Pygmy sperm whale
| Pygmy sperm whale[1] | |
|---|---|
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| Size compared to an average human | |
| Conservation status | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Mammalia |
| Subclass: | Eutheria |
| Order: | Cetacea |
| Suborder: | Odontoceti |
| Family: | Kogiidae |
| Genus: | Kogia |
| Species: | K. breviceps |
| Binomial name | |
| Kogia breviceps Blainville, 1838 |
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| Pygmy sperm whale range | |
| Synonyms | |
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Euphysetes breviceps |
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The Pygmy sperm whale (Kogia breviceps) is one of three species of toothed whale in the sperm whale family. They are not often sighted at sea, and most of what is known about them comes from the examination of stranded specimens.
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[edit] Taxonomy
There has been debate and differing opinion as to the correct classification of the Pygmy and Dwarf sperm whales (see sperm whale family for details). The two were widely considered to be the same species, until 1966, when a scientist at the Smithsonian Institution definitively identified them as separate species.[3] The pygmy sperm whale was first named by Henri Marie Ducrotay de Blainville in 1838.[4]
[edit] Physical description
Like its giant cousin, the Sperm whale, the pygmy sperm whale has a spermaceti organ in its forehead (see Sperm whale for a discussion of its purpose). It also has a sac in its intestines that contains a dark red fluid. The whale will expel this fluid when frightened. Its purpose is believed to be to confuse and disorient predators.
The Pygmy sperm is not much larger than many dolphins. They are about 1.2 m (3.7 feet) at birth, growing to about 3.5 m (10.4 feet) at maturity. Adults weigh about 400 kg. The underside is a creamy, occasionally pinkish, colour and the back and sides are a bluish grey; there is, however, considerable intermixing between the two colours. The shark-like head is large in comparison to body size, given an almost swollen appearance when viewed from the side. The lower jaw is very small and slung low. The blowhole is displaced slightly to the left when viewed from above facing forward. The dorsal fin is very small and hooked; its size is considerably smaller than the Dwarf sperm whale's and may be used for diagnostic purposes. The Pygmy sperm has between 20 and 32 teeth, all of which are set into the lower jaw. Unusually, this species teeth lack enamel due to a mutation in the necessary gene.[5] There is a false gill behind each eye.
This whale makes very inconspicuous movements. It rises to the surface slowly, with little splash or blow, and will remain there motionless for some time. In Japan the whale was historically known as the "floating whale" because of this. Its dive is equally lacking in grand flourish - it simply drops out of view. The species has a tendency to back away from rather than approach boats. Breaching has been observed, but is not common.
Pygmy sperms are usually solitary creatures but have been seen in groups of up to six. Primary food sources are squid and crabs.
[edit] Population and distribution
Pygmy sperm whales are found in the temperate waters of the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian Oceans. However, they are rarely sighted at sea, so most data comes from stranded animals - making a precise range and migration map difficult. They are believed to prefer off-shore waters. Their status is usually described as rare, but occasional patches of higher density of strandings suggest it may be rather more common than previously supposed. The total population is unknown.
[edit] Human interaction
Pygmy sperm whales have never been hunted on a wide scale. Land-based whalers have hunted them from Indonesia, Japan and the Lesser Antilles. Individuals have also been recorded killed in drift nets. Some stranded animals have been found with plastic bags in their stomachs - which may be a cause for concern. It is not known whether these activities are causing long-term damage to the survival of the species.
[edit] Specimens
- MNZ MM002651, collected Hawke's Bay, New Zealand, no date data.
[edit] References
- ^ Mead, James G.; Brownell, Robert L., Jr. (16 November 2005). "Order Cetacea (pp. 723-743)". In Wilson, Don E., and Reeder, DeeAnn M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2 vols. (2142 pp.). ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494. http://www.bucknell.edu/msw3/browse.asp?id=14300128.
- ^ Taylor, B.L., Baird, R., Barlow, J., Dawson, S.M., Ford, J., Mead, J.G., Notarbartolo di Sciara, G., Wade, P. & Pitman, R.L. (2008). Kogia breviceps. In: IUCN 2008. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Downloaded on 7 October 2008.
- ^ Handley, C. O. Jr. 1966. A synopsis of the genus Kogia (pygmy sperm whales). pp. 62-69 In: K. S. Norris (ed.), Whales, dolphins and porpoises. University of California Press, Berkeley
- ^ "Kogia breviceps (de Blainville, 1838)". Collections Online. Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. http://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/objectdetails.aspx?oid=755468. Retrieved 17 July 2010.
- ^ http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/278/1708/993.short?rss=1
- Pygmy and Dwarf Sperm Whales by Donald F. McAlpine in Encyclopedia of Marine Mammals pp. 1007–1009 ISBN 978-0-12-551340-1
- Whales Dolphins and Porpoises, Mark Carwardine, Dorling Kindersley Handbooks, ISBN 0-7513-2781-6
- National Audubon Society Guide to Marine Mammals of the World, Reeves, Stewart, Clapham and Powell, ISBN 0-375-41141-0
[edit] External links
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Wikispecies has information related to: Kogia breviceps |
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Kogia breviceps |
- UMMZ Skull photos
- [1] Photo of skull
- Whale & Dolphin Conservation Society (WDCS)
- Max Newman's Pygmy Sperm Whale Research Paper
- dolphin rescues Pygmy Sperm whales
- Arkive
