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List of animals displaying homosexual behavior

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Roy and Silo, two Central Park Zoo male chinstrap penguins similar to those pictured, became internationally known when they successfully hatched and cared for an egg they were given.[1]
Couple of two male mallard ducks in a nature reserve in Germany

For these animals, there is documented evidence of homosexual behavior of one or more of the following kinds: sex, courtship, affection, pair bonding, or parenting, as noted in researcher and author Bruce Bagemihl's 1999 book Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity.

Bagemihl writes that the presence of same-sex sexual behavior was not "officially" observed on a large scale until the 1990s due to observer bias caused by social attitudes towards nonheterosexual people, making the homosexual theme taboo.[2][3] Bagemihl devotes three chapters, "Two Hundred Years at Looking at Homosexual Wildlife", "Explaining (Away) Animal Homosexuality" and "Not For Breeding Only" in his 1999 book Biological Exuberance to the "documentation of systematic prejudices" where he notes "the present ignorance of biology lies precisely in its single-minded attempt to find reproductive (or other) 'explanations' for homosexuality, transgender, and non-procreative and alternative heterosexualities."[4] Petter Bøckman, academic adviser for the Against Nature? exhibit, stated "[M]any researchers have described homosexuality as something altogether different from sex. They must realize that animals can have sex with who they will, when they will and without consideration to a researcher's ethical principles." Homosexual behavior is found amongst social birds and mammals, particularly the sea mammals and the primates.[3]

Sexual behavior takes many different forms, even within the same species and the motivations for and implications of their behaviors have yet to be fully understood. Bagemihl's research shows that homosexual behavior, not necessarily sex, has been documented in about five hundred species as of 1999, ranging from primates to gut worms.[2][5] Homosexuality in animals is seen as controversial by social conservatives because it asserts the naturalness of homosexuality in humans, while others counter that it has no implications and is nonsensical to equate natural animal behaviors to morality.[6][7] Sexual preference and motivation is always inferred from behavior. Thus homosexual behavior has been given a number of terms over the years. The correct usage of the term homosexual is that an animal exhibits homosexual behavior, however this article conforms to the usage by modern research,[8][9][10][11] applying the term homosexuality to all sexual behavior (copulation, genital stimulation, mating games and sexual display behavior) between animals of the same sex.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Mammals

Main article: List of mammals displaying homosexual behavior
Selected mammals from the full list

Birds

Main article: List of birds displaying homosexual behavior
Selected birds from the full list

Fish

Arctic grayling (Thymallus arcticus) leaping for a fly fisherman's bait. Research going back to the 1950s has shown both male and female graylings exhibit homosexual behavior.[45]

Reptiles

Three species of Aspidoscelis

The all-female Whiptail lizard species Aspidoscelis neomexicanus (center), which reproduces via parthenogenesis, is shown flanked by two sexual species having males, A. inornatus (left) and A. tigris (right). Research has shown that simulated mating behavior increases fertility for Aspidoscelis neomexicanus. One female lies on top of another, playing the role of the male, the lizard that was on bottom has larger eggs, in most cases. The lizards switch off this role each mating season.[52]

Amphibians

  • Appalachian woodland salamander[59]
  • Black-spotted frog[60]
  • Mountain dusky salamander[59]
  • Tengger desert toad[53]

Insects

The head of a darner dragonfly (Basiaeschna janata)

Male homosexuality has been inferred in several species of dragonflies. A survey of damsel and dragonflies reveals characteristic cloacal pincher mating damage in 20–80 percent of the males, indicating a fairly high occurrence of sexual coupling between males.[61][62]

Male flour beetles engage in same-sex coupling to practice mating and to rid themselves of "old, less effective" sperm.[63]

Other invertebrates

Template:List of Gay and Transgender Animals footers

References

  1. ^ Smith (February 7, 2004)
  2. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999)
  3. ^ a b c News-medical.net (2006)
  4. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 213
  5. ^ Harrold (1999)
  6. ^ Solimeo (2004)
  7. ^ Solimeo (2004b)
  8. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 122-166
  9. ^ Roughgarden (2004) pp.13-183
  10. ^ Vasey (1995) pages 173-204
  11. ^ Sommer & Vasey (2006)
  12. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 405
  13. ^ Hohmann, G.; Fruth, B. (July 2000). "Use and function of genital contacts among female bonobos". Animal Behaviour. 60 (1): 107–120. doi:10.1006/anbe.2000.1451. ISSN 0003-3472. PMID 10924210. S2CID 39702173.
  14. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 441
  15. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 469
  16. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 388,389
  17. ^ Bagemihl 1999) pages 81, 88
  18. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 82, 89
  19. ^ de Waal (2001)
  20. ^ Liggett (1997–2006)
  21. ^ Imaginova (2007j)
  22. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 276–279
  23. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 339
  24. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 334
  25. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 310, 314
  26. ^ name="Biol. Exuberance: Dolphin
  27. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 427
  28. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 218, 231, 317
  29. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 391
  30. ^ Imaginova (2007d)
  31. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 81, 165, 205, 226, 231
  32. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 432
  33. ^ Sell RL, Wells JA, Wypij D (June 1995). "The prevalence of homosexual behavior and attraction in the United States, the United Kingdom and France: results of national population-based samples". Archives of Sexual Behavior. 24 (3): 235–48. doi:10.1007/BF01541598. PMID 7611844. S2CID 12929812.
  34. ^ Wellings, K., Field, J., Johnson, A., & Wadsworth, J. (1994). Sexual behavior in Britain: The national survey of sexual attitudes and lifestyles. London, UK: Penguin Books.[page needed]
  35. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 455-457
  36. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 632-5
  37. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 83
  38. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 544-8
  39. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 621-6
  40. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 602-5
  41. ^ 365 Gay.com (2005)
  42. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 491-5
  43. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 606-10
  44. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 639
  45. ^ a b c d Bagemihl (1999), page 665
  46. ^ Bagemihl (1999), page 37
  47. ^ a b c d Bagemihl (1999), pages 658, 664
  48. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Bagemihl (1999), page 658
  49. ^ Bagemihl (1999), page 664
  50. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 658, 665
  51. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 233, 244
  52. ^ LeVay, (19 September 2007)
  53. ^ a b c d e f g Bagemihl (1999), page 657
  54. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bagemihl (1999), page 657, 658
  55. ^ a b Budzinski, R.-M. (1997) Homosexuelles Verhalten bei Geckos der Gattung Phelsuma. Sauria 19 (3): 33-34
  56. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 232, 664
  57. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999), pages 663–664
  58. ^ Turns out this 186-year-old tortoise has a gay lover
  59. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999), pages 657, 658
  60. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 243, 664
  61. ^ Dunkle (1991)
  62. ^ Utzeri (1990)
  63. ^ a b Out magazine, By The Numbers sourced to the Journal of Evolutionary Biology; February 2009. Accessed 2009-01-17.
  64. ^ a b c d e Bagemihl (1999), page 666
  65. ^ Tatarnic1 et al., 22 March 2006
  66. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Bagemihl (1999) page 660
  67. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 667
  68. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 704, 713
  69. ^ a b c d e Bagemihl (1999) pages 150, 232, 236, 246
  70. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 33–34, 196, 217, 219, 232
  71. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 668
  72. ^ a b Benz G (May 1, 1973). "Role of sex pheromone, and its insignificance for heterosexual and homosexual behaviour of larch bud moth". Experientia. 29 (5): 553–554. doi:10.1007/BF01926659. S2CID 39282068.
  73. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) page 666
  74. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 595
  75. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 9, 649, 665
  76. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 658
  77. ^ Dukas, R (November 2010). "Causes and consequences of male–male courtship in fruit flies". Animal Behaviour. 80 (5): 913–919. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2010.08.017. S2CID 54253398.
  78. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 3
  79. ^ Kureck, I. M.; Neumann, A.; Foitzik, S. (2011). "Wingless ant males adjust mate-guarding behaviour to the competitive situation in the nest". Animal Behaviour. 82 (2): 339–346. doi:10.1016/j.anbehav.2011.05.008. S2CID 53164955.
  80. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) pages 666, 660
  81. ^ Bagemihl (1999) pages 661–2
  82. ^ Bagemihl (1999) page 661
  83. ^ Lecomte, C.; Thibout, E.; Pierre, D.; Auger, J. (1998-04-01). "Transfer, Perception, and Activity of Male Pheromone of Acrolepiopsis assectella with Special Reference to Conspecific Male Sexual Inhibition". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 24 (4): 655–671. doi:10.1023/a:1022390102631. ISSN 0098-0331. S2CID 10001697.
  84. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Bagemihl (1999), pages 661–2
  85. ^ Bagemihl (1999), page 659
  86. ^ Baker T (January 15, 1983). "Variations in male oriental fruit moth courtship patterns due to male competition". Experientia. 39 (1): 112–114. doi:10.1007/BF01960660. S2CID 99995.
  87. ^ Hall D, Cork A, Lester R, Nesbitt B, Zagatti P (July 1, 1987). "Sex pheromones of rice moth, Corcyra cephalonica Stainton". Journal of Chemical Ecology. 13 (7): 1575–1589. doi:10.1007/BF00980201. PMID 24302328. S2CID 11253920.
  88. ^ Bagemihl (1999), page 661
  89. ^ Palaniswamy P, Seabrook W, Ross R (July 15, 1979). "Precopulatory behavior of males and perception of a potential male pheromone in spruce budworm". Annals of the Entomological Society of America. 72 (4): 544–551. doi:10.1093/AESA/72.4.544. S2CID 84678927.
  90. ^ Sanders C (September 1, 1975). "Factors affecting adult emergence and mating behavior of the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Lepidoptera: Totricidae)". Canadian Entomologist. 107 (9): 967–77. doi:10.4039/ENT107967-9. S2CID 86477332.
  91. ^ Chaudhuri A, Sinha A (July 15, 1997). "A male-male pairing in the tropical tasar silkmoth, Antheraea mylitta (Saturniidae)". News of the Lepidopterists' Society. 39 (3): 39.
  92. ^ Schmieder-Wenzel C, Schruft G (January 12, 1990). "Courtship behaviour of the European Grape Berry Moth, Eupoecilia ambiguella Hb. (Lep., Tortricidae) in regard to pheromonal and tactile stimuli". Journal of Applied Entomology. 109 (1–5): 341–346. doi:10.1111/j.1439-0418.1990.tb00062.x. S2CID 86384073.
  93. ^ Zimmer (2000)
  94. ^ a b Bagemihl (1999) page 657
  95. ^ a b c Bagemihl (1999) pages 236, 704, 713
  96. ^ Bagemihl (1999), pages 668, 667
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