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List of Ming dynasty era names

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The Ming dynasty was the last unified dynasty founded by the Han ethnicity in Chinese history, which lasted for 276 years.[1]

List

Era name Period of use
(Western calendar) 		Period of use
(Datong calendar 大統曆) 		Length of use Emperor Meaning Derived from Ref.
Hóngwǔ 洪武 23 January 1368
–
5 February 1399 		Hongwu 1, 4th day of the 1st month
(洪武元年正月初四日)
–
Hongwu 31, 29th day of the 12th month
(洪武三十一年十二月二十九日) 		30 years,
12 months
and 27 days 		Hongwu Emperor "vastly martial" (None) [2][3][4]
Jiànwén 建文 6 February 1399
–
29 July 1402 		Jianwen 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(建文元年正月初一日)
–
Jianwen 4, 29th day of the 6th month
(建文四年六月二十九日) 		3 years
and 6 months 		Jianwen Emperor "establishing civility" [2][4][5]
(Hóngwǔ) 洪武 30 July 1402
–
22 January 1403 		Hongwu 35, 1st day of the 7th month
(洪武三十五年七月初一日)
–
Hongwu 35, 29th day of the 12th month
(洪武三十五年十二月二十九日) 		6 months Hongwu Emperor
(Yongle Emperor) 		(Ibid.) [2][5]
Yǒnglè 永樂 23 January 1403
–
19 January 1425 		Yongle 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(永樂元年正月初一日)
–
Yongle 22, 30th day of the 12th month
(永樂二十二年十二月三十日) 		22 years Yongle Emperor "perpetual happiness" [2][5][6]
Hóngxī 洪熙 20 January 1425
–
7 February 1426 		Hongxi 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(洪熙元年正月初一日)
–
Hongxi 1, 30th day of the 12th month
(洪熙元年十二月三十日) 		1 year Hongxi Emperor "vastly bright" [2][6][7]
Xuāndé 宣德 8 February 1426
–
17 January 1436 		Xuande 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(宣德元年正月初一日)
–
Xuande 10, 29th day of the 12th month
(宣德十年十二月二十九日) 		10 years Xuande Emperor "proclamation of virtue" [2][7][8]
Zhèngtǒng 正統 18 January 1436
–
13 January 1450 		Zhengtong 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(正統元年正月初一日)
–
Zhengtong 14, 30th day of the 12th month
(正統十四年十二月三十日) 		14 years Emperor Yingzong "right governance" [9][8][10]
Jǐngtài 景泰 14 January 1450
–
14 February 1457 		Jingtai 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(景泰元年正月初一日)
–
Jingtai 8, 20th day of the 1st month
(景泰八年正月二十日) 		7 years
and 20 days 		Jingtai Emperor "exalted view" [9][10][11]
Tiānshùn 天順 15 February 1457
–
26 January 1465 		Tianshun 1, 21st day of the 1st month
(天順元年正月二十一日)
–
Tianshun 8, 29th day of the 12th month
(天順八年十二月二十九日) 		7 years,
11 months
and 9 days 		Emperor Yingzong "obedience to Heaven" [9][11][12]
Chénghuà 成化 27 January 1465
–
13 January 1488 		Chenghua 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(成化元年正月初一日)
–
Chenghua 23, 30th day of the 12th month
(成化二十三年十二月三十日) 		23 years Chenghua Emperor "accomplished change" Wenzi[b] [9][12][15]
Hóngzhì 弘治 14 January 1488
–
23 January 1506 		Hongzhi 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(弘治元年正月初一日)
–
Hongzhi 18, 30th day of the 12th month
(弘治十八年十二月三十日) 		18 years Hongzhi Emperor "great governance" (None) [9][15][16]
Zhèngdé 正德 24 January 1506
–
27 January 1522 		Zhengde 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(正德元年正月初一日)
–
Zhengde 16, 30th day of the 12th month
(正德十六年十二月三十日) 		16 years Zhengde Emperor "right virtue",
or "rectification of virtue" 		Book of Documents,[c]
Correct Interpretation of the Book of Documents (尚書正義)[d] 		[9][16][19]
Jiājìng 嘉靖 28 January 1522
–
8 February 1567 		Jiajing 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(嘉靖元年正月初一日)
–
Jiajing 45, 30th day of the 12th month
(嘉靖四十五年十二月三十日) 		45 years Jiajing Emperor "admirable tranquility" Book of Documents[e] [9][19][21]
Lóngqìng 隆慶 9 February 1567
–
1 February 1573 		Longqing 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(隆慶元年正月初一日)
–
Longqing 6, 29th day of the 12th month
(隆慶六年十二月二十九日) 		6 years Longqing Emperor "great celebration" (None) [9][21][22]
Wànlì 萬曆 2 February 1573
–
27 August 1620 		Wanli 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(萬曆元年正月初一日)
–
Wanli 48, 30th day of the 7th month
(萬曆四十八年七月三十日) 		47 years
and 7 months 		Wanli Emperor "ten thousand calendars" [9][22][23]
Tàichāng 泰昌 28 August 1620
–
21 January 1621 		Taichang 1, 1st day of the 8th month
(泰昌元年八月初一日)
–
Taichang 1, 29th day of the 12th month
(泰昌元年十二月二十九日) 		5 months Taichang Emperor
(Tianqi Emperor) 		"grand prosperity" [9][23]
Tiānqǐ 天啓 22 January 1621
–
4 February 1628 		Tianqi 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(天啓元年正月初一日)
–
Tianqi 7, 29th day of the 12th month
(天啓七年十二月二十九日) 		7 years Tianqi Emperor "heavenly opening" [9][23][24]
Chóngzhēn 崇禎 5 February 1628
–
25 April 1644 		Chongzhen 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(崇禎元年正月初一日)
–
Chongzhen 17, 19th day of the 3rd month
(崇禎十七年三月十九日) 		16 years,
2 months
and 19 days 		Chongzhen Emperor "honorable and auspicious" [9][24][25]

Southern Ming era names

Era name Period of use
(Western calendar) 		Period of use
(Datong calendar 大統曆) 		Length of use Emperor Meaning Ref.
(Chóngzhēn) 崇禎 19 June 1644
–
27 January 1645 		Chongzhen 17, 15th day of the 5th month
(崇禎十七年五月十五日)
–
Chongzhen 17, 30th day of the 12th month
(崇禎十七年十二月三十日) 		7 months
and 15 days 		Chongzhen Emperor
(Hongguang Emperor) 		(Ibid.) [9][26]
Hóngguāng 弘光 28 January 1645
–
17 August 1645 		Hongguang 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(弘光元年正月初一日)
–
Hongguang 1, 26th day of the 6th leap month[f]
(弘光元年閏六月二十六日) 		6 months
and 26 days 		Hongguang Emperor "great light" [9][26][28]
Lóngwǔ 隆武 18 August 1645
–
4 February 1647 		Longwu 1, 27th day of the 6th leap month
(隆武元年閏六月二十七日)
–
Longwu 2, 30th day of the 12th month
(隆武二年十二月三十日) 		1 year,
6 months
and 3 days 		Longwu Emperor "plentiful and martial" [9][28][29]
Yǒnglì 永曆 5 February 1647
–
1 June 1662[g] 		Yongli 1, 1st day of the 1st month
(永曆元年正月初一日)
–
Yongli 16, 15th day of the 4th month[g]
(永曆十六年四月十五日) 		15 years,
3 months
and 15 days[g] 		Yongli Emperor "perpetual calendar" [9][29][31]

Notes

  1. ^ Or 天[13][9][14]
  2. ^ Wenzi, Daoyuan (道原): 大[a]常之道，生物而不有，成化而不宰。[14]
  3. ^ Book of Documents, Yu Shu (虞書), Counsels of Great Yu (大禹謨): 禹曰：......正德、利用、厚生、惟和。[17] (Translated: Yu said, ......there are the rectification of (the people's) virtue, (the tools and other things) that supply the conveniences of life, and the securing abundant means of sustentation - these must be harmoniously attended to.)
  4. ^ Correct Interpretation of the Book of Documents, Counsels of Great Yu (大禹謨): 正德者，自正其德，居上位者正己以治民。[18]
  5. ^ Book of Documents, Zhou Shu (周書), Against Luxurious Ease (無逸): 周公曰：......不敢荒寧，嘉靖殷邦。[20] (Translated: The duke of Zhou said, ...He did not dare to indulge in useless ease, but admirably and tranquilly presided over the regions of Yin, ...)
  6. ^ The Prince of Lu (魯) regime continued to use the Hongguang era name until 15 February 1646 (Hongguang 1, 30th day of the 12th month; 弘光元年十二月三十日).[27]
  7. ^ a b c The Kingdom of Tungning continued to use the Yongli era name until 15 September 1683 (Kangxi 22/Yongli 37, 25th day of the 7th month; 康熙二十二年／永曆三十七年七月二十五日), when it surrendered to Shi Lang because of its defeat at the Battle of Penghu. Therefore, the Yongli era name had been in total use for 36 years, 7 months, and 25 days.[30]

References

Citations

  1. ^ 徐俊 (2000). 中国古代王朝和政权名号探源. 武昌: 华中师范大学出版社. pp. 298–300. ISBN 978-7-5622-2277-4.
  2. ^ a b c d e f 馮 2016, p. 25.
  3. ^ Zhang Tingyu. Taizu 2 . Vol. 2 – via Wikisource. 洪武元年春正月乙亥，祀天地於南郊，即皇帝位。定有天下之號曰明，建元洪武。(Translated by Romeyn Taylor: On the twenty-third of January, 1368, T'ai-tsu sacrificed to Heaven and Earth on the Suburban Altars. When he assumed the imperial throne, he determined that the dynastic name under which he held the empire was to be Ming and that the new reign title was to be Hung-wu.)
  4. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Emperor Gongming . Vol. 4 – via Wikisource. 三十一年閏五月，太祖崩。辛卯，即皇帝位。大赦天下，以明年為建文元年。
  5. ^ a b c Zhang Tingyu. Chengzu 1 . Vol. 5 – via Wikisource. 秋七月壬午朔，大祀天地於南郊，奉太祖配。詔：「今年以洪武三十五年為紀，明年為永樂元年。建文中更改成法，一復舊制。山東、北平、河南被兵州縣，復徭役三年，未被兵者與鳳陽、淮安、徐、滁、揚三州蠲租一年，餘天下州縣悉蠲今年田租之半。」
  6. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Renzong . Vol. 8 – via Wikisource. 二十二年七月，成祖崩於榆木川。八月甲辰，遺詔至，遣皇太孫迎喪開平。丁未，出夏原吉等於獄。丁巳，即皇帝位。大赦天下，以明年為洪熙元年。
  7. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Xuanzong . Vol. 9 – via Wikisource. 仁宗即位，立為皇太子。夏四月，以南京地屢震，命往居守。五月庚辰，仁宗不豫，璽書召還。六月辛丑，還至良鄉，受遺詔，入宮發喪。庚戌，即皇帝位。大赦天下，以明年為宣德元年。
  8. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Yingzong Former Records . Vol. 10 – via Wikisource. 宣德十年春正月，宣宗崩，壬午，即皇帝位。遵遺詔大事白皇太后行。大赦天下，以明年為正統元年。
  9. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q 馮 2016, p. 26.
  10. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Emperor Jing . Vol. 11 – via Wikisource. 正統十四年秋八月，英宗北狩，皇太后命王監國。丙寅，移通州糧入京師。徵兩畿、山東、河南備倭運糧諸軍入衞，召寧陽侯陳懋帥師還。戊辰，兵部侍郎于謙為本部尚書。令羣臣直言時事，舉人材。己巳，皇太后詔立皇子見深為皇太子。卹陣亡將士。庚午，籍王振家。辛未，右都御史陳鎰撫安畿內軍民。壬申，都督石亨總京營兵。乙亥，諭邊將，瓦剌奉駕至，不得輕出。輸南京軍器於京師。修撰商輅、彭時入閣預機務。是月，廣東賊黃蕭養作亂。九月癸未，王即皇帝位，遙尊皇帝為太上皇帝，以明年為景泰元年，大赦天下，免景泰二年田租十之三。
  11. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Yingzong Later Records . Vol. 12 – via Wikisource. 丙戌，詔赦天下，改景泰八年為天順元年。論奪門迎復功，封石亨忠國公，張軏太平侯，張輗文安伯，楊善興濟伯，曹吉祥嗣子欽都督同知。
  12. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Xianzong . Vol. 13 – via Wikisource. 天順八年正月，英宗崩。乙亥，即皇帝位。以明年為成化元年，大赦天下。
  13. ^ 馮天瑜《明清年號探微》誤作「天」。
  14. ^ a b Wenzi. 道原 . Vol. 1 – via Wikisource. 大常之道，生物而不有，成化而不宰。
  15. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Xiaozong . Vol. 15 – via Wikisource. 二十三年八月，憲宗崩。九月壬寅，即皇帝位。大赦天下，以明年為弘治元年。
  16. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Wuzong . Vol. 16 – via Wikisource. 十八年五月，孝宗崩。壬寅，即皇帝位。以明年為正德元年，大赦天下，除弘治十六年以前逋賦。
  17. ^ 大禹謨  – via Wikisource.
  18. ^ Kong Yingda. 尚書注疏卷第四 . Vol. 4 – via Wikisource.
  19. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Shizong 1 . Vol. 17 – via Wikisource. 十六年三月辛酉，未除服，特命襲封。丙寅，武宗崩，無嗣，慈壽皇太后與大學士楊廷和定策，遣太監谷大用、韋彬、張錦，大學士梁儲，定國公徐光祚，駙馬都尉崔元，禮部尚書毛澄，以遺詔迎王於興邸。夏四月癸未，發安陸。癸卯，至京師，止於郊外。禮官具儀，請如皇太子即位禮。王顧長史袁宗皐曰：「遺詔以我嗣皇帝位，非皇子也。」大學士楊廷和等請如禮臣所具儀，由東安門入居文華殿，擇日登極。不允。會皇太后趣羣臣上箋勸進，乃即郊外受箋。是日，日中，入自大明門，遣官告宗廟社稷，謁大行皇帝几筵，朝皇太后，出御奉天殿，即皇帝位。
  20. ^ 無逸  – via Wikisource.
  21. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Muzong . Vol. 19 – via Wikisource. 四十五年十二月庚子，世宗崩。壬子，即皇帝位。以明年為隆慶元年，大赦天下。
  22. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Shenzong 1 . Vol. 20 – via Wikisource. 六年五月，穆宗崩。六月乙卯朔，日有食之。甲子，即皇帝位。以明年為萬曆元年，詔赦天下。
  23. ^ a b c Zhang Tingyu. Xizong . Vol. 22 – via Wikisource. 庚辰，即皇帝位。詔赦天下，以明年為天啟元年。己丑，以是年八月以後稱泰昌元年。
  24. ^ a b Zhang Tingyu. Emperor Zhuanglie 1 . Vol. 23 – via Wikisource. 明年八月，熹宗疾大漸，召王入，受遺命。丁巳，即皇帝位。大赦天下，以明年為崇禎元年。
  25. ^ Zhang Tingyu. Emperor Zhuanglie 2 . Vol. 24 – via Wikisource. 丁未，昧爽，內城陷。帝崩於萬歲山，王承恩從死。
  26. ^ a b Wen Ruilin (溫睿臨). 福王上 . Vol. 1 – via Wikisource. 五月……壬寅，王即位。大赦，稱號弘光；以明年為元年。
  27. ^ 南沙三余氏. 魯監國載略 . Vol. 附錄 – via Wikisource. （弘光元年閏六月）時兵部尚書張國維已至台州，與鄭遵謙、陳函輝、宋之普、柯夏卿、方國安、熊汝霖、孫嘉績等迎魯王至紹興，即監國位。朱大典亦遣孫玨上表勸進。於是以分守公署為行在，以明年為監國元年，是年仍用弘光年號。
    《南明史·監國魯王》：「（弘光元年七月）癸丑，群臣三奉箋勸進，不許。頒監國諭，大赦，祭告天地祖宗，仍用弘光年號，以明年為監國魯元年。」轉錄自錢海岳《南明史》，中華書局，2006年，第287頁。
  28. ^ a b Wen Ruilin (溫睿臨). 唐王 . Vol. 3 – via Wikisource. 閏六月……丁未，祭告天地、祖宗，即位南郊。以福建為福京、福州為天興府、布政司為行殿。大赦，稱號隆武。……大清順治三年春正月己酉朔，唐王在建寧，稱隆武二年。
  29. ^ a b Wen Ruilin (溫睿臨). 永明王上 . Vol. 4 – via Wikisource. 十一月癸卯朔，觀生與布政使顧元鏡、總兵林察等擁聿𨮁入廣州城自立，偽號紹武。……至是，定議迎還，於庚申即位，稱號永曆。……大清順治四年春正月癸卯朔，永明王在梧州，稱永曆元年。
  30. ^ 李瑤. 繹史摭遺卷十 . Vol. 摭遺卷10 – via Wikisource. 康熙二十二年……秋七月甲午，國軒以鄭氏降，繳上成功所遺延平郡王、漳國公、招討大將軍、忠孝伯、御營都督等印信，除道出迎。
  31. ^ Wen Ruilin (溫睿臨). 永明王下 . Vol. 5 – via Wikisource. 大清順治十八年春正月辛亥朔，王在緬甸，稱永曆十五年。……明年三月丙戌，至雲南府。夏四月望日戊午，王終，年三十又八；妃與王子俱從死。

Sources

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  • 李崇智 (December 2004). 中國歷代年號考（修訂本）. 中華書局. ISBN 9787101090185.
  • 劉迎秋 (June 2014). 中國帝王年號的語言文化研究——兼論日、朝、越年號特點 (廣西大學碩士學位論文 ed.). 廣西大學.
  • 冯天瑜 (2016). 桂莉 (ed.). "明清年号探微" (PDF). 武漢大學學報. 69 (3): 25–26. doi:10.14086/j.cnki.wujhs.2016.03.005. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2020-06-25. Retrieved 2021-10-10.
  • 王旗 (June 2016). 年號：你應該知道的歷史常識 (文史雜誌2016年第3期 ed.). 四川省文史研究館.

See also

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