Reading disability
| Part of a series on |
| Reading |
|---|
 |
| LANGUAGE |
| Language · Writing Writing system · Orthography Braille |
| TYPES OF READING |
| Close reading · Slow reading Speed reading · Subvocalization |
| LEARNING TO READ |
| Learning to read Comprehension Spelling · Vocabulary Reading disability · Dyslexia |
| READING INSTRUCTION |
| Alphabetic principle · Phonics |
| LITERACY |
| Literacy · Functional illiteracy Family literacy English orthography |
| LISTS |
| Languages by writing system Management of dyslexia |
A reading disability is a condition in which a sufferer displays difficulty reading resulting primarily from neurological factors. Developmental Dyslexia, Alexia (acquired dyslexia), and Hyperlexia.
Contents |
[edit] Definition
National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke defines reading disability or dyslexia as follows: "Dyslexia is a brain-based type of learning disability that specifically impairs a person's ability to read. These individuals typically read at levels significantly lower than expected despite having normal intelligence. Although the disorder varies from person to person, common characteristics among people with dyslexia are difficulty with spelling, phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds), and/or rapid visual-verbal responding. In adults, dyslexia usually occurs after a brain injury or in the context of dementia. It can also be inherited in some families, and recent studies have identified a number of genes that may predispose an individual to developing dyslexia." [1]
[edit] Reading disabilities
[edit] Dyslexia
Dyslexia is a learning disability that manifests itself as a difficulty with reading decoding, reading comprehension and/or reading fluency. It is separate and distinct from reading difficulties resulting from other causes, such as a non-neurological deficiency with vision or hearing, or from poor or inadequate reading instruction.[2] It is estimated that dyslexia affects between 5-17% of the population.[3][4][5] Dyslexia has been proposed to have three cognitive subtypes: auditory, visual and attentional.[4][6][7][8][9] Although not an intellectual disability, it is considered both a learning disability[10][11] and a reading disability.[10][12] Dyslexia and IQ are not interrelated, since reading and cognition develop independently in individuals who have dyslexia.[13]
[edit] Hyperlexia
Hyperlexic children are characterized by having average or above average IQs and word-reading ability well above what would be expected given their ages and IQs.[14] Hyperlexia can be viewed as a superability in which word recognition ability goes far above expected levels of skill.[15] Some hyperlexics, however, have trouble understanding speech.[15] Most or perhaps all children with hyperlexia lie on the autism spectrum.[15] Between 5-10% of autistic children have been estimated to be hyperlexic.[16]
Encouraging research in the area of EEG biofeedback has been reported in the scientific literature. Generally most tutoring interventions average about 20% or .50 standard deviations in improvement on employed measures in the research. [17] Employment of an activation database guided EEG biofeedback approach to the amelioration of the cognitive deficits of the reading disabled child has reported reading memory gains of 2.4 standard deviations (or some 334%) in a group of 7 reading disabled children. [18]
[edit] See also
- Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
- Alexia (acquired dyslexia)
- Aphasia
- Auditory processing disorder
- Dyscalculia
- Dysgraphia
- Dyslexia
- Developmental dyspraxia
- Hyperlexia
- Orthography
- Scotopic sensitivity syndrome (also called Irlen Syndrome)
- Specific language impairment
- Writing system
[edit] References
- ^ http://www.ninds.nih.gov/disorders/dyslexia/dyslexia.htm
- ^ Stanovich KE (December 1988). "Explaining the differences between the dyslexic and the garden-variety poor reader: the phonological-core variable-difference model". Journal of Learning Disabilities 21 (10): 590–604. doi:10.1177/002221948802101003. PMID 2465364.
- ^ McCandliss BD, Noble KG (2003). "The development of reading impairment: a cognitive neuroscience model". Ment Retard Dev Disabil Res Rev 9 (3): 196–204. doi:10.1002/mrdd.10080. PMID 12953299.
- ^ a b Czepita D, Lodygowska E (2006). "[Role of the organ of vision in the course of developmental dyslexia]" (in Polish). Klin Oczna 108 (1–3): 110–3. PMID 16883955.
- ^ Birsh, Judith R. (2005). "Research and reading disability". In Judith R. Birsh. Multisensory Teaching of Basic Language Skills. Baltimore, Maryland: Paul H. Brookes Publishing. p. 8. ISBN 978-1-55766-678-5.
- ^ Valdois S, Bosse ML, Tainturier MJ (November 2004). "The cognitive deficits responsible for developmental dyslexia: review of evidence for a selective visual attentional disorder". Dyslexia 10 (4): 339–63. doi:10.1002/dys.284. PMID 15573964.
- ^ Heim S, Tschierse J, Amunts K (2008). "Cognitive subtypes of dyslexia". Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis 68 (1): 73–82. ISSN 0065-1400. PMID 18389017. http://www.ane.pl/linkout.php?pii=6809.
- ^ Facoetti A, Lorusso ML, Paganoni P, et al. (April 2003). "Auditory and visual automatic attention deficits in developmental dyslexia". Brain Res Cogn Brain Res 16 (2): 185–91. doi:10.1016/S0926-6410(02)00270-7. PMID 12668226.
- ^ Ahissar M (November 2007). "Dyslexia and the anchoring-deficit hypothesis". Trends Cogn. Sci. (Regul. Ed.) 11 (11): 458–65. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2007.08.015. PMID 17983834.
- ^ a b "Learning Disorders: MeSH Result". NLM MeSH Browser. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh/68004410?ordinalpos=1&itool=EntrezSystem2.PEntrez.Mesh.Mesh_ResultsPanel.Mesh_RVFull. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
- ^ "Dyslexia". The National Center for Learning Disabilities, Inc.. http://www.ncld.org/ld-basics/ld-aamp-language/reading/dyslexia. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- ^ "Dyslexia". Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research. http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/dyslexia/DS00224. Retrieved 2009-11-07.
- ^ Ferrer E, Shaywitz BA, Holahan JM, Marchione K, Shaywitz SE (January 2010). "Uncoupling of reading and IQ over time: empirical evidence for a definition of dyslexia". Psychol Sci 21 (1): 93–101. doi:10.1177/0956797609354084. PMID 20424029.
- ^ Newman TM, Macomber D, Naples AJ, Babitz T, Volkmar F, Grigorenko EL. (2007). Hyperlexia in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. 37:760-774-2. J Autism Dev Disord
- ^ a b c Grigorenko EL, Klin A, Volkmar F (2003). "Annotation: Hyperlexia: disability or superability?". J Child Psychol Psychiatry 44 (8): 1079–91. doi:10.1111/1469-7610.00193. PMID 14626452.
- ^ Burd L, Kerbeshian J. (1985). Hyperlexia and a variant of hypergraphia. 60:940-942. Perceptual and Motor Skills.
- ^ Thornton, K. A Cost/Benefit Analysis of Different Intervention Models for the LD/Special Education Student, Biofeedback, Winter, 2004, 9-13.
- ^ Thornton, K, Carroll, C. 2010, Neuroconnections, The Coordinated Allocation of Resource (CAR) Model Intervention for Reading, Problems in two clinics, fall, 8-16
|
|||||||||||||||||||||||||||
 |
This medical article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
