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Stichaeidae

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For other uses, see Shanny.

Stichaeidae
Arctic shanny, (Sticheus punctatus), in Newfoundland
Cebidichthys violaceus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Perciformes
Suborder: Zoarcoidei
Family: Stichaeidae
Gill, 1864[1]
Subfamilies[2]

see text

Stichaeidae, the pricklebacks or shannies, are a family of marine ray-finned fishes in the suborder Zoarcoidei of the order Scorpaeniformes. Most species are found in the North Pacific Ocean with a few in the North Atlantic Ocean.

Taxonomy

Stichaeidae was first proposed as a family in 1864 by the American zoologist Theodore Gill, although he called it the Stichaeoidae.[2] The 5th edition of Fishes of the World classifies this family within the suborder Zoarcoidei, within the order Scorpaeniformes.[3] Other authorities classify this family in the infraorder Zoarcales wihin the suborder Cottoidei of the Perciformes because removing the Scorpaeniformes from the Perciformes renders that taxon non monophyletic.[4]

Fishes of the World mentions six subfamilies but does not assign genera to the subfamilies[3] while other authorities split the Cebidichthyidae, Opisthocentridae, Lumpenidae and Neozoarcidae from the Sitchaeidae as valid families. The genera which are classified within the family Eulophiidae were also previously included within the Stichaeidae.[5][6][7][8][9][10]

Subfamiles and genera

The family Stichaeidae is classified into subfamilies and genera as follows († means extinct):[2]

Catalog of Fishes classifies these fishes as follows:[5][6][7][8][9][10]

  • Family Stichaeidae
    • Subfamily Stichaeinae Gill, 1864
      • Genus Dinogunellus Herzenstein, 1890
      • Genus Ernogrammus Jordan & Evermann, 1898
      • Genus Plagiogrammus T.H. Bean, 1894
      • Genus Stichaeopsis Kner, 1870
      • Genus Stichaeus Reinhardt, 1836
      • Genus Ulvaria Jordan & Evermann, 1896
    • Subfamily Chirolophinae Jordan & Evermann 1898
      • Genus Bryozoichthys Whitley, 1931
      • Genus Chirolophis Swainson, 1839
      • Genus Gymnoclinus Gilbert & Burke, 1912
      • Genus Soldatovia Taranetz, 1937
    • Subfamily Alectriinae Makushok, 1958
      • Genus Alectrias, Jordan & Evermann, 1898
      • Genus Pseudalectrias Lindberg, 1938
    • Subfamily Xiphisterinae Jordan & Gilbert, 1883
      • Genus Alectridium Gilbert & Burke, 1912
      • Genus Anoplarchus Gill, 1861
      • Genus † Nvichia Nazarkin, 1998
      • Genus Phytichthys Hubbs, 1923
      • Genus Xiphister Jordan, 1880
  • Family Cebidichthyidae Gill, 1862
    • Genus Cebidichthys Temminck & Schlegel, 1845
  • Family Lumpenidae Jordan & Evermann, 1898
    • Genus Acantholumpenus Makushok, 1958
    • Genus Anisarchus Gill, 1864
    • Genus Leptoclinus Gill, 1861
    • Genus Lumpenella Hubbs, 1927
    • Genus Lumpenus Reinhardt, 1836
    • Genus Neolumpenus Miki, Kanamaru & Amaoka, 1987
    • Genus Poroclinus T.H. Bean, 1890
    • Genus Xenolumpenus Shinohara & Yabe, 2009
  • Family Opisthocentridae Jordan & Evermann, 1898
    • Genus Askoldia Pavlenko, 1910
    • Genus Kasatkia Soldatov & Pavlenko, 1916
    • Genus lumpenopsis Soldatov, 1916
    • Genus Opisthocentrus Kner, 1868
    • Genus Pholidapus T.H. Bean & B.A. Bean, 1897
    • Genus Plectobranchus Gilbert, 1890
  • Family Neozoarcidae Jordan & Snyder, 1902
    • Genus Neozoarces Steindachner, 1880
    • Genus Zoarchias Jordan & Snyder, 1902

Etymology

The name of the family comes from that of its type genus Stichaeus, which means “set in a row”, which may be an allusion to the row of black spots on the dorsal fins of the species in that genus.[12]

Characteristics

Stichaeidae is characterised by having an elongate body which is a little compressed. They have a very long dorsal fin which typically contains a large number of sharp spines, giving rise to the common name of prickleback, there may e some spines at the rear of the dorsal fin. The anal fin is long which has its origin closer to the head than to the tail, or halfway between the head and tail. The pectoral fins may be very small varying in size up to very large and fan shaped fins and contain between 2 and 21 rays. The normally present small pelvic fins are located to the front of the pectoral fins, and have a single spine and between 1 and four rays. There are no appendages on the head although some species have a crest and there is a single pair of nostrils. The body is typically covered with small, overlapping scales but the head, other than the cheeks, is normally lacking scales. The sensory canals on the head are typically well developed; there are normally 6 preopercular pores and 4 mandibular pores. There may be two lateral lines which can vary from a hardly noticeable row of neuromasts to consisting of one or more canals which can have complex branching. Their teeth are small and may be incisor-like or conical in shape. In the majority of species the gill membranes are widely joined and separate from the isthmus. Most species have a siphon on the operculum. They usually have a pyloric caeca but not a swim bladder. They have ribs.[2]

Distribution and habitat

Stichaeidae is found in the North Pacific, North Atlantic, and Arctic oceans, with the majority of species in the North Pacific. They are coastal fishes which are found beneath rocks and in algae from the intertidal zone to shallow bays. the can be found at depths greater than 250 m (820 ft) on the outer continental shelf.[2]

References

  1. ^ Richard van der Laan; William N. Eschmeyer & Ronald Fricke (2014). "Family-group names of Recent fishes". Zootaxa. 3882 (2): 001–230. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3882.1.1. PMID 25543675.
  2. ^ a b c d e Mecklenburg, C. W. and B. A. Sheiko (2004). "Family Stichaeidae Gill 1864 — pricklebacks" (PDF). California Academy of Sciences Annotated Checklists of Fishes. 35.
  3. ^ a b J. S. Nelson; T. C. Grande; M. V. H. Wilson (2016). Fishes of the World (5th ed.). Wiley. pp. 478–482. ISBN 978-1-118-34233-6.
  4. ^ Ricardo Betancur-R; Edward O. Wiley; Gloria Arratia; et al. (2017). "Phylogenetic classification of bony fishes". BMC Evolutionary Biology. 17 (162). doi:10.1186/s12862-017-0958-3. PMC 5501477.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: unflagged free DOI (link)
  5. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Stichaeidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  6. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Lumpenidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  7. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Neozoarcidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  8. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Eulophiidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 7 August 2022.
  9. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Opisthocentridae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  10. ^ a b Eschmeyer, William N.; Fricke, Ron & van der Laan, Richard (eds.). "Genera in the family Cebidichthyidae". Catalog of Fishes. California Academy of Sciences. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
  11. ^ Mikhail Valerievich Nazarkin (1998). "New Stichaeid Fishes (Stichaeidae, Perciformes) from Miocene of Sakhalin". Journal of Ichthyology. 38 (4): 279–291.
  12. ^ Christopher Scharpf & Kenneth J. Lazara, eds. (4 July 2021). "Order Perciformes (Part 11): Suborder Cottoidea: Infraorder Zoarcales: Families: Anarhichadidae, Neozoarcidae, Eulophias, Stichaeidae, Lumpenidae, Ophistocentridae, Pholidae, Ptilichthyidae, Zaproridae, Cryptacanthodidae, Cebidichthyidae, Scytalinidae and Bathymasteridae". The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database. Christopher Scharpf and Kenneth J. Lazara. Retrieved 8 August 2022.
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