Paolo Veronese
| Paolo Veronese | |
|---|---|
 Self portrait |
|
| Born | 1528 Verona |
| Died | 19 April 1588 Venice |
| Nationality | Italian |
| Field | Painting |
| Movement | Renaissance |
| Patrons | Barbarigo family, Barbaro family |
| Influenced | Rubens |
Paolo Veronese (1528 – 19 April 1588) was an Italian painter of the Renaissance in Venice, famous for paintings such as The Wedding at Cana and The Feast in the House of Levi. He was the fifth child to a stone-cutter, or spezapreda, by the name of Gabriele.[1] It was common for surnames to be taken from a father's profession, and thus Veronese was known as Paolo Spezapreda. He later changed his name to Caliari when he relocated to Venice.[2] He adopted the name Paolo Cagliari or Paolo Caliari,[3] and became known as "Veronese" from his birthplace in Verona.
Veronese, Titian, and Tintoretto constitute the triumvirate of pre-eminent Venetian painters of the late Renaissance (sixteenth century). Veronese is known as a supreme colorist, and for his illusionistic decorations in both fresco and oil.
His most famous works are elaborate narrative cycles, executed in a dramatic and colorful Mannerist style, full of majestic architectural settings and glittering pageantry. His large paintings of biblical feasts executed for the refectories of monasteries in Venice and Verona are especially notable. His brief testimony with the Inquisition is often quoted for its insight into contemporary painting technique and demonstrates his skill at avoiding both the compromise of his art by their efforts and the harsh punishments they were capable of exacting.
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Life and work [edit]
Youth [edit]
The census in Verona attests that Veronese was born sometime in 1528 to a stonecutter named Gabriele, and his wife Catherina. By the age of fourteen Veronese apprenticed with the local master Antonio Badile, and perhaps with Giovanni Francesco Caroto.
An altarpiece painted by Badile in 1543 includes striking passages that were most likely the work of his fifteen-year-old apprentice; Veronese's precocious gifts soon surpassed the level of the workshop, and by 1544 he was no longer residing with Badile.[4] Although trained in the culture of Mannerism then popular in Parma, he soon developed his own preference for a more radiant palette.[5]
Venice [edit]
He then moved briefly to Mantua in 1548 (where he created frescoes in that city's Duomo) before arriving in Venice in 1553. His first Venetian commission was a Sacra Conversazione from San Francesco della Vigna (c.1552). In 1553, he obtained his first state commission, the fresco decoration of the Sala dei Cosiglio dei Dieci (the Hall of the Council of Ten) and the adjoining Sala dei Tre Capi del Consiglio. He then painted a History of Esther in the ceiling for the church of San Sebastiano. It was his ceiling paintings for San Sebastiano, the Doge's Palace, and the Marciana Library (the last for which Titian awarded him a prize) that established him as a master among his Venetian contemporaries.[6] Already these works indicate Veronese's mastery for referencing both the subtle foreshortening of the figures of Correggio and the heroism of those by Michelangelo.[7]
Villa Barbaro and refectory paintings [edit]
By 1556 Veronese was commissioned to paint the first of his monumental banquet scenes, the Feast in the House of Simon, which would not be concluded until 1570. Owing to its scattered composition and lack of focus, however, it was not his most successful refectory mural.[8] In the late 1550s, during a break in his work for San Sebastiano, Veronese decorated the Villa Barbaro in Maser, a newly-finished building by the architect Andrea Palladio. The frescoes were designed to unite humanistic culture with Christian spirituality; wall paintings included portraits of the Barbaro family,[9] and the ceilings opened to blue skies and mythological figures. Veronese's decorations employed complex perspective and trompe l'oeil, and resulted in a luminescent and inspired visual poetry.[10] The encounter between architect and artist was a triumph.[11]
The Wedding at Cana, painted in 1562–1563, was also collaboration with Palladio. It was commissioned by the Benedictine monks for the San Giorgio Maggiore Monastery, on a small island across from Saint Mark's, in Venice. The contract insisted on the huge size (to cover 66 square meters), and that the quality of pigment and colors should be of premium quality. For example, the contract specified that the blues should contain the precious mineral lapis-lazuli.([12]) The contract also specified that the painting should include as many figures as possible. There are a number of portraits (including those of Titian and Tintoretto, as well as a self-portrait of Veronese) staged upon a canvas surface nearly ten meters wide. The scene, taken from the New Testament Book of John, II, 1–11, represents the first miracle performed by Jesus, the making of wine from water, at a marriage in Cana, Galilee. The foreground celebration, a frieze of figures painted in the most shimmering finery, is flanked by two sets of stairs leading back to a terrace, Roman colonnades, and a brilliant sky.[10]
In the refectory paintings, as in The Family of Darius before Alexander (1565–1570) [1], Veronese arranged the architecture to run mostly parallel to the picture plane, accentuating the processional character of the composition. The artist's decorative genius was to recognize that dramatic perspectival effects would have been tiresome in a living room or chapel, and that the narrative of the picture could best be absorbed as a colorful diversion.[13] These paintings offer little in the representation of emotion; rather, they illustrate the carefully composed movement of their subjects along a primarily horizontal axis. Most of all they are about the incandescence of light and color.[14] The exaltation of such visual effects may have been a reflection of the artist's personal well-being, for in 1565 Veronese married Elena Badile, the daughter of his first master, and by whom he would eventually have a daughter and four sons.[14]
Also painted between 1565–70 is his Madonna and Child with St. Elizabeth, the Infant St. John the Baptist, and St. Justina in the Timken Museum of Art, San Diego. St. Justina, a patroness of Padua and Venice, is at the right with the Blessed Virgin Mother and the Christ child in the center. In contrast to Italian works of a century earlier the infant is rendered convincingly as an infant. What makes one stop and take notice in this painting is the infant's reaching out to St. Justina, since a baby of this age would normally limit his gaze to his mother. Completing the work is St. Elizabeth, the cousin of Mary and mother of St. John the Baptist, located on the left. The artist delicately balances the forms of the extended Holy Family and renders them using a superb balance of warm and cool colors.
The House of Levi [edit]
In 1573 Veronese completed the painting which is now known as The Feast in the House of Levi for the rear wall of the refectory of the Basilica di Santi Giovanni e Paolo. The painting originally was intended as a depiction of the Last Supper. It was designed to replace a canvas by Titian that had been lost in a fire. It measured more than five metres high and more than twelve metres wide, depicted another Venetian celebration, and was a culmination of his banquet scenes, which this time included not only the Last Supper, but also German soldiers, comic dwarves, and a variety of animals: in short, the exotica which were standard to his narratives.[15] Even as Veronese's use of color attained greater intensity and luminosity, his attention to narrative, human sentiment, and a more subtle and meaningful physical interplay between his figures became evident.[16]
That the subject was indeed the Last Supper, but greatly exceeded most interpretations to that time, was not lost on the Inquisition. A decade earlier the monks who commissioned the Wedding at Cana had requested that the artist squeeze the maximum number of figures into their painting, but the Counter-Reformation had since exerted its influence in Venice, and in July 1573, Veronese was summoned to explain the inclusion of what they considered extraneous and indecorous details in the painting.[17]
The tone of the hearing was cautionary rather than punitive; Veronese explained that "we painters take the same liberties as poets and madmen", and rather than repaint the picture as he was ordered to do by the tribunal, he simply and pragmatically retitled it to the less sacramental title by which it is known today.[18]
Images on the right show the start of the five page transcript of Paolo Veronese's evidence from July 1573:[19]
This English translation by Charles Yriarte from the Italian is taken from Francis Marion Crawford's Salve Venetia (New York, 1905. Vol. II: 29-34):
"This day, July eighteenth, 1573. Called to the Holy Office before the sacred tribunal, Paolo Galliari Veronese residing in the parish of Saint Samuel, and being asked as to his name and surname replied as above.
Being asked as to his profession:
Answer. I paint and make figures.
Question. Do you know the reasons why you have been called here?
A. No.
Q. Can you imagine what those reasons may be?
A. I can well imagine.
Q. Say what you think about them.
A. I fancy that it concerns what was said to me by the reverend fathers, or rather by the prior of the monastery of San Giovanni e Paolo, whose name I did not know, but who informed me that he had been here, and that your Most Illustrious Lordships had ordered him to cause to be placed in the picture a Magdalen instead of the dog; and I answered him that very readily I would do all that was needful for my reputation and for the honor of the picture; but that I did not understand what this figure of the Magdalen could be doing here; and this for many reasons, which I will tell, when occasion is granted me to speak.
Q. What is the picture to which you have been referring?
A. It is the picture which represents the Last Supper of Jesus Christ with His disciples in the house of Simon.
Q. Where is this picture?
A. In the refectory of the monks of San Giovanni e Paolo.
Q. Is it painted in fresco or on wood or on canvas?
A. It is on canvas.
Q. How many feet does it measure in height?
A. It may measure seventeen feet.
Q. And in breadth?
A. About thirty-nine.
Q. How many have you represented? And what is each one doing?
A. First there is the innkeeper, Simon; then, under him, a carving squire whom I supposed to have come there for his pleasure, to see how the service of the table is managed. There are many other figures which I cannot remember, however, as it is a long time since I painted that picture.
Q. How you painted other Last Suppers besides that one?
A. Yes.
Q. How many have you painted? Where are they?
A. I painted one at Verona for the reverend monks of San Lazzaro; it is in their refectory. Another is in the refectory of the reverend brothers of San Giorgio here in Venice.
Q. But that one is not a Last Supper, and is not even called the Supper of Our Lord.
A. I painted another in the refectory of San Sebastiano in Venice, another at Padua for the Fathers of the Maddalena. I do not remember to have made any others.
Q. In this Supper which you painted for San Giovanni e Paolo, what signifies the figure of him whose nose is bleeding?
A. He is a servant who has a nose-bleed from some accident.
Q. What signify those armed men dressed in the fashion of Germany, with halberds in their hands?
A. It is necessary here that I should say a score of words.
Q. Say them.
A. We painters use the same license as poets and madmen, and I represented those halberdiers, the one drinking, the other eating at the foot of the stairs, but both ready to do their duty, because it seemed to me suitable and possible that the master of the house, who as I have been told was rich and magnificent, would have such servants.
Q. And the one who is dressed as a jester with a parrot on his wrist, why did you put him into the picture?
A. He is there as an ornament, as it is usual to insert such figures.
Q. Who are the persons at the table of Our Lord?
A. The twelve apostles.
Q. What is Saint Peter doing, who is the first?
A. He is carving the lamb in order to pass it to the other part of the table.
Q. What is he doing who comes next?
A. He holds a plate to see what Saint Peter will give him.
Q. Tell us what the third is doing.
A. He is picking his teeth with a fork.
Q. And who are really the persons whom you admit to have been present at this Supper?
A. I believe that there was only Christ and His Apostles; but when I have some space left over in a picture I adorn it with figures of my own invention.
Q. Did some person order you to paint Germans, buffoons, and other similar figures in this picture?
A. No, but I was commissioned to adorn it as I thought proper; now it is very large and can contain many figures.
Q. Should not the ornaments which you were accustomed to paint in pictures be suitable and in direct relation to the subject, or are they left to your fancy, quite without discretion or reason?
A. I paint my pictures with all the considerations which are natural to my intelligence, and according as my intelligence understands them.
Q. Does it seem suitable to you, in the Last Supper of our Lord, to represent buffoons, drunken Germans, dwarfs, and other such absurdities?
A. Certainly not.
Q. Then why have you done it?
A. I did it on the supposition that those people were outside the room in which the Supper was taking place.
Q. Do you not know that in Germany and other countries infested by heresy, it is habitual, by means of pictures full of absurdities, to vilify and turn to ridicule the things of the Holy Catholic Church, in order to teach false doctrine to ignorant people who have no common sense?
A. I agree that it is wrong, but I repeat what I have said, that it is my duty to follow the examples given me by my masters.
Q. Well, what did your masters paint? Things of this kind, perhaps?
A. In Rome, in the Pope's Chapel, Michelangelo has represented Our Lord, His Mother, St. John, St. Peter, and the celestial court; and he has represented all these personages nude, including the Virgin Mary, and in various attitudes not inspired by the most profound religious feeling.
Q. Do you not understand that in representing the Last Judgment, in which it is a mistake to suppose that clothes are worn, there was no reason for painting any? But in these figures what is there that is not inspired by the Holy Spirit? There are neither buffoons, dogs, weapons, nor other absurdities. Do you think, therefore, according to this or that view, that you did well in so painting your picture, and will you try to prove that it is a good and decent thing?
A. No, my most Illustrious Sirs; I do not pretend to prove it, but I had not thought that I was doing wrong; I had never taken so many things into consideration. I had been far from imaging such a great disorder, all the more as I had placed these buffoons outside the room in which Our Lord was sitting.
These things having been said, the judges pronounced that the aforesaid Paolo should be obliged to correct his picture within the space of three months from the date of the reprimand, according to the judgments and decision of the Sacred Court, and altogether at the expense of the said Paolo.
'Et ita decreverunt omni melius modo.' (And so they decided everything for the best!)" [20]
The controversy surrounding the painting, and its creative resolution, were echoed in the 1960s Monty Python comedy sketch in which the Pope summoned a fictional Michelangelo to account for his version of the Last Supper featuring a kangaroo, 28 disciples, and 3 Christs. In the sketch, the artist optimistically offers to solve the difficulty by retitling his work The Penultimate Supper.
Assessment [edit]
In 1648 Carlo Ridolfi wrote of the Feast in the House of Levi that it "gave rein to joy, made beauty majestic, made laughter itself more festive."[16]
A modern assessment of Veronese's achievement by Sir Lawrence Gowing reads:
The French had no doubts, as the critic Théophile Gautier wrote in 1860, that Veronese was the greatest colorist who ever lived—greater than Titian, Rubens, or Rembrandt because he established the harmony of natural tones in place of the modeling in dark and light that remained the method of academic chiaroscuro. Delacroix wrote that Veronese made light without violent contrasts, "which we are always told is impossible, and maintained the strength of hue in shadow.
This innovation could not be better described. Veronese's bright outdoor harmonies enlightened and inspired the whole nineteenth century. He was the foundation of modern painting. But whether his style is in fact naturalistic, as the Impressionists thought, or a more subtle and beautiful imaginative invention must remain a question for each age to answer for itself.[21]
Other works [edit]
In addition to the ceiling creations and wall paintings, Veronese also produced altarpieces (The Consecration of Saint Nicholas, 1561–2, London's National Gallery [2]), paintings on mythological subjects (Venus and Mars, 1578, New York Metropolitan Museum of Art [3]), and portraits (Portrait of a Lady, 1555, Louvre). A significant number of compositional sketches in pen, ink and wash, figure studies in chalk, and chiaroscuro modelli and ricordi are in circulation.
Veronese was one of the first painters whose drawings were sought by collectors during his lifetime.[22]
He headed a family workshop, including his brother Benedetto as well as his sons Carlo and Gabriele, that remained active after his death in Venice in 1588. Among his pupils were his contemporary Giovanni Battista Zelotti and later, Giovanni Antonio Fasolo, Anselmo Canneri, and Luigi Benfatto (also called dal Friso; 1559–1611).[23]
Anthology of works [edit]
| Title | Created | Medium | Size (cm) | Owner | City | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| St. Anthony Tempted by the Devil | (1552–1553) | Oil on canvas | 198 × 151 | Musée des Beaux-Arts | Caen | |
| Zeus ousting the Vices | (1553?) | Oil on canvas | 650 × 330 | Louvre | Paris | |
| St. Mark Crowning the Virtue | (1554?) | Oil on canvas | 330 × 317 | Louvre | Paris | |
| Coronation of the Virgin | (1555) | Oil on canvas | ? | San Sebastiano | Venice | |
| Portrait of a Woman | (1555–1560?) | Oil on canvas | 119 × 103 | Louvre | Paris | |
| Annunciation | (1555?) | Oil on canvas | 193 × 291 | Uffizi | Florence | |
| Jesus among the Doctors in the Temple | (1558) | Oil on canvas | 236 × 430 | Prado | Madrid | |
| Assumption of the Virgin | (1558?) | Oil on canvas | 340 × 455 | San Giovanni e Paolo | Venice | |
| The Marriage at Cana | (1560?) | Oil on canvas | 207 × 457 | Gemäldegalerie | Dresden | |
| Portrait of a Man | (1560?) | Oil on canvas | 120 × 102 | Museum of Fine Arts | Budapest | |
| Bacchus Giving Wine to Men | (1560–1561) | Fresco | ?? | Villa Barbaro, Maser | Maser, Treviso | |
| Giustiniana Giustiniani with Her Nurse | (1560–1561) | Fresco | ?? | Villa Barbaro, Maser | Maser, Treviso | |
| Venus and Adonis | (1561+) | Oil on canvas | 123 × 174 | Staatliche Kunstsammlungen | Augsburg | |
| Virgin in Glory with Saints | (1562?) | Oil on canvas | ?? | San Sebastiano | Venice | |
| St. John the Baptist Preaching | (1562?) | Oil on canvas | ?? | Galleria Borghese | Rome | |
| Madonna Enthroned with Saints | (1562?) | Oil on canvas | 339 × 191 | Gallerie dell'Accademia | Venice | |
| The Marriage at Cana | (1563) | Oil on canvas | 666 × 990 | Louvre | Paris | |
| Petrobelli altarpiece | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | ?? | |
| Holy Family and Saints (San Zaccaria Altapiece; 1564) | 1564 | Oil on canvas | 328 × 188 | Gallerie dell'Accademia | Venice | |
| Martyrdom of St. George | (1564) | Oil on canvas | 426 × 305 | San Giorgio in Braida | Verona | |
| Sts. Mark and Marcellian Being Led to Martyrdom | (1565) | Oil on canvas | ?? | San Sebastiano | Venice | |
| Martyrdom of St. Sebastian | (1565) | Oil on canvas | ?? | San Sebastiano | Venice | |
| The Family of Darius before Alexander | (1565–1570) | Oil on canvas | 236.2 × 475.9 | National Gallery | London | |
| Madonna and Child with St. Elizabeth,the Infant St. John the Baptist, and St. Justina | (1565–1570) | Oil on canvas | 40-7/8 x 62-1/4 in. | Timken Museum of Art | San Diego | |
| Portrait of Daniele Barbaro | (1565–1567) | Oil on canvas | 121 × 105.5 | Rijksmuseum | Amsterdam | |
| The Allegory of Love: Unfaithfulness | (1570) | Oil on canvas | 191 × 191 | National Gallery | London | |
| The Resurrection of Christ | (1570?) | Oil on canvas | 136 × 104 | Gemäldegalerie | Dresden | |
| Die Madonna mit der Familie Cuccina | (1570?) | Oil on canvas | 167 × 416 | Gemäldegalerie | Dresden | |
| The Finding of Moses | (1570?–1575?) | Oil on canvas | ?? | Kunsthistorisches Museum | Vienna | |
| Bathsheba at Bath | (1575?) | Oil on canvas | 191 × 224 | Museum of Fine Arts of Lyon | Lyon | |
| Portrait of a Sculptor | (1550?–1585?) | Oil on canvas | 110.5 × 89 | Metropolitan Museum of Art | New York | |
| Battle of Lepanto | (1572?) | Oil on canvas | 169 × 137 | Gallerie dell'Accademia | Venice | |
| Feast of St Gregory the Great | (1572) | Oil on canvas | ?? | Monte Berico, Vicenza | Vicenza | |
| The Feast in the House of Levi | (1573) | Oil on canvas | 555 × 1,280 | Gallerie dell'Accademia | Venice | |
| The Martyrdom of St. Justine | (1573?) | Oil on canvas | 103 × 113 | Uffizi | Florence | |
| Ceres Renders Homage to Venice | (1575) | Oil on canvas | 309 × 328 | Gallerie dell'Accademia | Venice | |
| Mystical Marriage of St Catherine | (1575?) | Oil on canvas | 337 × 241 | Gallerie dell'Accademia | Venice | |
| The Allegory of Love: Unfaithfulness | (1575?) | Oil on canvas | 187 × 188 | National Gallery | London | |
| Venus, Mars and Love with a Horse | (1575?) | Oil on canvas | 47 × 47 | Galleria Sabauda | Turin | |
| Pietà | (1576–1582) | Oil on canvas | 147 × 115 | The Hermitage | St. Petersburg | |
| The Resurrection of Christ | (1578?) | Oil on canvas | 273 × 156 | The Chapel, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital | London | |
| Mars and Venus United by Love | (1578?) | Oil on canvas | 205.7 × 161 | Metropolitan Museum of Art | New York | |
| Hermes, Herse and Aglaulus | (1576?–1584?) | Oil on canvas | 232.4 × 173 | Fitzwillian Museum | Cambridge, UK | |
| The Rape of Europa | (1580) | Oil on canvas | 240 × 303 | Sala dell'Anticollegio, Doge's Palace | Venice | |
| Venus and Adonis | (1580) | Oil on canvas | 212 × 191 | Prado | Madrid | |
| Christ and the Centurion | (1580?) | Oil on canvas | 99.2 × 130.8 | Toledo Museum of Art | Toledo, OH | |
| Lucretia | (1580s) | Oil on canvas | 109 × 90.5 | Kunsthistorisches Museum | Vienna | |
| Christ in the Garden Supported by an Angel | (1580?) | Oil on canvas | 80 × 108 | Pinacoteca di Brera | Milan | |
| St. Anthony Preaching to the Fish | (1580?) | Oil on canvas | ?? | Galleria Borghese | Rome | |
| The Vision of St. Helena | (1580?) | Oil on canvas | 166 × 134 | Pinacoteca Vaticana | Rome | |
| Allegory of Wisdom and Strength | (1580?) | Oil on canvas | 214.6 × 167 | Frick Collection | New York | |
| Judith and Holofernes | (1580?) | Oil on canvas | 195 × 176 | Galleria di Palazzo Rosso | Genoa | |
| The People of Myra Welcoming St. Nicholas | (1582?) | Oil on canvas | diameter: 198 | Gallerie dell'Accademia | Venice | |
| Apotheosis of Venice | (1585) | Oil on canvas | 904 × 579 | Doge's Palace | Venice | |
| Siege of Scutari | (1585) | Oil on canvas | 904 × 579 | Doge's Palace | Venice | |
| The Conversion of Saint Pantaleimon | (1587) | ?? | ?? | San Pantalon | Venice | |
| Portrait of Agostino Barbarigo | ?? | Oil on canvas | 60 × 48 | Museum of Fine Arts | Budapest | |
| Baptism and Temptation of Christ | ?? | Oil on canvas | 245 × 450 | Pinacoteca di Brera | Milan | |
| Portrait of a Venetian Woman (La Bella Nani) | ?? | Oil on canvas | 117.3 × 100.8 | Alte Pinakothek | Munich | |
| Susanna in the Bath | ?? | Oil on canvas | 198 × 198 | Louvre | Paris | |
| Noli me tangere | ?? | Oil on canvas | ?? | Museum of Grenoble | Grenoble | |
| Sitting dog | ?? | Oil on canvas | 44 × 82 | National Gallery | Oslo | |
| Supper at Emmaus | 1565-1570 | Oil on canvas | 66 × 79 | Museum Boijmans Van Beuningen | Rotterdam |
Veronese in popular culture [edit]
- The Monty Python sketch "The Last Supper" from Monty Python Live at the Hollywood Bowl is based on the story of Veronese's painting The Feast in the House of Levi.
- An imaginary Veronese painting called "La Morte dil Cesare" is prominently featured in a story arc of the award winning comics series 100 Bullets.
Veronese in religion [edit]
- In theosophy and in the Ascended Master Teachings, a group of religions based on theosophy, Paolo Veronese is worshipped as one of the ascended masters, a group of deities governing the planet Earth. Specifically, he is regarded as the Master Paul the Venetian, Master of the Third Ray.
Notes [edit]
- ^ Pedrocco, Filippo: "Veronese", page 3. SCALA Group S.p.A., 1998.
- ^ Nichols, Tom: "Tintoretto: Tradition and Identity", page 18. Reaktion Books, 1999.
- ^ Rearick, W. R.: The Art of Paolo Veronese 1528–1588, page 20. National Gallery of Art, 1988. His earliest known painting is signed "P. Caliari F.," the first known instance in which he used this surname, which he seems to have adopted, since his parents appear not to have had one.
- ^ Rearick, page 20, 1988.
- ^ Bussagli, Marco: "The XVI Century", Italian Art, page 206. Giunti Gruppo Editoriale, 2000.
- ^ Dunkerton, Jill, et al.: Durer to Veronese: Sixteenth-Century Painting in the National Gallery, page 125. National Gallery Publications, 1999.
- ^ Rearick, page 50, 1998.
- ^ Rearick, page 75, 1988.
- ^ The Portrait of Daniele Barbaro, painted 1566–67, entered the collection of the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam in 1952. Veronese: Gods, Heroes and Allegories, De Vecchi, Pierluigi, pages 104–5. Rizzoli, 2004.
- ^ a b Rearick, page 10, 1998.
- ^ Bussagli, page 207, 2000.
- ^ Louvre 1993
- ^ Dunkerton, et al., page 111, 1999.
- ^ a b Rearick, page 13, 1988.
- ^ Dunkerton, et al., page 30, 1999.
- ^ a b Rearick, page 14, 1988.
- ^ Rearick, page 104, 1988.
- ^ Rearick, page 104, 1988. Transcript of the hearing
- ^ The document is at: Santo Uffizio (Holy Office) Busto No. 33 in the Archivio di Stato di Venezia
- ^ Crawford, Francis Marion: "Salve Venetia". New York, 1905. Vol. II: pages 29-34.
- ^ Gowing, Lawrence: Paintings in the Louvre, page 262. Stewart, Tabori & Chang, 1987.
- ^ Eisler, Colin: Masterworks in Berlin: A City's Paintings Reunited, page 270. Little, Brown and Company, 1996.
- ^ *Bernasconi, Cesare (1864). Painting Studi sopra la storia della pittura italiana dei secoli xiv e xv e della scuola pittorica veronese dai medi tempi fino tutto il secolo xviii. Googlebooks. pp. 337–338, 343.
References [edit]
- Freedberg, Sydney J. (1993). In Pelican History of Art. Painting in Italy, 1500–1600. Penguin Books Ltd. pp. 550–60.
- Irollo, Jean-Marc, Veronese et le miracle des Noces, Louvre, chercheurs d'art, RMN, 1993
External links [edit]
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Paolo Veronese |
- Art view; Homage to a Gentleman of Verona [4]
- Veronese biography on Web Gallery of Art with link to images of many of his paintings
- Paolo Caliari – Biographical article in the 1911 Catholic Encyclopedia
- Gallery at Museum Syndicate
- Veronese at Panopticon Virtual Art Gallery
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![[1]](http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Image:The_Family_of_Darius_before_Alexander_by_Paolo_Veronese_1570.jpg){kind=link}
