Radius (bone)

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For other uses, see Radius (disambiguation).
Radius (joint)
Upper extremity
Right hand, palm down (left) and palm up (right). Radius is #1
Identifiers
MeSHD011884
TA98A02.4.05.001
TA21210
FMA23463
Anatomical terms of bone

The Radius is one of the two large bones of the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist and runs parallel to the ulna, which exceeds it in length and size. It is a long bone, prism-shaped and slightly curved longitudinally. The radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus, the radial notch and the head of the ulna. The corresponding bone in the lower leg is the tibia.

The word radius is Latin for "ray". In the context of the radius bone, a ray can be thought of rotating around an axis line extending diagonally from center of capitulum to the center of distal ulna. While the ulna is the major contributor to the elbow joint, the radius primarily contributes to the wrist joint. [1]

The radius is named so because the radius (bone) acts like the radius (of a circle). The ulna acts as the center point to the circle because when the arm is rotated the ulna does not move. The radius (bone) acts like the radius (of a circle) because it rotates around the ulna and the far end, known as the styloid process of the radius, is the distance from the ulna (center of the circle) to the edge of the radius (the circle).

Shape

The radius has a body and two extremities. The upper extremity of the radius consists of a somewhat cylindrical head articulating with the ulna and the humerus, a neck, and a double tuberosity. The body of the radius is self-explanatory, and the lower extremity of the radius is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with articular surfaces for the ulna, scaphoid and lunate bones. The distal end of the radius forms a palpable point called the styloid process. Along with the proximal and distal radioulnar articulations, an interosseous membrane originates medially along the length of the body of the radius to attach the radius to the ulna.[2]

Muscle attachments

The biceps muscle inserts on the radial tuberosity of the upper extremity of the bone. Sometimes it may break. The upper third of the body of the bone attaches to the supinator, the flexor digitorum superficialis, and the flexor pollicis longus muscles. The middle third of the body attaches to the extensor ossis metacarpi pollicis, extensor primi internodii pollicis, and the pronator teres muscles. The lower quarter of the body attaches to the pronator quadratus muscle and the tendon of the supinator longus.

Structure

The long narrow medullary cavity is enclosed in a strong wall of compact bone. It is thickest along the interosseous border and thinnest at the extremities, save over the cup-shaped articular surface (fovea) of the head.

The trabeculae of the spongy tissue are somewhat arched at the upper end and pass upward from the compact layer of the shaft to the fovea capituli (the humerus's cup-shaped articulatory notch); they are crossed by others parallel to the surface of the fovea. The arrangement at the lower end is somewhat similar. It is missing in radial aplasia.

Fracture

A subtle radial head fracture with associated positive sail sign

Specific fracture types of the radius include:

In other animals

In four-legged animals, the radius is the main load-bearing bone of the lower forelimb. Its structure is similar in most terrestrial tetrapods, but it may be fused with the ulna in some mammals (such as horses) and reduced or modified in animals with flippers or vestigial forelimbs.[4]

Gallery

  • Radius, styloid process - posterior view
    Radius, styloid process - posterior view
  • Radius, ulnar noch - anterior view
    Radius, ulnar noch - anterior view
  • Radius, radial head - posterior view
    Radius, radial head - posterior view
  • Radius, radial head - anterior view
    Radius, radial head - anterior view
  • Radius l. dx. - ant. view
    Radius l. dx. - ant. view
  • Radius l. dx. - post. view
    Radius l. dx. - post. view
  • Right human radius and ulna - post. view
    Right human radius and ulna - post. view
  • Human arm bones diagram
    Human arm bones diagram
  • Bones of left forearm - ant. view
    Bones of left forearm - ant. view
  • Bones of left forearm - post. view
    Bones of left forearm - post. view
  • Left elbow-joint, showing anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments
    Left elbow-joint, showing anterior and ulnar collateral ligaments
  • The Supinator
    The Supinator
  • Cross-section through middle of forearm
    Cross-section through middle of forearm
  • Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna
    Transverse section across distal ends of radius and ulna

See also

References

  1. ^ Marieb, E., R.N., Ph.D; Mallatt, J., Ph.D.; Wilhelm, P., Ph.D. (2008), Human Anatomy (5th ed.), San Francisco, CA: Pearson Benjamin Cummings, p. 188 {{citation}}: Unknown parameter |lastauthoramp= ignored (|name-list-style= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  2. ^ Clemente, Carmine D. (2007), Anatomy: A Regional Atlas of the Human Body (5th ed.), Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
  3. ^ Essex Lopresti fracture at Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics online
  4. ^ Romer, Alfred Sherwood; Parsons, Thomas S. (1977). The Vertebrate Body. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. p. 199. ISBN 0-03-910284-X.

External links

Public domain This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 219 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)

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