Kaiser, following the resignation of Prince Hohenlohe-Langenburg.[15] This was met with mixed reactions, with Holstein opposing the decision on the grounds of Wedel being a supporter of home rule, which he felt would undermine Berlin's influence. Holstein was also doubtful of Wedel's reliability, citing his past as a Hanoverian soldier.[8] Others, namely Imperial Chancellor Prince Bernhard von Bülow, supported the move, as he favored Wedel's more restrained foreign policy in contrast to that of pro-French diplomats such as Prince Hatzfeldt and Radowitz. In a letter to Holstein, Bülow stated that:

Certain characteristics of behavior and a certain financial position are necessary in the Reich territories which are less important in the rest of Germany. . . . [Wedel] possesses a quality particularly appropriate for Strasbourg, he has dignity. He will not run after the French. He is far too reserved to do that. Besides, I have a stronger influence on him, who may some day become Reich Chancellor but who bona fide does not aspire to the post, than I have on people who regard Strasbourg merely as a stepping stone to Berlin.[16]

Despite his loyalty to Berlin and his concerns over pro-French sentiment in the province, Wedel was sympathetic towards the Alsatians. "The people of this Land have, as do other German tribes", he declared, "the right to maintain their own special character."[17] This, along with his moderate governance, won him the respect of even the French-speaking populace. His wife, Countess Stephanie, was just as popular, with the Alsatians even coming to regard her as a national mother-figure.[4]

Wedel's tenure, however, ran into trouble at the end of 1913, when a Prussian soldier insulted the entire Alsatian populace, with the military committing illegal acts in response to the protests. Though Wedel did his best to mitigate the incident, the Kaiser's apparent bias towards the military received backlash across the country. This left the Strasbourg government little choice but to resign on 29 January 1914.[18] Wedel himself stepped down on 18 April of that year; initially, the Kaiser suggested one of his sons as his successor, though nothing came of it.[19] He eventually appointed Johann von Dallwitz, whose authoritarian policies and rejection of the constitution would only serve to further alienate the Alsatians.[20][21] On the day of his resignation, Wedel was elevated by the Kaiser to the status of Prince (Fürst).[20]

After his departure from office, Wedel was once again appointed adjutant general to the Kaiser, a position he held throughout the First World War. During that time, he also served as ambassador to Vienna and Bucharest; from 1916 he advocated a negotiated peace with the Allies, and was a staunch opponent of unrestricted submarine warfare.[22] In July of that year he became president of the pro-government Nationalausschusses für einen ehrenhaften Frieden (German National Committee for an Honorable Peace), which opposed the annexationism endorsed by right-wing circles.[23] For a time, the German government considered sending Wedel on a diplomatic mission to Stockholm, due to his good relations with Sweden from his time as envoy and through his wife. Though that plan never came to pass, Prince Wedel would move there upon his full retirement. After his death in 1919, he was buried at the Neuer Friedhof in Leer.[24]

Titles, honours and awards

  • Granted the title of Prince, 18 April 1914
German orders and decorations[25]
Foreign orders and decorations[42]

Military appointments

Notes

  1. ^ Regarding personal names: Until 1919, Graf was a title, translated as 'Count', not a first or middle name. The female form is Gräfin. In Germany, it has formed part of family names since 1919.
  2. ^ Some sources erroneously list it as the 2nd Guards Uhlans Regiment.[3]

References

Citations

  1. ^ "States before 1945: Germany".
  2. ^ "GERMAN OFFICIAL CHANGES.; Von Tschirschky to be Succeeded by von Schoen In the Foreign Office". New York Times. 27 October 1907. p. 4.
  3. ^ a b c "Karl Leo Julius Fürst von Wedel". the Prussian Machine. Retrieved 7 January 2022.
  4. ^ a b c "Femtonde årgången (händelserna 1937)". Svenska Dagbladets Årsbok (in Swedish): 276. 1937 – via runeberg.org.
  5. ^ "Wedel, Karl Julius Leo Graf von", Militär-Wochenblatt (59): 1341–1342, 8 May 1909
  6. ^ "Wedel (Wedell)", Nordisk familjebok Konversationslexikon och Realencyklopedi, Stockholm, 1921, pp. 977–978 – via runeberg.org{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  7. ^ Diebitsch, Victor von, ed. (1897), Die königlich Hannoversche armee auf ihrem letzten waffengange im Juni 1866 (PDF), Bremen, p. 11{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  8. ^ a b Rich and Fisher 1963, Vol 4, p. 495.
  9. ^ Kleist 1895, p. 999.
  10. ^ Rich and Fisher, Vol 3 1961, pp. 149–154.
  11. ^ Rich and Fisher, Vol 2 1957, pp. 244, 261.
  12. ^ Röhl 2004, p. 163.
  13. ^ a b Gammelien 2012, p. 197.
  14. ^ Gammelien 2012, pp. 205–207.
  15. ^ "DIPLOMATIC CHANGES IN GERMAN STAFF; Von Tschirsky Leaves Foreign Office to Become Ambassador at Vienna. VON SCHOEN SUCCEEDS HIM; Prince Von Hohenlohe-Langenburg, Governor of Alsace-Lorraine, Will Resign on Account of Age". New York Times. 8 October 1907. p. 5.
  16. ^ Correspondence between Holstein and Bülow on 29 September 1907, quoted in Rich and Fisher, 4, pp. 496-497
  17. ^ Fischer 2010, p. 73.
  18. ^ "ALSACE-LORRAINE MINISTRY RESIGNS; Gov. Gen. von Wedel's Policy Was Conciliatory and He Objected to the Army's Acts". New York Times. 29 January 1914. p. 4.
  19. ^ "Kaiser's Effort at Conciliation". New York Times. 31 January 1914. p. 4.
  20. ^ a b "VON WEDEL MADE A PRINCE; To be Succeeded as Governor of Alsace-Lorraine by von Dallwitz". New York Times. 18 April 1914. p. 3.
  21. ^ Cerf, Barry (1919). Alsace-Lorraine since 1870. New York: The Macmillan. p. 60.
  22. ^ Stählin, p. 482-483.
  23. ^ Maurer, Trude (2015). »... und wir gehören auch dazu: Universität und 'Volksgemeinschaft' im Ersten Weltkrieg (in German). Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. p. 576. ISBN 978-3-525-33603-8.
  24. ^ "Gen Karl Leo Julius von Wedel". findagrave.com.
  25. ^ "Militärisches Gefolge Seiner Majestät des Kaisers und Königs", Handbuch über den Königlich Preußischen Hof und Staat für das Jahr 1918 (in German), Berlin: In Kommission bei R. v. Decker's Verlag, 1918, p. 37 – via dlibra.bibliotekaelblaska.pl
  26. ^ "Eisernes Kreuz von 1870", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 3, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1877, p. 1042 – via hathitrust.org
  27. ^ "Johanniter-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1877, p. 1014 – via hathitrust.org
  28. ^ a b c d Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1886, pp. 184, 622, 949, 1008 – via hathitrust.org
  29. ^ "Rother Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1886, p. 11 – via hathitrust.org
  30. ^ "Rother Adler-orden", Königlich Preussische Ordensliste (supp.) (in German), vol. 1, Berlin: Gedruckt in der Reichsdruckerei, 1895, p. 9 – via hathitrust.org
  31. ^ "Herzoglicher Haus-orden Albrecht des Bären", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Herzogtum Anhalt (in German), Dessau, 1894, p. 23{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  32. ^ "Großherzogliche Orden", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Großherzogtum Baden (in German), Karlsruhe, 1910, p. 43{{citation}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  33. ^ "Königliche Orden", Hof- und – Staatshandbuch des Königreichs Bayern (in German), Munich: Druck and Verlag, 1914, p. 11 – via hathitrust.org
  34. ^ Sachsen (1888–1889). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1888/89 (in German). Dresden: Heinrich. p. 92 – via hathitrust.org.
  35. ^ Sachsen (1901). "Königlich Orden". Staatshandbuch für den Königreich Sachsen: 1901 (in German). Dresden: Heinrich. p. 163 – via hathitrust.org.
  36. ^ Staat Oldenburg (1876). Hof- und Staatshandbuch des Großherzogtums Oldenburg: für ... 1876 (in German). Schulze. p. 95.
  37. ^ "Großherzogliche Hausorden", Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Sachsen / Sachsen-Weimar-Eisenach (in German), Weimar: Böhlau, 1900, p. 43
  38. ^ "Königliche Orden", Hof- und Staats-Handbuch des Königreich Württemberg (in German), Stuttgart: Landesamt, 1907, pp. 49, 125
  39. ^ a b "Großherzogliche Orden und Ehrenzeichen", Staatshandbuch für das Großherzogtum Hessen und bei Rhein (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1879, pp. 112, 145 – via archive.org
  40. ^ "Verdienst-Orden Philipps des Großmütigen", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1894, p. 98 – via hathitrust.org
  41. ^ "Ludewigs-orden", Großherzoglich Hessische Ordensliste (in German), Darmstadt: Staatsverlag, 1914, p. 11 – via hathitrust.org
  42. ^ "Militärisches Gefolge Seiner Majestät des Kaisers und Königs", Rangliste de Königlich Preußischen Armee (in German), Berlin: Ernst Siegfried Mittler & Sohn, 1914, p. 6 – via hathitrust.org
  43. ^ "Ritter-orden: Orden der Eisernen Krone", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1890, p. 136
  44. ^ a b c "Ritter-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1918, pp. 55, 133, 260
  45. ^ a b "Ritter-orden", Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie, Vienna: Druck und Verlag der K.K. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei, 1888, pp. 86, 201
  46. ^ Bille-Hansen, A. C.; Holck, Harald, eds. (1903) [1st pub.:1801]. Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1903 [State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1903] (PDF). Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender (in Danish). Copenhagen: J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri. pp. 17–18. Retrieved 10 February 2021 – via da:DIS Danmark.
  47. ^ "Kongl. Svenska Riddare-Ordnarne" (PDF), Sveriges statskalender för Skottåret 1892 (in Swedish), Stockholm: Kongl. Boktryckeriet. P.A. Norstedt & Soner, 1891, p. 395, retrieved 16 November 2020 – via gupea.ub.gu.se
  48. ^ "Den kongelige norske Sanct Olavs Orden", Norges Statskalender for Aaret 1910 (in Norwegian), Kristiania: Forlagt av H. Aschehoug & Co. (w. Nygaard), 1910, pp. 915–916 – via hathitrust.org
  49. ^ Schoos, Jean (1990). Die Orden und Ehrenzeichen des Großherzogtums Luxemburg und des ehemaligen Herzogtums Nassau in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart (in German). Luxembourg: Sankt-Paulus Druckerei. p. 342. ISBN 2-87963-048-7.

Bibliography

  • Stählin, Karl (1928). "Wedel, Karl Leo Julius Fürst von". Deutsches Biographisches Jahrbuch. 2: 475–484.
  • Wedel, Erhard Graf von, ed. (1943). Zwischen Kaiser und Kanzler. Aufzeichnungen des Generaladjutanten Grafen Carl von Wedel aus den Jahren 1890–1894 (in German). Leipzig.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)

Sources

Political offices
Preceded by Reichsstatthalter of Alsace-Lorraine
1907-1914 		Succeeded by
German nobility
New title Prince of Wedel
1914-1919 		Extinct
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