Qafiya

Qaafiyaa or Qafiyah (Persian: قافیہ) is a device employed in a form of Persian poetry and Urdu poetry known as Ghazal (a poetic form consisting of couplets which share a rhyme and a refrain) and also in Nazm. The Qaafiyaa is the rhyming pattern of words that must directly precede the Ghazal's Radif.^[1]^[2]

The example below is of a Ghazal below by Daag Dehelvi.

In this case the Qaafiyaa is the following pattern of words: jalwa-gaah, nigaah, raah, haale-tabaah and aah. The Radif is mein.

Aafat kii shoKhiyaa. N hai. n tumhaarii nigaah mein

mehashar ke fitane khelate hai. n jalwa-gaah mein

wo dushmanii se dekhate hai. n dekhate to hain

mai. n shaad huu. N ke huu. N to kisii kii nigaah mein

aatii baat baat mujhe yaad baar baar

kahataa huu. N dau. D dau. D ke qaasid se raah mein

is taubaah par hai naaz mujhe zaahid is qadar

jo TuuT kar shariik huu. N haal-e-tabaah mein

mushtaaq is adaa ke bahot dard-ma. nd the

ae DaaG tum to baiTh gaye ek aah mein

HAROOF E QAFIYAA (حروف قافیہ): Ravi، Rauf, Qaid and Tasees ۔ These letters precede RAVI, which is the last letter of qaafiyaa. HARF E RAVI (حرف روی ): It is the last letter in Qaafiyaa e.g. in Nigah and Gulshan "ہ" and " ن" are RAVI. It is in other words the last letter of Qaafiyaa. HARF E RAUF (حرف روف): It is the letter preceding "Ravi". For example "ش" in Gulshan (گلشن) and "ا" in Nigah (نگاہ) are rauf. It is mandatory that haroof e rauf must match with each other. Using word Share (شیر) instead of Shore (شور) will be considered wrong. HARF E QAID (قید): This precedes rauf e.g. "ی " in Dare (دیر) and Bare (بیر) HARF E TASEES (تاسیس): If harf e rauf is preceded by Alif (الف) it is called Tasees e.g. in Kamil (کامل) and Shamil (شامل), letter (الف) is Tasees.

وہ حروف جو روی کے بعد آتے ہیں وہ حرف وصل، حرف خروج، حرف مذید اور حرف نائرہ کہلاتے ہیں۔

HAJIB (حاجب): When there are two "Qaafiyaa" and two "Radeef", the first radeef which is inbetween two qaafiyaa is known as Hajib. جس شعر میں دو قافئیے اور دو ہی ردیف ہوں اس میں سےپہلی ردیف کو جو دونوں قافیوں کے درمیان واقع ہو اس کو حاجب کہتے ہیں۔ جیسے کہ

MazmooN sifat ka qiyamat say laR giyaa مضمون صفات قد کا قیامت سے لڑ گیا Qamat kay Aagay sir khijalat say gaR giya قامت کے آگے سر خجالت سے گڑ گیا

اس شعر میں قیامت اور خجالت اور لڑ اور گڑسے ردیف حاجب ہیں۔

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Origin

The origin of "Qaafiyaa" is Arabic; it is the rhyming of the ends of the words. "Ghazal" is a form of romantic Arabic poetry. "Ghazal" is essentially "flirting" and quite often playful poetry. A ghazal which has no "Qaafiyaa" and radeef is known as Ghair muradaf ghazal while which has any of these two then it is called a Muradaf ghazal.

References

^ "The history, art and performance of ghazal in Hindustani sangeet". Daily Times. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2020-01-18.
^ Kanda, K. C. (1995). Urdu Ghazals: An Anthology, from 16th to 20th Century. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-1826-5.
^ Ustad e Shayiri - Muhammad Ismail Raaz - Contributed by Dr. Muhammad Muddassir Mirza

[1] "The history, art and performance of ghazal in Hindustani sangeet". Daily Times. 2017-12-21. Retrieved 2020-01-18.

[2] Kanda, K. C. (1995). Urdu Ghazals: An Anthology, from 16th to 20th Century. Sterling Publishers Pvt. Ltd. ISBN 978-81-207-1826-5.

[3] Ustad e Shayiri - Muhammad Ismail Raaz - Contributed by Dr. Muhammad Muddassir Mirza

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