Khanate of Sibir
Khanate of Sibir | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1490s–1598 | |||||||||
 Khanate of Sibir in 15th-16th centuries | |||||||||
| Capital | Tyumen (until 1493) Sibir (from 1493) | ||||||||
| Common languages | Siberian Tatar Khanty Mansi Nenet Selkup | ||||||||
| Religion | Shamanism | ||||||||
| Government | Monarchy | ||||||||
| Khan | |||||||||
• 1490s | Taibuga | ||||||||
• 1563–1598 | Kuchum | ||||||||
| Historical era | Renaissance | ||||||||
• Established | 1490s | ||||||||
• Conquered by the Tsardom of Russia | 1598 | ||||||||
| |||||||||
The Khanate of Sibir was a Tatar Turkic khanate in the later Russian Siberia. The Khanate had an ethnically diverse population of Siberian Tatars, Khanty, Mansi, Nenets and Selkup people.
History
The Khanate of Sibir was founded in the fifteenth century, at a time when the Mongols of the house of Jochi were generally in a state of decline. The original capital of the khans was Chimgi-Tura. The first khan was Taibuga, who was not a member of the Borjigin. He was succeeded by his son Khoja or Hoca, who was in turn succeeded by his son Mar.
The Taibugids' control of the region between the Tobol and middle Irtysh was not uncontested. The Shaybanids, descendants of Jochi, frequently claimed the area as their own. Ibak Khan, a member of a junior branch of the Shaybanid house, killed Mar and seized Chimgi-Tura. A Taibugid restoration occurred when Mar's grandson Muhammad fled to the eastern territories around the Irtysh and killed Ibak in battle in c. 1493. Muhammad decided not to remain at Chimgi-Tura, but chose a new capital named Iskar (or Sibir) located on the Irtysh.
The Russian conquest of Kazan in 1552 prompted the Taibugid khan of Sibir, Yadigar, to seek friendly relations with Moscow. Yadigar, however, was challenged by a Shaybanid, Ibak's grandson Kuchum. Several years of fighting (1556–1563) ended with Yadigar's death and Kuchum becoming khan.
Conquest of the Sibir
Kuchum attempted to convert the Siberian Tatars, who were mostly Shamanists, to Islam. His decision to conduct a raid on the Stroganov trading posts resulted in an expedition led by the Cossack Yermak against the Khanate of Sibir. Kuchum's forces were defeated by Yermak at the Battle of Chuvash Cape in 1582 and the Cossacks entered Iskar later that year. Kuchum reorganized his forces, killed Yermak in battle in 1584, and reasserted his authority over Sibir. Over the next fourteen years, however, the Russians slowly conquered the khanate. In 1598 Kuchum was defeated on the banks of the Ob and was forced to flee to the territories of the Nogai, bringing an end to his rule.
See also
- List of Sibir khans
- Russian conquest of Siberia
- List of Turkic states and empires
- History of Siberia
References
- Forsyth, James. A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia's North Asian Colony 1581–1990. Cambridge University Press, 1992. ISBN 0-521-40311-1
- http://www.ozturkler.com/data_english/0003/0003_10_11.htm
- http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ea210/tatar.htm
- http://timelines.ws/countries/SIBERIA.HTML