Pachelbel's Canon

Pachelbel's Canon, also known as Canon in D major (Kanon und Gigue für 3 Violinen mit Generalbaß in German) (PWC 37, T. 337, PC 358), is the most famous piece of music by German Baroque composer Johann Pachelbel. It was originally scored for three violins and basso continuo and paired with a gigue in the same key. Like most other works by Pachelbel and other pre-1700 composers, the Canon remained forgotten for centuries and was rediscovered only in the 20th century. Several decades after it was first published in 1919, the piece became extremely popular, and today it is frequently played at weddings and included on classical music compilations, along with other famous Baroque pieces such as Air on the G String by Johann Sebastian Bach.

[edit] History of composition and publication

Although Pachelbel was renowned in his lifetime for his chamber works (contemporary sources praise his serenades and sonatas), most of them were lost. Only Musikalische Ergötzung, a collection of partitas published during Pachelbel's lifetime, is known, and a few isolated pieces in manuscripts. Canon and Gigue in D major is one of such pieces. A single manuscript copy of it survives, Mus.MS 16481 in the Berlin State Library, which contains two more chamber suites; another copy, previously kept in Hochschule der Künste in Berlin, is now lost.^[1] The circumstances of the piece's composition are wholly unknown. One writer^[2] hypothesized that the Canon may have been composed for Johann Christoph Bach's wedding, on 23 October 1694, which Pachelbel attended.^[2] The music for the occasion was provided by Johann Ambrosius Bach, Pachelbel, and other friends and family members.^[2] Johann Christoph Bach was a former pupil of Pachelbel's, and Johann Sebastian Bach's oldest brother.

The Canon (without the accompanying gigue) was first published in 1919 by scholar Gustav Beckmann, who included the score in his article on Pachelbel's chamber music.^[3] His research was inspired and supported by renowned early music scholar and editor Max Seiffert, who in 1929 published his arrangement of Canon and Gigue in his Organum series.^[4] However, that edition contained numerous articulation marks and dynamics not found in the original score; furthermore, Seiffert provided tempi which he considered right for the piece, but which were not supported by later research.^[5] The Canon was first recorded in 1940 by Arthur Fiedler,^[6] and the first famous recording^{[citation needed]} of the piece was made by the Jean-François Paillard chamber orchestra.^[7]

Over the years, the Canon has been arranged numerous times for a wide variety of ensembles. A non-original viola pizzicato part is also commonly added (in a string orchestra or quartet setting) when a harpsichord or organ player is not used to improvise harmonies over the bass line.^{[citation needed]} The Canon's chord progression proved to be influential; it was used in several pop and rock songs, such as "Go West" by the Village People.

[edit] Analysis

Pachelbel's Canon combines the techniques of canon and ground bass. Canon is a polyphonic device in which several voices play the same music, only enter one by one, each after a delay. In Pachelbel's piece, there are three voices engaged in canon (see Example 1), but there is also a fourth voice, the basso continuo, which plays an independent part.

Example 1. The first 9 measures of the Canon in D. The violins play a three-voice canon over the ground bass which provides the harmonic structure. Colors highlight the individual canonic entries.

The bass voice keeps repeating the same two-bar line throughout the piece. The common musical term for this is ostinato, or ground bass (see Example 2). The chords suggested by this bass are:

Example 2. Ground bass of Pachelbel's Canon.

1. D major (tonic),
2. A major (dominant),
3. B minor (tonic relative or submediant—the relative minor tonic),
4. F-sharp minor (dominant parallel or mediant—the relative minor dominant),
5. G major (subdominant),
6. D major (tonic),
7. G major (subdominant), and
8. A major (dominant)

This sequence, "I V vi iii IV I IV V" (see scale degree), and similar sequences appear elsewhere in classical music. Handel used it for the main theme and all variations thereof throughout the second movement of his Organ Concerto Op. 7 No. 5 in G minor, HWV 310.^{[8][not in citation given]} Mozart employed it both for a passage in Die Zauberflöte (1791), at the moment where the three boys first appear and in the last movement of his Piano Concerto No. 23 in A major, K. 488 (1786).^{[citation needed]} He may have learned the sequence from Haydn, who had used it in the minuet of his string quartet Opus 50 No. 2, composed in 1785.^{[citation needed]} Neither Handel's, nor Haydn's, nor Mozart's passage is an exact harmonic match to Pachelbel's, the latter two both deviating in the last bar, and may in fact have arisen more prosaically from one of the more obvious harmonizations of a descending major scale. This sequence is known as a plagal sequence.^{[citation needed]}

In Germany, Italy, and France of the 17th century, some pieces built on ground bass were called chaconnes or passacaglias; such ground-bass works sometimes incorporate some form of variation in the upper voices. While some writers consider each of the 28 statements of the ground bass a separate variation,^[9] one scholar finds that Pachelbel's canon is constructed of just 12 variations, each four bars long, and describes them as follows:^[10]

1. quarter notes
2. eighth notes
3. sixteenth notes
4. leaping quarter notes, rest
5. 32nd-note pattern on scalar melody
6. staccato, eighth notes and rests
7. 16th-note extensions of melody with upper neighbor notes
8. repetitive sixteenth note patterns
9. dotted rhythms
10. dotted rhythms and 16th-note patterns on upper neighbor notes
11. syncopated quarter and eighth notes rhythm
12. eighth-note octave leaps

Pachelbel's Canon thus merges a strict polyphonic form (the canon) and a variation form (the chaconne, which itself is a mixture of ground bass composition and variations). In this regard it is similar to the 13th century round Sumer Is Icumen In.^{[original research?]} Pachelbel skillfully constructs the variations to make them both pleasing and subtly undetectable.^[10]

The convention in the Baroque era would have been to play a piece of this type in the moderate to fast tempo.^{[citation needed]} It became fashionable in the 20th and 21st centuries to play the work at a very slow tempo, often as slow as 40 bpm,^{[citation needed]} although faster renditions are occasionally heard.^{[11][not in citation given]}

[edit] Media

	Canon in D (Pachelbel's Canon) (arrangement for solo piano) Performed by Lee Galloway. Note that this arrangement is not exactly a canon like the original composition. Canon and Gigue in D Performed and realized on synthesizers by Jeffrey Hall.
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[edit] See also

• Canon Rock (music)

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Pachelbel's Canon: Free scores at the International Music Score Library Project.
• Free typeset arrangements of Canon in D from Cantorion.org
• Midi-files, videos, sheet resources, a discussion board and a collection of modern songs inspired by Pachelbel's Canon from pachelbelcanon.com
• Retunings of Pachelbel's Canon in a multitude of different tuning systems, including a number of xenharmonic tunings.
• Video of a historical performance of the Canon on original instruments by the ensemble Voices of Music using baroque instruments, bows, and playing techniques.
• Rock/neo-classical arrangement video of Pachelbel's Canon in D-major by Taiwanese musician and composer JerryC
• Performance of Canon and Gigue by The Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center from the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum in MP3 format
• Harmony and voice leading of the ›Pachelbelsequenz‹. (German tutorial) musiktheorie-aktuell.de