Manuel III of Trebizond
| Manuel III of Trebizond | |
|---|---|
| Emperor of Trebizond | |
| Reign | 1390–1417 |
| Born | 1364 |
| Died | 1417 |
| Spouse | Eudokia |
| Dynasty | Komnenos |
| Father | Alexios III Megas Komnenos |
| Mother | Theodora Kantakouzene |
Manuel III Megas Komnenos (Template:Lang-el΄ Μέγας Κομνηνός, Manouēl III Megas Komnēnos) (December 16, 1364 – March 5, 1417) was Emperor of Trebizond from March 20, 1390 to his death in 1417.
The major event of Manuel's reign was the arrival of the Central Asian conqueror Tamerlane to Anatolia. This led to the destruction of the Ottoman Empire in the Battle of Ankara, which had threatened the existence of Manuel's domain. Although the Ottomans reconstituted their state after 10 years of civil war, this defeat extended the life and security of the Empire of Trebizond for several more decades.
Life
Manuel was the son of Emperor Alexios III of Trebizond by Theodora Kantakouzene. He was made heir apparent in 1377, after the death of his elder brother Basil.
Manuel's domain had come under the growing threat of the ruler of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan Bayezid I, who in 1398 had led his army along the Black Sea coast as far as the border of the Empire of Trebizond.[1] Tamerlane, who had campaigned in eastern Anatolia in 1394, returned and captured Sivas (27 August 1400), slaughtering all of its defenders.[2] Tamerlane demanded that Manuel and his army join him in the coming war with the Ottoman Turks, but somehow the Emperor avoided this demand, although he did contribute twenty galleys to Tamerlane's general effort.[3] Bayezid and Tamerlane finally met in the Battle of Ankara, where Tamerlane crushed the Ottoman forces and made the Sultan his prisoner. For the next eight months Tamerlane moved about Anatolia, restoring the old Turkish beyliks and plundering Ottoman territories, thus dismantling the Ottoman Empire.[4] It would not be until 1413, when Mehmet I defeated his last surviving brother, that the Ottoman Empire would once more be a threat to any of its neighbors.
When Tamerlane left Asia Minor in 1403, part of his army detached from the whole to visit the city of Kerasous and it was presumably by their ravages that the rule of Melissenos at Oinaion was destroyed. Only the mountains around Kerasous prevented them from venturing any further, much to the relief of the people of Trebizond.[5] Tamerlane also put his nephew Mirza Halil in charge of the affairs of Armenia, Trebizond, and Georgia, but with his father's death in 1405 Halil rushed off to assume the throne at Samarkand.[6]
Mirza Halil's departure created a power vacuum which was filled by the Kara Koyunlu, or the "Black Sheep" Turkmen. Manuel handed this threat through diplomacy, following the established practice of his family of absorbing them into his family through marriage. One of his daughters became the wife of the most dangerous rulers, Qara Yusuf of the Kara Koyunlu. Another was wedded to Ali Beg, Khan of their rivals the Aq Qoyunlu, or the "White Sheep" Turkmen. His oldest daughter became the third wife of Emperor John VIII Palaiologos while his youngest became the first wife of George Brankovich of Serbia.[7]
The ambassador to Tamerlane Ruy Gonzáles de Clavijo was received by Manuel while passing through Trebizond in April 1404 and wrote the following of Manuel:
The Emperor and his son were dressed in imperial robes. They wore on their heads tall hats surmounted by golden cords, on the top of which were cranes' feathers; and the hats were bound with the skins of martens ... This Emperor pays tribute to Timur Beg, and to other Turks, who are his neighbours. He is married to a relation of the Emperor of Constantinople, and his son is married to the daughter of a knight of Constantinople, and has two little daughters.[8]
Relations with Venice were better than with Genoa. In 1391 a pact was concluded, on the lines of the treaty of 1319, which reduced the dues Venice paid and confirmed the old privileges. In 1396 Manuel signed a golden bull at the insistence of the Venetian bailli, Gussoni, which allowed the Venetians to trade throughout his realm, granted them their own church, bank, and law court. Manuel sent a bell and clock to Venice to be repaired, and in 1416 a Trapezuntine embassy is recorded visiting that city. However, with Genoa was frequent strife. Manuel was accused of bribing the Genoese officials at Galata. In 1416 Genoa resolved to take steps against him for interference with their castle at Trebizond, which became so serious that the Venetians ordered their galleys to not land at Trebizond due to the "divisions existing between the Emperor and the Genoese".[9]
The last years of Manuel's reign were clouded by discord with his own son Alexios IV, although he had been associated in authority as despotes. Manuel had for a time taken into his service a young man as his page. The favor shown to him, however, aroused the anger of the native aristocracy because of his humble birth so they poisoned the minds of the people against the page. At the same time, Alexios, covetous of the throne, raised the flag of revolt and demanded that the favorite be banished. The nobles joined him and besieged Manuel in the upper citadel, finally forcing him to concede and banish the favorite from the palace. The people then dispersed, but Alexios, who was still seeking the crown, was forced to reconcile with his father. Ironically, the price of reconciliation was that Alexios take the young page into his service.[10] Manuel III died in March 1417,[11] and was succeeded by Alexios IV. George Finlay records the rumor that Alexios "was suspected of having hastened his father's death."[12]
Manuel, "like his father, took an active interest in buildings of a religious nature. In the year of his succession he presented an ornate cross believed to contain a holy relic (stavrotheke), in this case a piece of the cross on which Jesus Christ was crucified, to the Soumela Monastery."[13]
Family
Manuel married Gulkhan-Eudokia of Georgia, the widow of his elder half-brother Andronikos and a daughter of King David IX of Georgia, in 1377. His second wife, whom he married in 1395, was Anna Philanthropene of the Byzantine Doukas family.[14]
By Gulkhan-Eudokia, he had at least one son:
- Alexios, who succeeded him as Emperor
According to Thierry Ganchou, Manuel had one son by his second wife Anna. Ganchou identifies him as the otherwise nameless Komnenos whom George Sphrantzes mentions in his history. This Komnenos had been the previous owner of the stallion Sphrantzes rode while campaigning in the Morea in 1429, and who married Eudokia the daughter of Manuel Palaiologos Kantakouzenos, but died before the couple could have children.[15]
Notes
- ^ Stanford Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey (Cambridge: University Press, 1976), vol. 1 p. 34
- ^ Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, p. 35
- ^ George Finlay, The History of Greece and the Empire of Trebizond, (1204-1461) (Edinburgh: William Blackwood, 1851), p. 391
- ^ Shaw, History of the Ottoman Empire, pp. 35f
- ^ William Miller, Trebizond: The last Greek Empire of the Byzantine Era: 1204-1461, 1926 (Chicago: Argonaut, 1969), p. 72
- ^ Miller, Trebizond, pp. 76f
- ^ Donald M. Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, 1261–1453, (Cambridge: University Press, 1972), p. 404
- ^ Clavijo's Embassy, translated by C. R. Markham (1859), quoted in Nicol, The Last Centuries of Byzantium, p. 404.
- ^ Miller, Trebizond, pp. 77f
- ^ Miller, Trebizond, pp. 73f
- ^ The continuation of Panaretos' chronicle dates his death to March 5, 1412, but since that source also states he reigned 27 years Miller concludes "it seems more probable that his death really occurred in 1417." (Miller, Trebizond, pp. 78f) More recently Nicolas Oikonomides has argued that the date of his death was in 1418. (Oikonomides, "Πρόσταγμα Ἀλεξίου Δ΄ τοῦ Μεγ. Κομνηνοῦ περὶ τῆς ἐν Ἄθῳ μονῆς τοῦ Διονυσίου", Νέον ᾽Αθήναιον, 1 (1955), p. 18–20.
- ^ Finlay, History of Greece, p. 393
- ^ From an article on the website of the Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism about the Sumela Monastery, retrieved December 28, 2004.
- ^ Kelsey Jackson Williams, "A Genealogy of the Grand Komnenoi of Trebizond", Foundations, 2 (2006), p. 181
- ^ Ganchou, "A propos d’un cheval de race: un dynaste de Trébizonde en exil à Constantinople au début du XVe siècle" in Mare et litora: Essays Presented to Sergei Karpov for his 60th Birthday, Rustam Shukurov (editor) (Moscow: Indrik, 2009), pp. 553-574
Further reading
- The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, Oxford University Press, 1991.
External links
- Vougiouklaki Penelope, "Manuel III Grand Komnenos", Encyclopedia of the Hellenic World: Asia Minor