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Margaret Clitherow

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Saint Margaret Clitherow
one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales
Born1556
York, Yorkshire, England[1]
Died25 March 1586
York, Yorkshire, England
Venerated inRoman Catholic Church
Beatified15 December 1929 by Pope Pius XI
Canonized25 October 1970, Rome by Pope Paul VI
Major shrineThe Shambles, York, North Yorkshire, England
Feast30 August
Patronagebusinesswomen, converts, martyrs, Catholic Women's League, Latin Mass Society

Saint Margaret Clitherow (1556 – 25 March 1586) is an English saint and martyr of the Roman Catholic Church,[2] sometimes called "the Pearl of York".

Life

Clitherow was born Margaret Middleton in 1556,[3] one of five children of Thomas and Jane Middleton. Her father was a respected businessman, a wax-chandler and Sheriff of York in 1564.[4] He died when Margaret was fourteen. She married John Clitherow, a wealthy butcher and a chamberlain of the city, in 1571 and bore him three children. The family lived in The Shambles.

She converted to Roman Catholicism in 1574. Although her husband belonged to the Established Church, he was supportive as his brother William was a Roman Catholic priest.[5] He paid her fines for not attending church services. She was first imprisoned in 1577 for failing to attend church. Two more incarcerations at York Castle followed.[6] Her third child, William, was born in prison.[7]

The Black Swan, Peasholme Green, York

Margaret risked her life by harbouring and maintaining priests, She provided two chambers, one adjoining her house and, with her house under surveillance, she rented a house some distance away, where she kept priests hidden and Mass was celebrated through the thick of the persecution.[4] Her home became one of the most important hiding places for fugitive priests in the north of England. Local tradition holds that she also housed her clerical guests in the Black Swan Inn at Peaseholme Green, where the Queen's agents were lodged.[7]

She sent her older son, Henry, to the English College, relocated in Reims, to train for the priesthood. Her husband was summoned by the authorities to explain why his oldest son had gone abroad, and in March 1586 the Clitherow house was searched.[8] A frightened boy revealed the location of the priest hole.[6]

Margaret was arrested and called before the York assizes for the crime of harbouring Roman Catholic priests. She refused to plead preventing a trial that would entail her children being made to testify, and being subjected to torture. Although pregnant with her fourth child,[4] she was executed on Lady Day, 1586, (which also happened to be Good Friday that year) in the Toll Booth at Ouse Bridge, by being crushed to death, the standard inducement to force a plea.[9]

The two sergeants who should have carried out the execution hired four desperate beggars to do it instead. She was stripped and had a handkerchief tied across her face then laid across a sharp rock the size of a man's fist, the door from her own house was put on top of her and loaded with an immense weight of rocks and stones so that the sharp rock would break her back. Her death occurred within fifteen minutes, but her body was left for six hours before the weight was removed.

Following her execution, Elizabeth I wrote to the citizens of York expressing her horror at the treatment of a woman. Because of her sex, she argued, Clitherow should not have been executed.[citation needed]

Veneration

Clitherow was beatified in 1929 by Pope Pius XI and canonised on 25 October 1970[10] by Pope Paul VI among the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales. Their feast day in the current Roman Catholic calendar is 4 May in England and 25 October in Wales. She is also commemorated in England on 30 August, along with martyrs Anne Line and Margaret Ward.

A relic, said to be her hand, is housed in the Bar Convent in York.[6]

St. Margaret's Shrine is at 35-36 The Shambles. John Clitherow had his butchershop at 35.[11] However, the street was re-numbered in the 18th century, so it’s thought their house was actually opposite.[10]

Legacy

St Margaret Clitherow is the patroness of the Catholic Women's League.[12]

A number of schools in England are named after Margaret Clitherow, including those in Bracknell, Brixham, Manchester, Middlesbrough,Thamesmead SE28, Brent, London NW10 and Tonbridge. The Roman Catholic primary school in Nottingham's Bestwood estate is named after Clitherow.[13] In the United States, St Margaret of York Church and School in Loveland, a suburb of Cincinnati, Ohio, is also named after her. Another school named after her is St Margaret Clitherow RC Primary School, located next to Stevenage Borough Football Club.

She is a co-patroness of the Latin Mass Society, who organise an annual pilgrimage to York in her honour. A group of parishes in the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Liverpool, Sacred Heart in Hindsford, St Richard's in Atherton, Holy Family in Boothstown, St Ambrose Barlow in Astley, St Gabriel's, Higher Folds in Leigh are now united as a single community with St Margaret Clitherow as its patron.[14][15]

The English poet and Jesuit priest Gerard Manley Hopkins wrote a poem honouring "God's daughter Margaret Clitheroe."[16] The poem, entitled "Margaret Clitheroe" was among fragments and unfinished poems of Hopkins discovered after his death and is a tribute to the woman, to her faith and courage, and to the manner of her death.[17]

Commemorative plaque on the Ouse Bridge, York

In 2008, a commemorative plaque was installed at the Micklegate end of York's Ouse Bridge to mark the site of her martyrdom; the Bishop of Middlesbrough unveiled it in a ceremony on Friday 29 August 2008.[18]

See also

References

  1. ^ "Saint Margaret Clitherow", Britannica.com
  2. ^ Rayne-Davies, John (2002). Margaret Clitherow: Saint of York. Beverley : Highgate of Beverley. ISBN 1-902645-32-4.
  3. ^ "About St. Margaret", St. Wilfrid's Roman Catholic Church - York
  4. ^ a b c Camm, Bede. "St. Margaret Clitherow." The Catholic Encyclopedia Vol. 4. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1908. 27 March 2016
  5. ^ The Little Black Book: Six-minute reflections on the Weekly Gospels of Lent 2009, page about "The Pearl of York", published by the Diocese of Saginaw
  6. ^ a b c "Margaret Clitherow", History of York
  7. ^ a b McSheffery, Daniel F., "St. Margaret: Mother and Martyr", The Homiletic & Pastoral Review, April 1994
  8. ^ Stevens, Clifford. "St. Margaret Clitherow", The One Year Book of Saints, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing
  9. ^ McGoldrick, T.A., "Saint Margaret Clitherow", Catholic Pamphlets
  10. ^ a b Green, Carole. "The Pearl of York", BBC- North Yorkshire, 10 September 2008
  11. ^ "The history of The Shambles York England - Margaret Clitherow", Hotels in York Ltd
  12. ^ "Our Saint", Catholic Women's League of England and Wales
  13. ^ St Margaret Clitherow Primary and Nursery Catholic Voluntary Academy, Nottingham
  14. ^ The Catholic Church in the Leigh Area, Leigh Pastoral Area, retrieved 28 April 2013
  15. ^ History, sacredheartrchindsford.co.uk, archived from the original on 15 August 2013, retrieved 28 April 2013 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |deadurl= ignored (|url-status= suggested) (help)
  16. ^ Garner, W. H. (ed.) (1953), Gerard Manley Hopkins: Poems and Prose, Harmondsworth: Penguin, pp. 78-80
  17. ^ "The Poet's Eye: Gerard Manley Hopkins' "Margaret Clitheroe"". Catholicism.org. 16 October 2008. Retrieved 16 November 2015.
  18. ^ "Bishop Terry to unveil plaque to St Margaret Clitherow". The Roman Catholic Diocese of Middlesbrough. 29 August 2008. Retrieved 15 November 2010.
  •  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "St. Margaret Clitherow". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.

Further reading

  • Peter Lake and Michael Questier, 2011, The Trials of Margaret Clitherow: Persecution, Martyrdom and the Politics of Sanctity in Elizabethan England: New York/London: Continuum ISBN 1-4411-0436-4

Margaret

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