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Oromo Liberation Army

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Oromo Liberation Army
Oromo Liberation Army (OLA)
LeadersJaal Marroo[1][2]

Sanyi Nagassa Surrendered[3][2]
Gammachis Aboye[2]
Liban Guracha[4]
Sabaif Galgalo[5]
Rabira Bilisumma[6]

Qeeranso Wayu[7]
Dates of operation1974–present
Active regionsOromia Region, Oromia Zone, Ethiopia
Ideology
StatusActive
AlliesState allies
  •  Egypt
    • (alleged by Ethiopia, denied by Egypt) [10]

Non-state allies

OpponentsState opponents

Non-state opponents

Battles and wars
Websitehttps://www.olf-olahq.org/

The Oromo Liberation Army (OLA; Oromo: Waraana Bilisummaa Oromoo, WBO) is an armed opposition group active in the Oromia Region of Ethiopia. The OLA consist primarily of former armed members of the pre-peace deal Oromo Liberation Front (OLF) who refused to disarm out of skepticism of the peace deal, and former youth protestors who grew disillusioned with nonviolent resistance.[11][12]

The Ethiopian government now considers the OLF to be a legal political party but the OLA to be a terrorist group,[13][14] In 2021, the group announced it had established a political wing and would adopt Oromo Liberation Front-Oromo Liberation Army (OLF-OLA) (Oromo: Adda Bilisummaa Oromoo-Waraana Bilisummaa Oromoo, ABO-WBO) as its official name.[15] The Ethiopian government refuses to call the OLA by its chosen name, instead referring to it as Shene (Oromo: Shanee, lit. 'five'), Oneg or OLF-Shene.[16][17]

On 1 December 2024, OLA reached peace agreement after a year of failed negotiations in Tanzania, signing with Oromia Region President Shimelis Abdisa in Addis Ababa.[18]

Origin

[edit]
See also: Oromo Liberation Front § History

The Oromo Liberation Army, then the military wing of the Oromo Liberation Front (OLF), was formed in 1974,[19] evolving from the Bale Revolt that started in the 1960s in response to the Ethiopian government's abuses and oppression of the Oromo people.[20]

In August 2018, a peace agreement was signed between the Ethiopian government and the OLF, declaring a ceasefire, the OLF's disarming of weapons, the continuation of OLF's activities by "peaceful means", and the creation of a joint committee for implementing the agreement.[21] Some factions of OLF's armed wing, the Oromo Liberation Army, refused to disarm out of skepticism of the government's intent to abide by the agreement, thereby disassociating itself from the OLF and leading to the Oromo Liberation Army separate from the OLF in its current form.[12] Many of the OLF members that disarmed ended up flocking back to the OLA after failing to see components of the peace deal be honored.[12]

Peace talks between the government and OLA has been mediated in Tanzania, the first was in April 2023 and the second round in November in collaboration with IGAD. Both of peace deals failed to reach an agreement. On 1 December 2024, OLA leader Jaal Senay Negasa accepted the deal and signed with Oromia Region President Shimelis Abdisa in Addis Ababa.[22][18]

Leadership

[edit]

As of the late 2010s, Kumsa Diriba, commonly known by his nom-de-guerre as Jaal Maaroo, is the commander-in-chief of OLA, largely operating with the Western Command. As of 29 November 2021, Gemechu Aboye was the deputy leader of OLA, according to Sveriges Radio.[23] The OLA international spokesperson is Odaa Tarbii.[24]

Aims

[edit]

In January 2023 the OLF-OLA released a political manifesto in which they laid out their aims:

"We, the Oromo Liberation Army (OLA), fight for the Oromo people's right to self-determination. We fight for the freedom of the Oromo people from political exclusion, economic exploitation, and socio-cultural marginalization.

a) We fight to realize the Oromo people's right to freely determine their political status. For the right of our people to determine their political destiny and establish a responsive government through freely elected representatives.

b) We fight to secure the Oromo people's economic sovereignty. To stop the exploitation of our people's natural and human resources. To develop these resources for the benefit of all.

c) We fight to realize the socio-cultural rights of our people. We demand respect for and full recognition of the Oromo language, culture, and history. " [25]

Human rights

[edit]

Policies

[edit]

In a press release on 10 December 2022, the OLA High Command stated their war was not with any population group and called on the Oromo people to avoid the Ethiopian governments attempts at sparking confrontations with "our brothers and sisters from different communities". They further added on and called for Oromo's to protect members of ethnic minorities in the Oromia region [26]

In their January 2023 political manifesto the OLA reiterated their calls for independent investigations into atrocities or reports of atrocities committed in Oromia, saying "We strongly encourage the international community, through the United Nations and/or other mechanisms, to find out the truth and live up to its pledge of 'Never Again.' On our part, we continue to call for credible, internationally mandated independent investigations into the atrocities or reports of atrocities committed in Oromia."[25]

Accusations

[edit]

The OLA has been accused of committing extrajudicial killings by the Ethiopian government. The OLA denied the accusations.[27][28][29]

On 2 November 2020, 54 people—mostly ethnic Amhara women, children and elderly people—were killed in the village of Gawa Qanqa, after government security forces "abruptly and inexplicably left", by attackers identifying themselves as OLA.[27][28] OLA denied responsibility. Instead saying:

"The OLA would like to express its deepest condolences to all the victims of these terrible atrocities. We also want to underline that we are not responsible for these acts. The local admin[instration] works alongside Oromia Police & ex-OLA defectors to carry out these operations." [29]

In June 2022, locals on the ground in Ethiopia accused the OLA of killing over 200 ethnic Amhara. The OLA denies these allegations, instead saying the killings were committed by retreating government forces and militia.

The attack you are referring to was committed by the regime's military and local militia as they retreated from their camp in Gimbi following our recent offensive... They escaped to an area called Tole, where they attacked the local population and destroyed their property as retaliation for their perceived support for the OLA. Our fighters had not even reached that area when the attacks took place.

- OLA International Spokesperson "Odaa Tarbii" in a message to AP News[30]

Wall Street Journal investigation

[edit]

On 21 May 2023, the Wall Street Journal released a publication in which witnesses were attributing massacres to a "Fekade Abdisa". An ex-OLA operative who defected to the government. According to the article, he called himself OLA but he didn't answer to the Commander Jaal Marroo. Residents said Fekade's troops fought the OLA at times but rarely ever engaged with the government.The OLA says he poses as an OLA commander but cooperates with the government. In the massacre at Agamsa, Fekade's forces were a short walk away from the town when Oromia Regional Government decided to leave despite residents urging them not to. Hours later, witnesses say they saw Fekade's men arrive in which they saw 5-18 Amharas killed by his forces.[31]

Karayu Abba Gada killings

[edit]

On 30 November 2021, 14 traditional ethnic Oromo leaders of the Karayu Oromo community were executed. The government initially had attempted to attribute the killings to the OLA, but after witnesses and two people who managed to escape attributed it to government forces,[32] this led to a fallout in which a Member of the House of Peoples' Representatives, the Ethiopian Human Right's Commission, the State minister for Peace and the secretary of the Oromo Gada leaders council all had publicly implicated the government responsible for the killings.[33]

Accusations by parliament groups of the government framing OLA

[edit]

On 5 July 2022, Hangassa Ibrahim, a member of the Ethiopian parliament, went on Facebook live stating it was not the OLA that was committing these massacres, but in fact another group formed by actors in the regional government. He stated that "It is rather the Shene organized by these people who have massacred citizens. It is not Jaal Maaroo's Shene [OLA] which has been massacring the people,".[34] He further stated that it was not the OLA's plan to kill and massacre ethnic Amharas but the ruling Prosperity Party and that if Prime Minister Abiy Ahmed does not tear down the cabinet of the Oromia region and replace it with a new one, then the Prime Minister himself is the instigator behind it all.[35]

This corroborates OLA's claim that a government formed state-backed militia called "Gachana Sirna" are the ones responsible for the massacres occurring in Oromia.[34] The OLA states that this militia wears artificial wigs and uniforms to impersonate OLA members. According to a 2021 Ethiopian Human Rights Commission report, there were incidents where government forces would film prisoners after forcing them to wear artificial hair, military uniforms and carry weapons.[34]

Military actions

[edit]
Main article: OLA insurgency

By late October 2021, the OLA controlled various areas in the Welega Zone, Oromia Region including East, West, Kellam, Horo and Illu[36][failed verification]. On 1 November, Jaal Marroo stated that the OLA had taken "several towns in western, central, and southern Oromia, facing little resistance from government forces who were retreating."[37]

The OLA also used the opportunity presented by the Tigray War to take brief control of Kamisee on 31 October 2021, as the Tigray Defence Forces advanced on Kombolcha.[38]

In late October 2022, the OLA launched a large-scale military offensive into West and East Welega.[39] On 6 November 2022, they entered the town of Nekemte where they engaged in urban combat with Ethiopian state forces before a same-day retreat.[39]

[edit]

Facebook designates OLA as a "violent non-state actor" on its list of organizations or individuals that proclaim a violent mission or are engaged in violence. According to Facebook's policy, non-state actors that are engaged in a military struggle are not to be allowed on its platform.[40][41]

On 6 May 2021, the Ethiopian House of Peoples' Representatives declared OLA to be a terrorist organisation.[14]

References

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  1. ^ "USA TODAY". www.usatoday.com. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  2. ^ a b c "ETHIOPIA: Who's who among Abiy's Oromo foes - 06/01/2022". Africa Intelligence. 6 January 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  3. ^ "Ethiopia signs peace deal with Oromo Liberation Army splinter group". www.africaintelligence.com. Retrieved 1 December 2024.
  4. ^ Turtii Gaaffii fi Deebii Ajajaa WBO Cibiraa Soddom-booroo Jaal Liiban Gurraachaa waliin ONM - ABO (in Oromo), retrieved 1 December 2022
  5. ^ ONM-ABO - Jaal SABAA'IF GALGOO, Ajajaa WBO Zoonii Kibba Baha Oromiyaa waliin turtii qabaanne (in Oromo), retrieved 1 December 2022
  6. ^ Turtii Ajajaa WBO Godina Gujii Lixaa Jaal Rabbirraa Bilisummaa Waliin dhimma Lola PP fi WBO irratti (in Oromo), retrieved 1 December 2022
  7. ^ Marii Ajajaa WBO Zoonii Kaabaa Jaal Qeerransoo Waayyuu Waliin Gurraandhala 4, 2022 (in Oromo), retrieved 1 December 2022
  8. ^ "Country policy and information note: Oromos, the Oromo Liberation Front and the Oromo Liberation Army, Ethiopia, March 2022 (Accessible)".
  9. ^ https://sociology.utk.edu/newsitem.php?news_id=2323 [bare URL]
  10. ^ https://m.naharnet.com/stories/en/218188-ethiopia-blames-egypt-for-supporting-outlawed-armed-group
  11. ^ St, Addis; ard (15 April 2022). "Op-ed: The boomerang effect: How political betrayal transformed Oromo youth protest to armed resistance". Addis Standard. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  12. ^ a b c Kadir, Soretti (27 July 2021). "Ethiopia: The Oromo Liberation Front is not a terrorist organisation". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 27 July 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  13. ^ ,"Fed. Attorney General says terrorist designated "Shene" refers to Oromo Liberation Army; OLA responds, vows to "engage in total war"". Addis Standard. 7 May 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  14. ^ a b Dube, Nagessa (18 June 2021). "Ethiopia: Victory for the Oromo will come from winning hearts and minds, not terrorising people". The Africa Report. Archived from the original on 8 August 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  15. ^ "Announcement from the OLF-OLA General Assembly - Oromo Liberation Army". olacommunique.com. 9 August 2021. Archived from the original on 20 November 2022. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  16. ^ Mekonnen, Siyanne (28 August 2021). "News: OLF slams rights commission's report on recent East Wollega conflict, calls for independent investigation". Addis Standard. Retrieved 18 January 2022.
  17. ^ "Ethiopia to designate TPLF, OLF-Shene as 'terror' groups". Al Jazeera. 1 May 2021. Retrieved 13 January 2022.
  18. ^ a b "Oromia Regional Government, OLA senior leader sign peace agreement". Welcome to Fana Broadcasting Corporate S.C. 1 December 2024. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  19. ^ Tolessa Bessa, Tesfaye (2019). "A history of Oromo literature and identity issues (c. 1840-1991)" (PDF). Addis Ababa University. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 November 2021. Retrieved 4 November 2021.
  20. ^ "Insurrection and invasion in the southeast, 1963-78" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 December 2016. Retrieved 1 June 2017.
  21. ^ Shaban, Abdur Rahman Alfa (7 August 2018). "Ethiopia govt agrees peace deal with Eritrea-based 'ex-terror' group". Africanews. Archived from the original on 4 December 2020. Retrieved 12 August 2018.
  22. ^ "Ethiopia signs peace deal with Oromo Liberation Army splinter group". The Africa Report.com. Retrieved 10 December 2024.
  23. ^ Myrenberg, Richard (29 November 2021). "Oromo-gerillan: Abiy är som en döende häst" [Oromo guerillas: Abiy is like a dying horse]. Sveriges Radio (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 29 November 2021. Retrieved 29 November 2021.
  24. ^ "Register". Retrieved 16 September 2023 – via Twitter.
  25. ^ a b OLF-OLA (23 January 2023). "A BRIEF POLITICAL MANIFESTO: From Armed Struggle to the Prospect for Peace" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 January 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
  26. ^ "The Revival of a New Social Movement Across the Oromia Region – (OLF-OLA Press Release)". 10 December 2022.
  27. ^ a b "At least 54 killed in Ethiopia massacre, says Amnesty". The Guardian. 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 3 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  28. ^ a b "Ethiopia: over 50 killed in 'horrendous' attack on village by armed group". Amnesty International. 2 November 2020. Archived from the original on 2 November 2020. Retrieved 3 November 2020.
  29. ^ a b Zelalem, Zecharias (20 March 2021). "Worsening violence in western Ethiopia forcing civilians to flee". Al Jazeera. Archived from the original on 22 March 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2021.
  30. ^ "Witnesses say more than 200 killed in Ethiopia ethnic attack". AP NEWS. 19 June 2022. Retrieved 19 June 2022.
  31. ^ https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/05/21/ethiopia-oromiya-oromo-amhara/ [bare URL]
  32. ^ "News: Members of Karrayyu Gadaa leadership killed, several others missing amid conflicting narratives in East Showa zone". 3 December 2021.
  33. ^ "Analysis:A year after their Gada leaders' brutal execution Karrayyu community get "neither justice nor peace"". 7 December 2022.
  34. ^ a b c "Amhara civilians were massacred in Tole, but questions remain". 8 July 2022.
  35. ^ "MP Hangassa Ahmed implicate Oromia Regional Gov in recent killings". 5 July 2022.
  36. ^ Zewdu Teshome, Moges (20 October 2021). "We must end the civil war to save Ethiopia". Ethiopia Insight. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  37. ^ "Oromo Liberation Army: On the ground with Ethiopian fighters". BBC News. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 2 November 2021.
  38. ^ "Tigrayan and Oromo forces say they have seized towns on Ethiopian highway". TimesLIVE. 1 November 2021. Archived from the original on 1 November 2021. Retrieved 1 November 2021.
  39. ^ a b Legesse, Getahun (9 November 2022). "News: Civilians killed following intense fighting between rebel group, government forces in Nekemte, western Oromia region". Addis Standard. Retrieved 7 March 2023.
  40. ^ "Dangerous Individuals and Organizations | Transparency Center". transparency.fb.com. Retrieved 19 February 2023.
  41. ^ Facebook Dangerous Individuals and Organizations List (Reproduced Snapshot), The Intercept, 12 October 2021, archived from the original on 12 October 2021, retrieved 19 February 2023
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