Kunqu

A demonstration from *The Peony Pavilion*

Kunqu (崑曲; pinyin: Kūnqǔ; Wade-Giles: k'un-ch'ü), also known as Kunju (崑劇), Kun opera or Kunqu Opera, is one of the oldest extant forms of Chinese opera. It evolved from the Kunshan melody, and dominated Chinese theatre from the 16th to the 18th centuries. The style originated in the Wu cultural area. It is listed as one of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity by UNESCO since 2001.^[1]

History

Gu Jian, Yuan dynasty playwright, founder of kunqu

Kunqu (Kunshan play) was developed during the late Yuan Dynasty (14th),by Gu Jian (顧堅) of Qiandeng town in Kunshan^[2], and due to its influence on other Chinese theatre forms, it is known as the "teacher" or "mother" of a hundred operas, including Jingju (Peking Opera). Its emergence ushered in the second Golden Era of Chinese drama. However, by the early twentieth century, it had nearly disappeared, which was only exacerbated by deliberate attempts to suppress it during the Cultural Revolution.

A Kunqu performer's portrayal of Hu Sanniang

Today, Kunqu is performed professionally in seven Mainland Chinese cities: Beijing (Northern Kunqu Theatre), Shanghai (Shanghai Kunqu Theatre), Suzhou (Suzhou Kunqu Theatre), Nanjing (Jiangsu Province Kunqu Theatre), Chenzhou (Hunan Kunqu Theatre), Yongjia County/Wenzhou (Yongjia Kunqu Theatre) and Hangzhou (Zhejiang Province Kunqu Theatre), as well as in Taipei. Non-professional opera societies are active in many other cities in China and abroad, and opera companies occasionally tour.

There are many plays that continue to be famous today, including The Peony Pavilion and The Peach Blossom Fan, were originally written for the Kunqu stage. In addition, many classical Chinese novels and stories, such as Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Water Margin and Journey to the West were adapted very early into dramatic pieces.

Its melody or tune is one of the Four Great Characteristic Melodies in Chinese opera.

Repertoire

The Peony Pavilion (Tang Xianzu)
The Peach Blossom Fan (Kong Shangren)
The Palace of Long Life (Hong Sheng)
The White Snake
The Western Mansion (Southern version, adapted from Wang Shifu's zaju)
The Injustice done to Dou E (adapted from Guan Hanqing's zaju)
The Kite (Li Yu)

Dramatists

Performers

References

^ "Kun Qu Opera". UNESCO Cultural Sector - Intangible Heritage.
^ according to Guide to Southen melody (南詞引正) by Wei Liangfu,a famous Kunqu playwright of Ming Dynasty, "During Yuan Dynasty, there was a person named Gu Jian, though lived thirty li from Qiandeng of Kunshan, he was well versed in Southern melody, and composed many classic songs, Köke Temür heard his name, called on him several times but he was unyielding. Gu Jian was an expert in unearth the depth of Southern Drama, hence at the beginning of Ming dynasty, it was called "Kunshan melody."

External links

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[1] "Kun Qu Opera". UNESCO Cultural Sector - Intangible Heritage.

[2] rding to Guide to Southen melody (南詞引正) by Wei Liangfu,a famous Kunqu playwright of Ming Dynasty, "During Yuan Dynasty, there was a person named Gu Jian, though lived thirty li from Qiandeng of Kunshan, he was well versed in Southern melody, and composed many classic songs, Köke Temür heard his name, called on him several times but he was unyielding. Gu Jian was an expert in unearth the depth of Southern Drama, hence at the beginning of Ming dynasty, it was called "Kunshan melody."

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