Liushu Formation
The Liushu formation is a geological formation in the Gansu province of China that spans up to 100 m thick and is widely distributed within the Linxia Basin, with a paleomagnetic age of between 11 and 6.4 Mya (Upper/Late Miocene).
The formation is divided into three parts which represent three different ages, generally referred to as the "upper part" (youngest, at 6-7 mya), the "middle part" (intermediate, at 9 to 7.6 mya. Also known as the Dashengou fauna, and the "lower part" (oldest).[1][2]
Mammals
Ungulata
Perissodactyla
The Liushu formation displays a lineage of Elasmotheriine rhinoceros throughout its stratigraphy. Iranotherium is restricted to the middle part of the formation but remains become absent in the overlying layers, the only Elasmotheriine that can be found in the upper layers is Sinotherium.
| Genus | Species | Locality | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper part | |||||
| Ancylotherium | sp.[3] | Guanghe County[3] | A Shizotheriine Chalicothere | ||
| Hipparion | H. coelophyes[3] | Guanghe County[3] | An ancient horse | ||
|
S. lagrelii[3] |
Guanghe County[3] |
A partial Skull |
An Elasmotheriine, ancestral to Elasmotherium. Displays the important transition from nose-horned to forehead horned Rhinos. |
||
| Middle part | |||||
| Acerorhinus | hezhengensis | A acerorhine rhino | |||
|
C. wimani |
Guanghe County[3] | ||||
| Hipparion | H. chiai | An ancient horse | |||
| Hipparion | H. weihoensis | An ancient horse | |||
|
I. morgani[2] |
Guanghe County[2] |
one female skull, one male skull, and one isolated mandible |
An elasmotheriine with unique sexual dimorphism. Ancestral to Sinotherium |
||
| Lower part | |||||
| Hipparion | H. dongxiangense[4] | ||||
| Ningxiatherium | sp. | ||||
| Parelasmotherium | P. linxiaense[4] | Dongxiang County[4] | A mostly complete
skull |
A grazing Elasmotheriine that coexisted
with another browsing Elasmotheriine |
|
| Parelasmotherium | P. simplum[4] | ||||
Artiodactyla
| Genus | Species | County | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper part | |||||
| Dicrocerus | sp.[3] | Guanghe County[3] | an ancient deer | ||
| Paleotragus | microdon[3] | Guanghe County[3] | an ancient giraffid | ||
| Protoryx | sp.[3] | Guanghe County[3] | an ancient bovid | ||
| Sinotragus | wimani[3] | Guanghe County[3] | an ancient bovid | ||
| Middle part | |||||
| Chleuastochoerus | stehlini | a prehistoric pig | |||
| Dicrocerus | sp.[3] | Guanghe County[3] | an ancient deer | ||
| Gazella | sp. | ||||
| Hezhengia | bohlini | a bovid | |||
| Honanotherium | schlosseri | an ancient giraffid | |||
| Miotragocerus | sp. | an extinct antelope | |||
| Samotherium | sp. | an ancient giraffid | |||
| Lower part | |||||
| Shaanxispira | sp.[4] | an ancient bovid | |||
Carnivora
Caniformia
| Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Melodon | majori | Middle part | a musteloid | |||
| Parataxidea[3] | sinensis[3] | Guanghe County[3] | Upper part[3] | a badger-like mustelid | ||
| Promephitis | hootoni | |||||
| Promephitis | sp. | Middle part | a musteloid | |||
| Sinictis | sp. | Middle part | a musteloid | |||
| Ursavus[3] | sp.[3] | Guanghe County[3] | Upper part[3] | an early bear |
Feliformia
| Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Amphimachairodus[3] | giganteus[3] | Guanghe County[3] | Upper part[3] to Middle part | a homotheriine sabercat | ||
| Dinocrocuta | gigantea | Middle part | a gigantic hyena | |||
| Felis[3] | sp.[3] | Guanghe County[3] | Upper part[3] to Middle part | |||
| Hyaenictitherium[3] | wongii[3] | Guanghe County[3] | Upper part to Middle part[3] | a Hyaenid | ||
| Hyaenictitherium | hyaenoides[3] | Upper part to Middle part | ||||
| Ictitherium[3] | sp.[3] | Guanghe County[3] | Upper part[3] to Middle part | a Hyaenid | ||
| Metailurus[3] | major[3] | Guanghe County[3] | Upper part[3] | a metalurin sabercat |
Glires
| Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pararhizomys | hipparionum | Middle part | A rodent. |
Proboscidea
| Genus | Species | County | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Tetralophodon | exoletus | Middle part | ||||
| Konobelodon | robustus | An amebelodont |
Birds
| Genus | Species | Locality | Member | Material | Notes | Images |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Linxiavis[5] | inaquosus[5] | Tibetian plateu, Gansu provinve | Middle part - Upper part [5] | articulated and associated elements of the
wings, shoulder girdle, vertebrae, and hind limb |
An extinct Sandgrouse | |
| Vulture | ||||||
| Ostrich | ||||||
| Pheasant | ||||||
| Falcon | ||||||
| eogruid |
References
- ^ "Vertebrata PalAsiatica, Vol. 42, 2004----Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleoanthropology, Chinese Academy of Sciences". english.ivpp.cas.cn. Retrieved 2020-12-21.
- ^ a b c Deng, Tao (2005-06-27). "New discovery of Iranotherium morgani (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the late Miocene of the Linxia Basin in Gansu, China, and its sexual dimorphism". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 25 (2): 442–450. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2005)025[0442:NDOIMP]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z aa ab ac ad ae af ag ah ai aj ak al am an ao ap aq ar as at Deng, Tao; Wang, ShiQi; Hou, SuKuan (2013-05-01). "A bizarre tandem-horned elasmothere rhino from the Late Miocene of northwestern China and origin of the true elasmothere". Chinese Science Bulletin. 58 (15): 1811–1817. Bibcode:2013ChSBu..58.1811D. doi:10.1007/s11434-012-5574-4. ISSN 1861-9541.
- ^ a b c d e Deng, Tao (2007-06-12). "Skull of Parelasmotherium (Perissodactyla, Rhinocerotidae) from the upper miocene in the Linxia Basin (Gansu, China)". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 27 (2): 467–475. doi:10.1671/0272-4634(2007)27[467:SOPPRF]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0272-4634.
- ^ a b c Li, Zhiheng; Stidham, Thomas A.; Deng, Tao; Zhou, Zhonghe (2020-03-31). "Evidence of Late Miocene Peri-Tibetan Aridification From the Oldest Asian Species of Sandgrouse (Aves: Pteroclidae)". Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution. 8: 59. doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00059. ISSN 2296-701X.