Taprobana
Taprobana (Ancient Greek: Ταπροβανᾶ) and Taprobane (Ταπροβανῆ, Ταπροβάνη[1]) was the name by which the Indian Ocean island of Sri Lanka was known to the ancient Greeks.
History
Reports of the island's existence were known before the time of Alexander the Great as inferred from Pliny. The treatise De Mundo, supposedly by Aristotle (died 322 BC) but according to others by Chrysippus the Stoic (280 to 208 BC), incorrectly states that the island is as large as Great Britain (in fact, it is only about one third as big). The name was first reported to Europeans by the Greek geographer Megasthenes around 290 BC. Herodotus (444 BC) does not mention the island. The first Geography in which it appears is that of Eratosthenes (276 to 196 BC) and was later adopted by Claudius Ptolemy (139 AD) in his geographical treatise to identify a relatively large island south of continental Asia.[2] Writing during the era of Augustus, Greek geographer Strabo makes reference to the island, noting that "Taprobane sends great amounts of ivory, tortoise-shell and other merchandise to the markets of India.".[3] Eratosthenes' map of the (for the Greeks) known world, c. 194 BC also shows the island south of India called Taprobane.
Stephanus of Byzantium writes that a metropolis of the island was called Argyra (Ancient Greek: Ἀργυρᾶ).[4] and that also there was a river which was called Phasis (Ancient Greek: Φᾶσις).[5]
Aelian wrote that he had heard that the island does not have cities, but seven hundred fifty villages.[6]
The identity of Ptolemy's Taprobane has been always associated with the present day Sri Lanka from maps of ancient antiquity till the medieval maps of Abu-Rehan (1030) and Edrisi (1154) and in the writing of Marco Polo (1292).[7] Furthermore, most of the place names marked on the map can be identified with place name of the places in ancient Sri Lanka.[8]
- Talakori port -Tadduvankoddi (Tamil)
- Margana Port from Mannārama port (Sinhalese), currently known as Manthai
- Anoubingara Port from Arunagiri Nagar port (Tamil), presently known as Trincomalee,
- Anourogrammoi - from Anur̄adhagr̄ma (Sinhalese), which later became Anuradhapura (Sinhalese)
- Bokana Port from the Okanda port (Sinhalese)
- Korkobara Port from the Godawaya port (Sinhalese)
- Rogondanai Region from the Rohaṇa region (Sinhalese)
Also, the relative position of the island in comparison to India, being centrally situated on the Indian Ocean trade route and a major trading center for trade in elephants and golden spice as described by ancient Greek and Roman travelers, further validate the assignment of the name to Sri Lanka.
However, on the maps of the Middle Ages, the fashion of using Latinised names and delineating places with fanciful figures contributed to absurd designs and confusion regarding the actual place of Taprobane. In the fifteenth century, Niccolò de' Conti mistakenly identified Taprobana as a much smaller island.[9] In 1507, Martin Waldseemuller still assigned Taprobana to Sri Lanka.[10] Sebastian Munster's 1580 map identified Taprobana as Sumatra, where the German title, Sumatra Ein Grosser Insel, means, "Sumatra, a large island". Munster's map created a debate on the identity of Taprobane. Due to this debate following possibilities were considered valid for Taprobana in the Middle Ages:
- Sri Lanka, as in Ptolemy's map and climes
- Sumatra, as in the birthplace of Enrique of Malacca
- A phantom island
However, this issue was resolved with the rediscovery of Ptolemy's work in the 1400s. Ptolemy's map had been lost since the time of its production around the 2nd century AD. However, copies were rediscovered in the Middle East around 1400 AD. Moreover, by that time, the Portuguese had made their way into Asia. They had knowledge of both Sri Lanka (then Ceylan) and Sumatra from at least 80 years before. Munster apparently based his identification of Taprobane with Sumatra on 16th-century knowledge. Therefore, it can be mostly believed that this one-off identification of Taprobane with Sumatra was possible due to misassignment.[11]
Taprobana is mentioned in the first strophe of the Portuguese epic poem Os Lusíadas by Luís de Camões (c. 1524 – 10 June 1580).
As armas e os barões assinalados,
Que da ocidental praia Lusitana,
Por mares nunca de antes navegados,
Passaram ainda além da Taprobana,
Em perigos e guerras esforçados,
Mais do que prometia a força humana,
E entre gente remota edificaram
Novo Reino, que tanto sublimaram
In literary works, Taprobana was mentioned in Tommaso Campanella's The City of the Sun, written in 1602.[12] Jorge Luis Borges mentions the island in the story The Lottery in Babylon in the collection The Garden of Forking Paths (1941) of his book Fictions (1944).[13] Toprobana is the fictional location of the sky elevator in Arthur C. Clarke's science fiction novel The Fountains of Paradise (1979). British rock band My Vitriol's 2001 debut album Finelines features a track called Taprobane, courtesy of the band's lead singer Som Wardner who is of Sri Lankan origin.
See also
References
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §T602.16
- ^ Suárez, Thomas. Early Mapping of Southeast Asia. Periplus Editions. p. 100. ISBN 962-593-470-7.
- ^ McLaughlin, Raoul (2014–2015). "Ancient Contacts: The Roman Emperor and the Sinhalese King". Classics Ireland. 21–22: 9.
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §A115.1
- ^ Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, § Ph660.2
- ^ Aelian, Characteristics of Animals, 16.17
- ^ Suckling, HJ(1876) Ceylon: A General Description of the Island, Historical, Physical, Statistical, Volume I. Chapman & Hall, London.
- ^ Reisch, Gregor (5 March 2018). "The Accuracy of some Mediaeval Maps of the Taprobane Island".
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ^ R. H. Major, ed. (1857). India in the fifteenth century. p. xlii.
- ^ "Library Acquires Copy of 1507 Waldseemüller World Map – News Releases (Library of Congress)". loc.gov. Retrieved 16 May 2016.
- ^ Smith, Cynthia (29 January 2020). "Taprobana: Sumatra or Ceylon? | Worlds Revealed: Geography & Maps at The Library Of Congress". blogs.loc.gov. Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ Campanella, Tommaso. "The City of the Sun – Poetical Dialogue between a Grandmaster of the Knights Hospitallers and a Genoese Sea-Captain, his guest". Project Gutenberg. Translated by Henry Morley. Retrieved 17 May 2016.
- ^ Borges, Jorge Luis (1999). Collected Fictions. Translated by Andrew Hurley. Penguin Classics. ISBN 0-14-028680-2.
External links
- Waldseemüller, Martin; von Wieser, Fr Ritter (1908). The Cosmographiæ Introductio of Martin Waldseemüller in Facsimile: Followed by The Four Voyages of Amerigo Vespucci, with Their Translation Into English. United States Catholic Historical Society.