List of fossil primates of South America

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List of fossil primates of South America is located in South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
List of fossil primates of South America
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Locations of primate fossil finds in South America and the Caribbean
Divisaderan
Deseadan
Hemingfordian & Colhuehuapian
Santacrucian-Friasian
Laventan
Huayquerian
Pleistocene
Holocene

Various fossil primates have been found in South America and adjacent regions such as Panama and the Caribbean.[1] Presently, 78 species of New World monkeys have been registered in South America.[2] Around the middle of the Cenozoic, approximately 34 million years ago,[3] two types of mammals appeared for the first time in South America: rodents and primates. Both of these groups had already been inhabiting other continents for millions of years and they simply arrived in South America rather than originated there. Analyses of evolutionary relationships have shown that their closest relatives were living in Africa at the time. Therefore, the most likely explanation is that they somehow crossed the Atlantic Ocean, which was less wide than today, landed in South America, and founded new populations of rodents and primates.[4]

The first South American primates gave rise to an impressive evolutionary radiation: more than 120 species in five families. These primates are known as platyrrhine (flat-nosed) primates and are closely related to Old World apes and monkeys (catarrhine primates). Platyrrhines include some of the most popular and acrobatic monkeys such as spider monkeys (Ateles) and capuchins (Cebus), both of which have grasping (prehensile) tails that can be used as a fifth limb. Platyrrhines also include a wide variety of colorful tamarins and marmosets (family Callitrichidae). The platyrrhine primate fossil record is relatively sparse, quite unlike that of caviomorph rodents.[4]

The presently oldest New World monkey is Perupithecus ucayaliensis from Amazonian Peru, described in 2015.[5] A 2017 study of the fossils estimated the body mass for the various fossil primate species.[6] However, the Ucayalipithecus who might have rafted across the Atlantic between ~35–32 million years ago, are nested within the Parapithecoidea from the Eocene of Afro-Arabia.[7]

List of fossil primates of South America[edit]

Note: some authors, among others Fossilworks, consider Killikaike synonymous with Homunculus and Szalatavus with Branisella, while other researchers consider the genera as different.
The Panamanian and Caribbean fossil primates have been included for completeness.

Age
(SALMA/NALMA) 		Formation Country Family Subfamily Genus Species
bold is type 		Estimated
body mass 		Notes
Divisaderan Yahuarango Fm.  Peru incertae sedis incertae sedis Perupithecus P. ucayaliensis 400 g (0.88 lb)
[6][8]
Deseadan Chambira Fm. Canaanimico C. amazonensis 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][9]
[10]
Salla Fm.  Bolivia Branisella B. boliviana 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][11]
Szalatavus S. attricuspis 550 g (1.21 lb)
[6][11]
Hemingfordian Lagunitas Fm.  Cuba Atelidae Alouattinae Paralouatta P. marianae 4,708 g (10.38 lb)
[12]
[13][14]
Las Cascadas Fm.  Panama Cebidae stem cebid Panamacebus P. transitus 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][15]
[16]
Colhuehuapian Sarmiento Fm.  Argentina Saimirinae Dolichocebus D. gaimanensis 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][17]
Aotidae stem aotid Tremacebus T. harringtoni 1,800 g (4.0 lb)
[6][18]
Pitheciidae Pitheciinae Mazzonicebus M. almendrae 1,602 g (3.532 lb)
[6][19]
Abanico Fm.  Chile Atelidae stem atelid Chilecebus C. carrascoensis 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][20]
Santacrucian Santa Cruz Fm.  Argentina Cebidae Cebinae Killikaike K. blakei 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][21]
Pitheciidae Callicebinae Homunculus H. patagonicus 2,700 g (6.0 lb)
[6][21]
Pinturas Fm. Carlocebus C. carmenensis 3,500 g (7.7 lb)
[6][22]
C. intermedius
[23]
Pitheciinae Soriacebus S. adrianae
[24]
S. ameghinorum 1,483 g (3.269 lb)
[6][25]
Friasian Collón Cura Fm. Proteropithecia P. neuquenensis 1,600 g (3.5 lb)
[6]
Laventan Honda Gp.  Colombia Atelidae Alouattinae Stirtonia S. tatacoensis 5,513 g (12.154 lb)
[6][26]
S. victoriae 10,000 g (22 lb)
[6][27]
Cebidae Saimirinae Saimiri S. annectens 605 g (1.334 lb)
[6][28]
S. fieldsi 768 g (1.693 lb)
[6][29]
Patasola P. magdalenae 480 g (1.06 lb)
[6][30]
incertae sedis incerstae sedis Lagonimico L. conclucatus 595 g (1.312 lb)
[6][31]
Callitrichidae - Micodon M. kiotensis 400 g (0.88 lb)
[6][32]
Aotidae - Aotus A. dindensis 1,054 g (2.324 lb)
[6][33]
Pitheciidae Callicebinae Miocallicebus M. villaviejai 1,500 g (3.3 lb)
[6][34]
Pitheciinae Cebupithecia C. sarmientoi 1,602 g (3.532 lb)
[6][35]
Nuciruptor N. rubricae 2,000 g (4.4 lb)
[6][36]
Atelidae stem atelid Mohanamico M. hershkovitzi 1,000 g (2.2 lb)
[6][37]
Huayquerian Solimões Fm.  Brazil Atelidae Atelinae Solimoea S. acrensis 8,000 g (18 lb)
[6][38]
 Brazil
 Bolivia		 Cebidae Cebinae Acrecebus A. fraileyi 12,000 g (26 lb)
[6][39]
Pleistocene Cueva del Mono  Cuba Atelidae Alouattinae Paralouatta P. varonai 8,444 g (18.616 lb)
[6][40]
 Brazil Cartelles C. coimbrafilhoi 23,500 g (51.8 lb)
[6]
Caipora C. bambuiorum 24,000 g (53 lb)
[6][41]
[42]
Protopithecus P. bonaeriensis 22,600 g (49.8 lb)
[43]
P. brasiliensis
[41][44]
[45]
Alouatta A. mauroi
[46][47]
Holocene La Jeringa Cave  Dominican Republic Pitheciidae Pitheciinae Antillothrix A. bernensis 1,500 g (3.3 lb)
[6]
Long Mile Cave  Jamaica Xenothrix X. mcgregori 5,720 g (12.61 lb)
[6][48]
Trouing Jérémie  Haiti Insulacebus I. toussentiana 4,805 g (10.593 lb)
[6][49]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ Tejedor et al., 2013, p. 22
  2. ^ Rosenberger & Hartwig, 2001, p. 2
  3. ^ Lynch Alfaro et al., 2015, p. 519
  4. ^ a b South American Fossil Mammals
  5. ^ Bond et al., 2015, p. 538
  6. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai Silvestro et al., 2017, p. 14
  7. ^ Seiffert et al., 2020, pp. 194–197
  8. ^ Perupithecus at Fossilworks.org
  9. ^ Marivaux et al., 2016
  10. ^ Canaanimico at Fossilworks.org
  11. ^ a b Branisella boliviana at Fossilworks.org
  12. ^ Püschel et al., 2017
  13. ^ MacPhee et al., 2003, p. 6
  14. ^ Paralouatta marianae at Fossilworks.org
  15. ^ Bloch et al., 2016a, p. 243
  16. ^ Panamacebus at Fossilworks.org
  17. ^ Dolichocebus at Fossilworks.org
  18. ^ Tremacebus at Fossilworks.org
  19. ^ Mazzonicebus at Fossilworks.org
  20. ^ Chilecebus at Fossilworks.org
  21. ^ a b Homunculus at Fossilworks.org
  22. ^ Carlocebus carmenensis at Fossilworks.org
  23. ^ Carlocebus intermedius at Fossilworks.org
  24. ^ Soriacebus adrianae at Fossilworks.org
  25. ^ Soriacebus ameghinorum at Fossilworks.org
  26. ^ Stirtonia tatacoensis at Fossilworks.org
  27. ^ Stirtonia victoriae at Fossilworks.org
  28. ^ Saimiri annectens at Fossilworks.org
  29. ^ Saimiri fieldsi at Fossilworks.org
  30. ^ Patasola magdalenae in the Paleobiology Database
  31. ^ Lagonimico conclucatus at Fossilworks.org
  32. ^ Micodon kiotensis at Fossilworks.org
  33. ^ Aotus dindensis at Fossilworks.org
  34. ^ Miocallicebus villaviejai at Fossilworks.org
  35. ^ Cebupithecia sarmientoi at Fossilworks.org
  36. ^ Nuciruptor rubricae in the Paleobiology Database
  37. ^ Luchterhand et al., 1986, p. 1753
  38. ^ Solimoea at Fossilworks.org
  39. ^ Acrecebus at Fossilworks.org
  40. ^ Horovitz & MacPhee, 1999, p. 37
  41. ^ a b Cartelle & Hartwig, 1996
  42. ^ Caipora bambuiorum at Fossilworks.org
  43. ^ Protopithecus bonaeriensis at Fossilworks.org
  44. ^ Halenar & Rosenberger, 2013
  45. ^ Protopithecus brasiliensis at Fossilworks.org
  46. ^ Tejedor et al., 2008
  47. ^ Alouatta mauroi at Fossilworks.org
  48. ^ Xenothrix at Fossilworks.org
  49. ^ Insulacebus at Fossilworks.org

Bibliography[edit]

General[edit]

  • Bond, Mariano; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Campbell Jr., Kenneth E.; Chornogubsky, Laura; Novo, Nelson; Goin, Francisco (2015). "Eocene primates of South America and the African origins of New World monkeys". Nature. 520 (7548): 538–546. doi:10.1038/nature14120. hdl:11336/79088. PMID 25652825. S2CID 4456556. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  • Lynch Alfaro, Jessica W.; Cortés Ortiz, Liliana; Di Fiore, Anthony; Boubli, Jean P. (2015). "Special issue: Comparative biogeography of Neotropical primates" (PDF). Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 82: 518–529. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2014.09.027. PMID 25451803. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  • Püschel, Thomas A.; Gladman, Justin T.; Bobe, René; Sellers, William I. (2017). "The evolution of the platyrrhine talus: A comparative analysis of the phenetic affinities of the Miocene platyrrhines with their modern relatives". Journal of Human Evolution. 111: 179–201. doi:10.1016/j.jhevol.2017.07.015. PMC 5603972. PMID 28874270. {{cite journal}}: |access-date= requires |url= (help)
  • Rosenberger, Alfred L.; Hartwig, Walter Carl (2001). "New World Monkeys" (PDF). Encyclopedia of Life Sciences: 1–4. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  • Silvestro, Daniele; Tejedor, Marcelo F.; Serrano Serrano, Martha L.; Loiseau, Oriane; Rossier, Victor; Rolland, Jonathan; Zizka, Alexander; Antonelli, Alexandre; Salamin, Nicolas (2017). "Evolutionary history of New World monkeys revealed by molecular and fossil data" (PDF). BioRxiv. _: 1–32. Retrieved 2017-09-24.
  • Tejedor, Marcelo F (2013). "Sistemática, evolución y paleobiogeografía de los primates Platyrrhini" (PDF). Revista del Museo de La Plata. 20: 20–39. Retrieved 2017-09-24.

Specific[edit]

Further reading[edit]

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