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Macintosh startup

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"Welcome to Macintosh" redirects here. For the film, see Welcome to Macintosh (film).

The Macintosh startup sequence for Apple Macintosh computers, or Macs, includes hardware tests and diagnostics which can trigger the startup chimes or other indications of startup success or failure. The startup sequence provides auditory and visual symbols of the computer's status and condition as it powers up, providing users with immediate feedback on the machine's soundness. Additionally, they allow the user to quickly identify any potential problems and take any appropriate actions to rectify faults.

Apple computer starting up
A Workgroup Server 8150 showing a loading screen while starting up at Bowling Green State University.
iMac 2006
A 2006 iMac displaying the Apple logo in gray in the midst of booting the computer.
Two Mac computers, Old World and New World respectively, in the process of starting up the system in different styles.

Startup process

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Further information: Power-on self-test § Macintosh POST

Macs made from 1984 to 1998 used Old World ROM as the boot loader for all Macs produced around that time period. From 1998 up until the PowerPC to Intel transition, New World ROM was used for all Macs starting with the first iMac and later expanding to the first iBook and the Blue and White Power Mac G3. Most Intel-based Macs used Apple's implementation of EFI as the boot loader, while those with a T2 security chip used a slightly different approach where it verifies the digital signature of the EFI firmware via the security chip, which will then load the firmware upon successful verification.[1] All Apple silicon-based Macs use a newer method separate from previous Macs where it uses a boot ROM located on the SoC to launch iBoot, in a similar manner to that of the iPhone and iPad.[2]

An Apple PowerBook 180c displaying the Happy Mac during the startup process

In all instances, the startup chimes will be heard upon completion of the boot process (if successful), and a Happy Mac (or the Apple logo on newer versions) will be displayed on the screen to visually indicate that no hardware issues were found during the boot process.[3][4] On the other hand, a failure to do so will result in a different outcome where a different sound will be heard in place of the startup chime. This would either be the Chimes of Death (for most Old World ROM Macs made from 1987 to 1998)[5] or a series of simple beep codes (for Macs made from 1998 onwards).[6] In addition, a Sad Mac with either one or two lines of hexadecimal codes will be displayed on some Old World ROM machines to visually indicate a hardware issue during the boot process.[3]

All Macs made from 2016 to 2020 have the startup chimes disabled by default,[7] however, it was later re-enabled on those Macs running macOS Big Sur or later; this can be disabled by the user within System Preferences (Big Sur up to Monterey) or System Settings (Ventura and later).[8]

Startup chime

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The startup chime heard on all Macintosh models made from 1998 to 2016. A slightly modified variant has been used in all Macs since 2020.

The Macintosh startup chime is played on power-up, before booting into an operating system. The sound indicates that diagnostic tests were run immediately at startup and have found no hardware or fundamental software problems.[9] The specific sound differs depending on the ROM, which greatly varies depending on Macintosh model. For models built prior to the introduction of the Power Macintosh in 1994, the failure of initial self-diagnostic tests results in a Sad Mac icon, an error code, and (later) the distinctive Chimes of Death sounds.

The startup chime in the first three Macintosh models is a simple square-wave "beep" programmed by Andy Hertzfeld, utilizing the computers' MOS 6522 VIA chip,[10] and all subsequent sounds are various chords. Software engineer Mark Lentczner used the Apple Sound Chip, his innovation of sound for the Macintosh, and created the software that plays the C major fourth chord in the Macintosh II.[11] Variations of this sound were deployed until Apple sound designer Jim Reekes created the startup chime in the Quadra 700 through the Quadra 800.[12] Reekes said, "The startup sound was done in my home studio on a Korg Wavestation EX. It's a C major chord, played with both hands stretched out as wide as possible (with 3rd at the top, if I recall)."[12] He created the sound as he was annoyed with the tri-tone startup chimes because they were too associated with the death chimes and the computer crashes.[13] He recalls that Apple did not give him permission to change the sound but that he secretly snuck the sound into the computers with the help of engineers who were in charge of the ROM chips. When Apple discovered this, he refused to change it, using various claims in order to keep the new sound intact.[14] He is also the creator of the iconic (or "earconic", as he calls it) "bong" startup chime in most Macintoshes since the Quadra 840AV. It was created with multiple synthesizers, a couple of them being Reekes' Wavestation and an Oberheim Matrix-6.[15] A slightly lower-pitched version of this chime is in all PCI-based Power Macs until the iMac G3. The Macintosh LC, LC II, and Macintosh Classic II do not use the Reekes chime, instead using an F major fifth chord programmed in software that just produces a "ding" sound. The first generation Power Macintosh computers also do not use the Reekes chime, instead using a chord strummed on an Ovation steel-string acoustic guitar by jazz guitarist Stanley Jordan,[12][16] using his finger tapping technique. Furthermore, the Power Macintosh 5200–6300 computers (excluding the 5400 and 5500, which uses the same "bong" chime found in all PCI-based Power Macs) use a unique chime composed with a Fairlight CMI, which is also in the television commercials for the Power Macintosh and PowerBook series from 1995 until 1998. The 20th Anniversary Macintosh also uses another unique sound generated from the Korg Wavestation as well, with a modified version of a preset from one of its sound expansion cards.

The chime for all Mac computers from 1998 to early 2016 is the same chime that was first introduced in the iMac G3. It was produced by pitch-shifting the 840AV's startup chime, making it an F-sharp major chord. As of 2012, the Mac startup chime is a registered trademark in the United States,[17] and is featured in the 2008 Pixar film WALL-E when the titular robot character is fully recharged by solar panels as well as in the 2007 Brad Paisley song "Online".[18]

Starting with the 2016 MacBook Pro, all new Macs were shipped without a startup chime, with the Macs silently booting when powered on.[7] The startup chime would later be added to these models (and all subsequent models since) with the release of macOS Big Sur in 2020, which can be enabled or disabled in System Preferences.[19] The new startup chime found in Big Sur is similar to the previous one but was pitch-shifted down one semitone, producing an F major chord instead of an F-sharp major chord. A similar-sounding variant of this startup chime was also used in the "Simplicity Shootout" commercial that was shown during the iMac G3's introduction in 1998. Initially, this revised startup chime was only included on Intel-based Macs with a T2 security chip, with most of the other models at the time (including older ones) still having the previous one. Eventually, the new startup chime was brought over to all older supported Macs starting with the macOS Big Sur 11.0.1 beta. A firmware update included in the macOS Catalina 2020-001 Security Update and the macOS Mojave 2020-007 Security Update brought the new startup chime in Big Sur to all Big Sur-supported Macs as well as the unsupported 2013 iMac.

Happy Mac

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A small, rectangular icon depicting a gray computer emblazoned with a colourful apple logo, and a floppy-disk slot. On its small square screen is a smiley-face emoticon against a lilac background. The icon indicates that the machine has successfully begun booting, in contrast to a "Sad Mac" icon, which displays a "sad" emoticon.
A small, rectangular icon depicting a gray computer emblazoned with a colourful apple logo, and a floppy-disk slot. On its small square screen is a smiley-face emoticon against a lilac background. The icon indicates that the machine has successfully begun booting, in contrast to a "Sad Mac" icon, which displays a "sad" emoticon.
The splash screen under Mac OS 8
The "Welcome to Macintosh" screen seen in System 7.5 and earlier

A Happy Mac is the normal bootup (startup) icon of an Apple Macintosh computer running older versions of the Mac operating system. It was designed by Susan Kare in the 1980s, drawing inspiration from the design of the Compact Macintosh series and from the Batman character Two-Face.[10] The logo also shares some similarities to the faces of the 1934 painting Deux personnages (Two Characters) by Pablo Picasso and to the Bauhaus emblem.[20][21] The icon remained unchanged for many years until it and its related icons were updated to 8-bit color by Lauralee Alben.[22]

The Happy Mac indicates that booting has successfully begun, while a Sad Mac (along with a "Chimes of Death" melody or one or more beeps) indicates a hardware or software problem. When a Macintosh boots into the classic Mac OS (Mac OS 9 or lower), the system will play its startup chime, and the screen will turn gray. The Happy Mac icon will appear, followed by the "Welcome to Mac OS" splash screen (or the small "Welcome to Macintosh" window in System 7.5 and earlier), which underwent several stylistic changes, the other significant ones being the inclusion of extension icons appearing in the bottom left as well as a progress bar that was introduced in System 7.5. Mac OS 8.6 and later include the version number in the splash screen (for example, "Mac OS 9" in big black text).

On early Macs without an internal hard drive, the computer boots up to a point where it needs to load the operating system from a floppy disk. The Mac displays a floppy disk icon with a blinking question mark until the user inserts the correct disk.[23] In New World ROM Macs, a folder icon with a question mark that repeatedly changes to the Finder icon is shown if a System Folder or boot loader file cannot be found on the startup disk. With the introduction of Mac OS X, in addition to the blinking system folder icon, a prohibition icon was added to show an incorrect OS version is found, which was first introduced in Mac OS X 10.2.[24]

The Mac OS X startup screen displaying the Apple logo in dark gray on a lighter gray-white background, as well as a loading throbber

With Mac OS X 10.1, a new Happy Mac was included. This is also the last version with a Happy Mac icon. In 2002, with the release of version 10.2, the Happy Mac symbol was retired and replaced with the Apple logo. In OS X Lion 10.7, the Apple logo was slightly shrunk and added a drop-in shadow. In OS X Yosemite 10.10, the white screen with a gray Apple logo was replaced with a black screen with a white Apple logo, and the spinning wheel was replaced with a loading bar. This loading bar would be slightly moved to near the bottom of the screen starting with macOS Sonoma 14. However, this only applies to Macs from 2013 and later, including the 2012 Retina MacBook Pros,[25] and requires a firmware update to be applied. All earlier Macs still use the old screen. The shadow on the Apple logo was removed in OS X El Capitan 10.11 (for 2012 and earlier Macs). In 2016 and later Macs (excluding the Early 2016 MacBook), the Apple logo appears as soon as the screen turns on rather than after the startup chime.

The design of the Happy Mac was reused as the icon for Face ID, introduced in iOS 11 for iPhone and iOS 12 for iPad.[26]

Bomb screen and kernel panic

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Further information: Bomb (icon)
A Classic Mac OS bomb screen from System 7, indicating that an unimplemented trap occurred.

A bomb screen was an error message used on the classic Mac OS in the event of a software error in the operating system. The screen was first seen on the original Macintosh in 1984,[27] displaying a reason for the crash, along with the corresponding error code. Starting in System 7, the operating system would present a standard error dialog box if it believed it could manage the recovery process, resulting in the forced termination of the application. It was later replaced with a kernel panic in Mac OS X, which was originally colored white in Mac OS X Jaguar but was changed to black in Mac OS X Panther.

A kernel panic screen displayed in Mac OS X 10.2.

A kernel panic is a protective action initiated by the operating system's kernel when it identifies a critical internal error. The initial kernel panic in Mac OS X 10.0 presented a conventional Unix-style panic notification.[28] Starting with Mac OS X Jaguar, the system provides a multilingual alert to the user, indicating that the computer needs to be restarted.[29] In OS X Mountain Lion and beyond, the computer will reboot automatically, and the message will subsequently appear as a warning that can be skipped.

Sad Mac

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An icon similar to the Happy Mac, except in black and white with Xs on its eyes. Usually displayed on black background with a code underneath.
An icon similar to the Happy Mac, except in black and white with Xs on its eyes. Usually displayed on black background with a code underneath.
One version of the Sad Mac icon, this one indicating that an illegal instruction trap occurred

A Sad Mac is a symbol in older-generation Apple Macintosh computers (hardware using the Old World ROM and not Open Firmware, which are those predating onboard USB), starting with the original 128K Macintosh and ending with the last NuBus-based Power Macintosh models (including the first-generation 6100, 7100, 8100, as well as the PowerBook 5300 and 1400),[30] to indicate a severe hardware or software problem that prevented startup from occurring successfully. The Sad Mac icon is displayed, along with a set of hexadecimal codes that indicate the type of problem at startup. Different codes exist for different errors. This is in place of the normal Happy Mac icon, which indicates that the startup-time hardware tests were successful.

Most models made prior to the Macintosh II crash silently and display the Sad Mac without playing any tone. In 68k models made after the Macintosh II, a series of sounds known as the Chimes of Death (see below) are played. Most PowerPC Macs play a sound effect of a car crash, while computers equipped with a PowerPC upgrade card use a three note brass fanfare death chime (A, E-natural, and E-flat) with the sound of drums and cymbals at the end, taken from the Power Macintosh/Performa 6200 and 6300.

A Sad Mac may be deliberately generated at startup by pressing the interrupt switch (Also known as the Programmer's Key) on Macintosh computers that had one installed or by pressing Command and Power keys shortly after the startup chime. These functions normally opened up a debugger window within the operating system but triggers a Sad Mac error on startup when it is accessed before booting into an operating system. On some Macintoshes such as PowerBook 540c, if the user presses the command and power keys before the boot screen is displayed, only the Chimes of Death are played. Depending on the model, the chimes would play much faster or slower than normal and there is no Sad Mac displayed.

Old World ROM Power Macintosh and PowerBook models based on the PCI architecture do not use a Sad Mac icon and will instead only play the error/car-crash sound on a hardware failure (such as missing or bad memory, unusable CPU, or similar errors).

An equivalent to the Sad Mac on macOS is a Universal "no" symbol introduced in Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar and later, which denotes a hardware or software error that renders the computer non-bootable as well as indicating that an incorrect OS has been found (as mentioned earlier).[31][32]

Chimes of Death

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The first version of the Chimes of Death, as used on the Macintosh II. This chime varies from different models.

The Chimes of Death are the Macintosh equivalent of a beep code on IBM PC compatibles. On all Macintosh models predating the adoption of PCI and Open Firmware, the Chimes of Death are often accompanied by a Sad Mac icon in the middle of the screen (more information about the Sad Mac is above).

Different Macintosh series have different death chimes. The Macintosh II is the first to use the death chimes, a loud and eerie upward major arpeggio, with different chimes on many models. The Macintosh Quadra, Centris, Performa, LC, and the Macintosh Classic II play a generally softer and lower pitched version of the upward major arpeggio, followed by three or four notes, with slight variations depending on the model of the Macintosh. The PowerBook 5300, 190, and 1400 use the second half of the 8-note arpeggio as found on the Quadra and Centris models, or the entire death chime if the error occurs before the screen lights up. The Macintosh Quadra/Centris 660AV use a sound of a single pass of the Roland D-50's "Digital Native Dance" sample loop and a couple of sound effects from the Roland U-20, while the NuBus-based Power Macintosh models (including the 6100,[5] 7100, and 8100 series) use a car crash sound. The Power Macintosh and Performa 6200 and 6300 series along with the Power Macintosh (PowerPC) upgrade card use an eerily dramatic 3-note brass fanfare with a rhythm of drums and cymbals, all of which were also composed with the U-20. In the case of the Power Macintosh/Performa 6200 and 6300, the aforementioned death chime plays before the screen lights up for these models while the 8-note arpeggio similar to that found in the Quadra and Centris series plays after the screen lights up. The pre-G3 PCI Power Macs, the beige G3 Power Macs, the G3 All-In-One, and the PowerBook 2400, 3400, and G3 all use the sound of popping and glass shattering;[33] these models do not display a Sad Mac icon.

With the introduction of the iMac in 1998, the Chimes of Death are no longer used in favor of a series of tones to indicate hardware errors.[6]

See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Boot process for an Intel-based Mac". Apple Support. Retrieved September 11, 2024.
  2. ^ "Boot process for a Mac with Apple Silicon". Apple Support. Retrieved November 6, 2024.
  3. ^ a b Jarvis, Lon (August 22, 2000). "The Macintosh Boot Sequence". James Madison University. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  4. ^ "If your Mac starts up to an Apple logo or progress bar". Apple Support. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  5. ^ a b "Weird Mac Startup and Crash Sounds". 512 Pixels. November 14, 2011.
  6. ^ a b "If your Mac beeps during startup". Apple Support. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  7. ^ a b Hardwick, Tim (October 30, 2016). "Classic Mac Startup Chime Not Present in New MacBook Pros". MacRumors. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  8. ^ "Turn the Mac startup sound on or off". Apple Support. December 18, 2020.
  9. ^ Hardwick, Tim (October 30, 2016). "Classic Mac Startup Chime Not Present in New MacBook Pros". MacRumors. Retrieved September 14, 2020.
  10. ^ a b Hertzfield, Andy (November 19, 2011). Revolution in The Valley [Paperback]: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made. O'Reilly Media. ISBN 978-1-4493-1624-2.
  11. ^ "Mark Lentczner's Curriculum Vitae". October 28, 2005. Archived from the original on October 28, 2005. Retrieved November 7, 2024.
  12. ^ a b c Whitwell, Tom (May 26, 2005) "Tiny Music Makers: Pt 4: The Mac Startup Sound", Music Thing
  13. ^ Broussard, Mitchel (March 24, 2018). "Former Apple Sound Designer Discusses History Behind 'Sosumi', Mac Startup Tone, and Camera Click". Mac Rumors. Retrieved November 13, 2024.
  14. ^ Pettitt, Jeniece (March 24, 2018). "Meet the man who created Apple's most iconic sounds: Sosumi, the camera click and the start-up chord". CNBC. Retrieved March 24, 2018.
  15. ^ "The Mystery of the Mac Startup Chime". Constructive Noise vs. WordPress. April 27, 2015. Retrieved October 20, 2024.
  16. ^ "Current Favorites". December 6, 2000. Archived from the original on December 6, 2000. Retrieved November 8, 2024.
  17. ^ "Apple's Classic Mac Startup Chime is now a Registered Trademark". Patently Apple. December 12, 2012. Retrieved October 30, 2016.
  18. ^ "Man Behind the Iconic Apple Mac OS Startup Sound & So-Sue-Me Legend". Obama Pacman. March 10, 2010. Archived from the original on March 13, 2010. Retrieved January 24, 2011.
  19. ^ Peters, Jay (June 23, 2020). "The Mac's iconic startup chime is back in macOS Big Sur". The Verge. Retrieved June 28, 2020.
  20. ^ "Pablo Picasso - Two characters, 1934". www.pablo-ruiz-picasso.net. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  21. ^ Phin, Christopher (May 11, 2015). "The Finder icon and the influence of fine art on the Mac". Macworld. Retrieved December 17, 2023.
  22. ^ "TM Research Archive – Interviews". www.tm-research-archive.ch. Retrieved October 26, 2024.
  23. ^ "Question Mark Disk". Big Mess o' Wires. September 18, 2011. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  24. ^ "If your Mac starts up to a circle with a line through it". Apple Support. Retrieved November 12, 2024.
  25. ^ "OS X Yosemite - Technical Specifications". Apple Support. Retrieved November 11, 2024.
  26. ^ Strange, Adario. "How Apple's iPhone X is using the old 'happy Mac' icon to make Face ID less creepy". Mashable. Retrieved October 4, 2024.
  27. ^ "Common Mac System Bombs Decoded". Mac GUI. December 6, 2018. Retrieved November 9, 2024.
  28. ^ "Mac OS X 10.0". Ars Technica. April 2, 2001. Retrieved November 11, 2024.
  29. ^ "A Brief History Of Kernel Panics". Electric Light Company. July 27, 2024. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
  30. ^ "Macintosh: "Sad Macintosh" Error Code Meaning". Apple. November 30, 2003. Archived from the original on June 17, 2009. Retrieved August 24, 2008.
  31. ^ "OS X: "Broken folder" icon, prohibitory sign, or kernel panic when computer starts. Apple". Archived from the original on October 13, 2007. Retrieved July 29, 2010.
  32. ^ Delio, Michelle (August 2, 2002). "'Happy Mac' Killed By Jaguar". Wired.com. Archived from the original on February 4, 2011.
  33. ^ "Power Macintosh 9500". MCbx Old Computer Info. February 22, 2018. Retrieved November 10, 2024.
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