Non-exhaust emissions
Non-exhaust emissions come from wearing down motor vehicle brake pads, tires, roads themselves, and unsettling of particles on the road.[1][2][3][4][5] This particulate matter is made up of micrometre-sized particles and causes negative health effects, including respiratory disease and cancer.[6] Very fine particulate matter has been linked to cardiovascular disease.[7]
Studies have shown that non-exhaust emissions from vehicles can be greater than exhaust gas emissions.[4]
Types of emissions
- Brake wear gets released into the air as particulate matter[1] averaging 12-17 milligrams per vehicle per kilometer.[5]
- Unsettling particles on the road get released into the air averaging 8-12 milligrams per vehicle per kilometer.[5]
- Rubber pollution gets released into the air averaging 2.3-3.3 milligrams per vehicle per kilometer.[5]
- The road itself wears and releases particulate matter into the air.[2]
Ways of reducing emissions
Better regulation of tires has been suggested.[8] Lighter vehicles pollute less.[8]
Electric and hybrid vehicles
Electric vehicles and hybrid vehicles with regenerative braking still unsettle particles on the roadway and give off rubber and road pollution, and do so at a higher rate than lighter internal combustion vehicles,[5] but do not emit the same level of brake wear compared to vehicles of the same type.[9]
Regulatory agencies and policies that target exhaust emissions
Very few agencies are charged with implementing exhaust emission standards for non-exhaust emissions.[1] Most policies target exhaust emissions and do not regulate non-exhaust particulate matter emissions.[2]
See also
- Air quality law
- European emission standards
- Exhaust gas
- Ontario's Drive Clean
- Partial zero-emissions vehicle
- Phase-out of fossil fuel vehicles
- Roadway air dispersion modeling
- United States vehicle emission standards
- Vehicle emission standard
- Vehicle inspection
References
- ^ a b c "Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport (highlights)" (PDF). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development Publishing, Paris.
- ^ a b c Non-exhaust Particulate Emissions from Road Transport: An Ignored Environmental Policy Challenge (Report). Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. 2020. doi:10.1787/4a4dc6ca-en. ISBN 9789264452442.
- ^ Piscitello, Amelia; Bianco, Carlo; Casasso, Alessandro; Sethi, Rajandrea (2021). "Non-exhaust traffic emissions: Sources, characterization, and mitigation measures". Science of the Total Environment. 766: 144440. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.766n4440P. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144440. PMID 33421784. S2CID 231437358.
- ^ a b "Non-exhaust emission sources". Royal Society of Chemistry Environmental Chemistry Group.
- ^ a b c d e Beddows, David C.S.; Harrison, Roy M. (2021). "PM10 and PM2.5 emission factors for non-exhaust particles from road vehicles: Dependence upon vehicle mass and implications for battery electric vehicles" (PDF). Atmospheric Environment. 244: 117886. Bibcode:2021AtmEn.24417886B. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117886. S2CID 224851906.
- ^ US EPA, OAR (26 April 2016). "Health and Environmental Effects of Particulate Matter (PM)". US EPA. Retrieved 5 October 2019.
- ^ "Pollution Particles Lead to Higher Heart Attack Risk". Bloomberg L.P. 17 January 2008. Archived from the original on 29 June 2011.
- ^ a b "Car tyres produce vastly more particle pollution than exhausts, tests show". the Guardian. 2022-06-03. Retrieved 2022-06-04.
- ^ Hall, Thomas J. (2017). "A Comparison of Braking Behavior between an IC Engine and Pure Electric Vehicle in Los Angeles City Driving Conditions". Brake Colloquium & Exhibition. SAE Technical Paper Series. 1. doi:10.4271/2017-01-2518.
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